Harper v. Sanders

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT November 27, 2012
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
JAMES HARPER,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 11-1439
(D.C. No. 1:10-CV-01256-MSK)
LINDA SANDERS, Warden, U.S.P. (D. Colo.)
Lompoc,
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before HARTZ, ANDERSON, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
James Harper, a former spy and federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals
from an order of the district court dismissing his 28 U.S.C. § 2241 habeas corpus
petition. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. BACKGROUND
In April 1984, Harper entered into a plea agreement with the United States by
entering a plea of guilty to one count of selling and delivering confidential materials
relating to national security in exchange for his cooperation (eight other counts were
dropped). Along with immunity provisions, the plea agreement included a section
stating that if the United States determined Harper’s cooperation led to substantial
value of benefit, it would ask that Harper be given credit or consideration in
connection with any parole commission proceeding. The agreement also included a
provision prohibiting the use of any of Harper’s post-arrest statements against him in
any civil or administrative proceeding.
Harper was given a life sentence. He became eligible for parole in 1993 and,
in 1994, a Pre-Hearing Assessment was prepared in anticipation of Harper’s parole
hearing. It included information contained in a post-sentence report (“PSR”)
prepared in 1987 that recounted the actual damage caused by Harper’s espionage
activities. The Assessment recommended a decision more than 48 months above the
minimum guideline range because Harper’s conduct had and would continue to have
a significant impact on the United States. Harper complained that the use of this
“actual damage” information from the PSR was prohibited by his plea agreement.
The Parole Commission held a hearing at which it disagreed with Harper’s objection
to the use of “actual damage” information; it recommended continuation to a 15-year
reconsideration hearing in 2009. The National Appeals Board affirmed in spite of
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finding that the “actual damage” information should not have been considered
because it was in fact prohibited by the plea agreement.
Harper filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus challenging the Commission’s
decision in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. The district court
found that the factors the Parole Commission relied upon in exceeding the lower limit
by more than 48 months were not in violation of Harper’s plea agreement. The Ninth
Circuit affirmed.
In 2007, Harper pled guilty to one count of “Providing or Possessing
Contraband in Prison,” a class B misdemeanor, for his role in storing and distributing
tobacco in prison.
Harper’s 15-year reconsideration hearing was held in 2009, and the hearing
examiner recommended a presumptive parole date. However, the executive reviewer
disagreed because of aggravating factors related to Harper’s espionage and his 2007
infraction. During the hearing, the examiner recounted the “actual damage” portion
of the 1987 PSR that Harper objected to in his prior parole hearing. The Parole
Commission ordered Harper’s sentence to be continued to expiration and the
National Appeals Board affirmed.
Harper then filed his current petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2241 in the District of Colorado making 12 separate claims. The district court
denied the petition and Harper now appeals.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Claims Two through Seven
The district court dismissed claims two through seven for being secondary and
successive after finding that the Ninth Circuit had already ruled on the same claims in
Harper’s 1994 habeas petition. Harper contends that this was error because the
Parole Commission’s 2009 decision qualifies as a “new judgment” consistent with
the Supreme Court’s holding in Magwood v. Patterson, 130 S. Ct. 2788, 2792 (2010),
which established that a prisoner’s second habeas petition is not “second and
successive” when challenging a new judgment. The government argues that
Magwood applies only when a new sentence was imposed as a result of a first
successful habeas proceeding and is thus inapplicable here because Harper’s first
petition was denied. We review the district court’s legal conclusions in dismissing a
§ 2241 petition de novo. Palma-Salazar v. Davis, 677 F.3d 1031, 1035 (10th Cir.
2012).
At the outset, although the district court dismissed the claims for being
secondary and successive, it must be clarified that the phrase “second or successive”
as we have come to know it following the passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) is not at issue in this case. Post-AEDPA,
“second or successive” is used in reference to § 2244(a). But § 2244(a)’s structure
does not apply to federal prisoners challenging execution of their sentence under
§ 2241; instead, “the traditional doctrines governing successive and abusive writs
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inform our application of that subsection’s bar.” Stanko v. Davis, 617 F.3d 1262,
1272 (10th Cir. 2010). Because this is a § 2241 petition, whether claims two through
seven are second or successive is evaluated according to the principles governing
successive and abusive writs prior to enactment of the AEDPA. See Stanko, 617 F.3d
at 1268-69. One of these principles is that a court may “decline to consider a habeas
petition presenting a claim that was previously raised and adjudicated in an earlier
habeas proceeding, unless the court determined that hearing the claim would serve
the ends of justice.” Id. at 1269.
On appeal, Harper does not dispute that claims two through seven are
essentially the same challenges that he made in his earlier, already adjudicated
§ 2241 proceeding; rather, he relies on the application of the “new judgment” rule in
Magwood to prevent his claims from being barred as successive.
In Magwood, the district court conditionally granted the petitioner’s § 2254
habeas application challenging his death sentence. The state trial court then
conducted a new sentencing hearing and again sentenced the petitioner to death,
whereupon he brought another habeas application challenging the new sentence. The
district court again conditionally granted the petitioner’s application based on a new
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel argument. But the Eleventh Circuit reversed,
holding that the petitioner’s challenge to his new death sentence was an unreviewable
“second or successive” challenge under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). The court reasoned that
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the petitioner could have brought the same claims when he challenged his original
death sentence.
The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the petitioner’s application
challenged a new judgment and was therefore not “second or successive” under
§ 2244(b). Magwood, 130 S. Ct. at 2801 (“This is [petitioner’s] first application
challenging that intervening judgment. The errors he alleges are new.”) (emphasis in
original). Looking at the statutory context, the Court concluded that § 2254 is not a
claims-focused statute but one that relies on whether the petitioner’s application
challenges the same state-court judgment. Id. at 2790 (“Both § 2254(b)’s text and the
relief it provides indicate that ‘second or successive’ must be interpreted with respect
to the judgment challenged.”). As such, because abuse-of-the-writ rules—as
modified by § 2244(b)(2)—did not apply at all to the petitioner’s application
challenging the new sentence, his application could not have been “second or
successive.”
Here, the issue is whether the 2009 decision to deny Harper parole qualifies as
a “new judgment” being challenged for the first time, and not a “second or
successive” challenge of the Commission’s 1994 decision.
The government argues that Harper’s claims are “second or successive”
because the factual basis for the Commission’s 2009 decision was the same as its
1994 decision, which Harper has already challenged unsuccessfully. Moreover, the
government cites the Fifth Circuit case In re Lampton to show that Magwood applies
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“only when a new sentence was imposed as a result of the first habeas proceeding.”
667 F.3d 585, 589 (5th Cir. 2012). Although the majority in Magwood did not make
that specific distinction, all the cases cited in support of its holding involved habeas
applicants whose first petition was granted.
In those cases, however, there could not have been a new judgment without a
successful challenge to the original judgment. Here, on the other hand, Harper had
the opportunity for a parole hearing in 1994 and, after being denied, had another
opportunity for a parole hearing 15 years later in 2009. The occurrence of the 2009
parole hearing—and subsequent judgment—did not depend upon the success of
Harper’s habeas petition challenging his 1994 parole denial; a new hearing and
decision was scheduled to occur independent of the outcome of the 1994 proceeding.
Harper thus argues that the Commission was mandated to give a full reassessment of
his case without any deference to previous rulings by the Commission or the courts,
making 28 U.S.C. § 2244(a) inapplicable because it is a new judgment.
Harper’s argument that Magwood’s “new judgment” rule should apply to his
§ 2241 petition is ultimately unavailing. The Court in Magwood specifically declined
to address or constrain the scope of habeas petitions challenging parole. 130 S. Ct.
at 2800 n.12 (“We address only an application challenging a new state-court
judgment for the first time.”). Indeed, the Court noted that its ruling does not
constrain the scope of § 2254 as applied to state prisoners challenging the execution
of their sentences—which are equivalent to § 2241 petitions in the Tenth Circuit—as
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the Court has previously defined it. Id.; see also Martin v. Bartow, 628 F.3d 871,
878 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that Magwood “left undisturbed precedent concerning the
scope of habeas review for challenges to parole decisions.”). Nor has any other court
applied Magwood to § 2241 petitions or § 2254 petitions challenging parole
decisions. The district court did not err when it found claims two through seven
second or successive.
B. Claim Eleven
Harper next argues the district court erred when it found the Parole
Commission’s determination that his misdemeanor conviction for “providing or
possessing contraband in prison” under 18 U.S.C. § 1791 was akin to “trafficking in
contraband cigarettes” under 18 U.S.C. § 2342—for purposes of determining his
salient factor score—was not arbitrary and capricious. When offense behavior is not
listed in the Commission’s regulations, “the proper [offense severity] category may
be obtained by comparing the severity of the offense behavior with those of similar
offense behaviors” that are listed. 28 C.F.R. § 2.20, Chapter Twelve. The offense to
which Harper pled guilty is not listed in the regulations. Thus, the Commission
decided Harper’s § 1791 violation was similar to § 2342, a listed offense, which is
graded as tax evasion pursuant to Guideline 501(e) (providing that if the amount of
tax evaded is between $2,000 and $40,000, it should be graded as a category three
offense). As a consequence, the Commission reduced Harper’s salient factor score
from nine (“very good” parole prognosis) to a six (“good” parole prognosis).
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Harper contends the Commission’s decision was arbitrary and capricious for
two reasons. First, Harper asserts that even though the two offenses are similar in
nature, § 1791 and § 2342 are “grossly incomparable in severity” because § 1791 is a
class B misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of six months while § 2342 is a class
E felony with a maximum sentence of 60 months. Since the two offenses are not
reasonably comparable, Harper argues that the Commission was required to grade his
offense according to the formula outlined in 28 C.F.R. § 2.20, Chapter 12, which
would dictate grading § 1791 as category one instead of category three.
Second, Harper argues that even if comparing his offense to § 2342 was
reasonable, the Commission still acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it graded his
offense based on evading at least $2,000 in taxes even though he only evaded $1,233
in taxes.1 The difference is notable because under § 2.20, Chapter Five, Subchapter
A, 501(f), if the amount of tax evaded is less than $2,000, the offense should be
graded as category one instead of category three, as Harper’s offense was graded.
We review the Commission’s decisions under the rational-basis standard, and
review de novo the district court’s decision to deny habeas relief. Curtis v. Chester,
626 F.3d 540, 544 (10th Cir. 2010). It is true that 28 C.F.R. § 2.20 instructs the
Commission to compare the severity of the unlisted offense behavior with those of
listed behaviors, not just the nature of the behavior itself. Accordingly, it is not
1
As Harper correctly notes, the roughly $11,000 he earned as a result of the
offense behavior was his gross income, not amount of tax evaded.
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insignificant that the Commission compared Harper’s offense to an offense with a
maximum sentence more than 10 times the maximum of Harper’s. However, this
court need only find the Commission had a rational basis to compare the two
offenses, and in spite of the wide gap in maximum sentences, the language of § 2342
(“It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to…receive, possess, sell, distribute,
or purchase contraband cigarettes…”) aligns closely with Harper’s conduct.
As to Harper’s tax argument, the Commission apparently did use Harper’s
gross income to grade his offense instead of the amount of tax evaded only.
However, Harper failed to raise this issue in the district court, and generally “we do
not review matters raised for the first time on appeal.” Shell Rocky Mountain Prod.,
LLC v. Ultra Res., Inc., 415 F.3d 1158, 1164 (10th Cir. 2005). In any event, under
the Commission’s guidelines, aggravating circumstances may justify a departure
from the severity rating listed. Because the Commission found there were indeed
aggravating factors, departing from the listed severity rating was within the
Commission’s discretion. Thus, the district court did not err in concluding the
Commission’s treatment of Harper’s 2007 offense was not arbitrary and capricious.
C. Claim Twelve
Lastly, Harper contends that there was no rational basis in the record to
support the Commission’s conclusion that he is willing to violate the law for personal
profit and would thus be unlikely to abide by the law if released. The crux of
Harper’s argument is that the aggravating factors the Commission used to come to its
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conclusion—that he was paid over $11,000 to participate in a tobacco distribution
conspiracy—were “discrete” actions that had already been considered as part of his
salient factor score and parole prognosis, which still graded him as a “good” parole
risk even after considering his 2007 infraction. Harper asserts that this amounted to
improper “double-counting,” and that the Commission should have instead followed
the parole prognosis consistent with his salient factor score of six by granting him
parole. As the district court noted in its order, however, the Commission denied
parole for “the same reasons” Harper was previously denied parole, which did not
include consideration of his later-committed § 1791 violation. Order Den. Appl. for
a Writ of Habeas Corpus Brought Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 at 29. Moreover, the
fact that Harper’s original conviction was for selling classified documents for
financial gain and his 2007 offense involved outlawed activity for financial gain
provided the Commission at least a rational basis in deciding he would be unlikely to
abide by the law if released. The district court did not err in concluding the
Commission acted without caprice.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
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