United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee/cross-Appellant v. Rene Gonzalez-Lerma, Defendant-Appellant/cross-Appellee

PAUL KELLY, Jr., Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal and cross-appeal following a conviction under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Mr. Rene Gonzalez-Lerma challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence resulting from the stop and search of the vehicle he was driving. The government cross-appeals, alleging that the district court erred in refusing to enhance the sentence under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A) and 851. We affirm the conviction, but remand the case to the district court so that it may resentence, applying the enhancement.

Background

A.

There was evidence offered below tending to show the following:

Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma, while driving a track on 1-70 in Utah, was stopped for traveling 71 m.p.h. in a 65 m.p.h. zone. The track had a Michigan license plate. Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma produced a temporary California driver’s license and the title to the vehicle, rather than its registration. The deputy who stopped Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma noticed that his hands were shaking when he handed the documents over. Asked for additional identification, Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma offered a union card.

The title was in the name of one Robert Thompson and was unsigned. When asked why he had possession of the vehicle, the Defendant stated that he worked in construction and he had taken the vehicle from Detroit to Los Angeles to pick up some parts for construction and was on his way back.

The deputy noted a discrepancy between the dates of birth on the two identification cards. The date of birth on the California license was 10/22/49, while the date on the union card was 9/22/48.

After telling Gonzalez-Lerma that he was going to issue him a written warning, the deputy returned to his patrol car and ran checks on the vehicle. Although the checks were negative, the deputy testified that the lack of a stolen vehicle report did not conclusively establish that the vehicle was not stolen. The deputy returned to the track, and asked Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma about the construction parts, since he did not see any in the track. According to the deputy, Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma was unable to answer his question about the parts but said that someone had hired him to drive the vehicle back to Detroit. Asked whether he had firearms, cocaine, or marijuana, Defendant responded that he did not.

The deputy testified that Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma specifically consented to a search of the vehicle. A search of the bed of the track revealed fresh undercoating and body putty as well as a five- to six-inch space between the top and bottom of the bed. Defendant was arrested and taken into custody. A warrant was obtained, the hidden compartment searched, and 27 kilos of cocaine was found.

B.

After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court issued its order denying the motion to suppress. The court found that the stop was not pretextual, and Defendant does not challenge that determination on appeal.

The court also rejected the Defendant’s argument that the deputy’s extended detention and persistent questioning constituted an unreasonable seizure. Relying on the rule that an officer may detain an individual for questioning when there exists specific, articulable facts to form a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, United States v. Turner, 928 F.2d 956, 959 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 230, 116 L.Ed.2d 187 (1991), the court held that the investigatory detention was legitimate. The court specifically cited these circumstances as the basis for the officer’s continued questioning:

(1) the unsigned title;

(2) the temporary license with a birth date differing from the birth date of the defendant’s other identification;

(3) the conflicting stories about the defendant’s itinerary;

(4) the implausible explanation for the trip; and

(5) the defendant’s complete lack of knowledge about the construction company that allegedly provided him with the truck.

I R.Doc. 17. The court found that these facts, as well as the Defendant’s pronounced nervousness, supported the deputy’s reasonable suspicion that the vehicle was stolen or that the defendant possessed drags or other contraband. Id.

Finally, the trial court rejected the Defendant’s argument that the search of the bed of the track and a toolbox therein was improper because consent was only given to look inside the vehicle. Id. The court’s position on this issue was supported by the fact that the Defendant gave the officer a general statement of permission to search without express limitations.

C.

The day before trial, the government, to comply with the procedural requirements of 21 U.S.C. § 851,¹ filed with the court an information stating that it intended to rely on a prior conviction for sentencing purposes, if the Defendant was convicted. I Supp.R. 2. On the morning of the trial, October 5, 1992, before trial commenced, the government served the same information² on defense counsel. Id. The government had copies of the underlying judgment and commitment order which contained more specific information about the conviction. The government provided these copies to the judge before trial to resolve whether the conviction could be used for impeachment and whether it could be used in the government’s case-in-chief. IV R. 8-9. Those discussions, at which both government and defense counsel were present, occurred, at least in part, in chambers and are not part of the record on appeal. Id. at 9. The government also represented below that the prior conviction “was a matter of negotiation prior to going to trial.” IV R. 4.

Defendant was found guilty under 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. At the initial sentencing hearing, defense counsel objécted to enhancement and sought a continuance because of the lateness with which the enhancement request was made in the PSR addendum. IV R.. 4. Defense counsel requested time to investigate the validity of the prior conviction, whether or not it was a felony, and “whether there are any other kinds of defects.” Id. at 9-10. The matter was continued. Before sentence was imposed, defense counsel indicated that he had investigated the prior conviction and “did not discover ... anything that would raise [to] the level of a challenge [under § 851(c) ].” V R. 4. The defense then specifically objected to the timeliness of filing of the information and also to the lack of specificity in its contents. V R. at 4-6. Objection also was made to enhancing because the pri- or conviction was not by way of indictment. Id. at 6-7.

The district court regarded the third objection as fatal to the enhancement of the sentence. Id. at 9. Therefore, rather than impose an enhanced sentence of twenty years, he sentenced the defendant to the mandatory minimum of ten years’ imprisonment, five years’ supervised release, and a $50 special assessment. Id. at 10. Although the judge indicated at the first sentencing hearing that he did not believe that the timing of the information met the requirements of § 851, IV R. 4-5, at the continued sentencing hearing the judge stated that he regarded the fact that the prior conviction was not obtained on an indictment as fatal to enhancement on the instant offense. V R. 9.

Discussion

A. Fourth Amendment

On appeal, the Defendant advances the same two arguments made to the district court. When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we accept the district court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. United States v. Arango, 912 F.2d 441, 444 (10th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 499 U.S. 924, 111 S.Ct. 1318, 113 L.Ed.2d 251 (1991). The ultimate determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment, however, is a question of law, which we review de novo. United States v. McKinnell, 888 F.2d 669, 672 (10th Cir.1989).

The threshold inquiry in reviewing the validity of a search or seizure is whether the Defendant’s own Fourth Amendment rights have been violated. United States v. Padilla, — U.S.-,-, 113 S.Ct. 1936, 1939, 123 L.Ed.2d 635 (1993). The Fourth Amendment applies to all seizures of the person, including seizures that involve only a brief detention short of arrest. United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 878, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 2578, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975). For this reason, it is beyond dispute that a vehicle’s driver may challenge his traffic stop. United States v. Erwin, 875 F.2d 268, 270 (10th Cir.1989). Thus, despite argument by the government challenging Defendant’s standing to attack the search of the truck, we hold that Gonzalez-Lerma has standing to challenge his traffic stop and subsequent detention. A traffic stop is an investigative detention analogous to a Terry stop. United States v. Soto, 988 F.2d 1548, 1554 (10th Cir.1993). Its reasonableness is evaluated in two respects: first, whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception, and, second, whether the action was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that first justified the interference. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19-20, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1878-79, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). In the context of a traffic stop, this court has consistently held that:

An officer conducting a routine traffic stop may request a driver’s license and vehicle registration, run a computer check, and issue a citation. When the driver has produced a valid license and proof that he is entitled to operate the car, he must be allowed to proceed on his way, without being subject to further delay by police for additional questioning.

United States v. Guzman, 864 F.2d 1512, 1519 (10th Cir.1988) (citations omitted).

Further questioning is permissible in two circumstances. First, the officer may detain the driver for questioning unrelated to the initial traffic stop if he has an objectively reasonable and articulable suspicion that illegal activity has occurred or is occurring. Soto, 988 F.2d at 1554. Second, further questioning is permissible if the initial detention has become a consensual encounter. United States v. DeWitt, 946 F.2d 1497, 1502 (10th Cir.1991), cert. denied sub nom. Rison v. United States, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 1233, 117 L.Ed.2d 467 (1992).

The deputy’s uneontroverted testimony establishes that his detention of Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma had not become a consensual encounter. This Circuit follows the bright-line rule that an encounter initiated by a traffic stop may not be deemed consensual unless the driver’s documents have been returned to him. United States v. McKneely, 6 F.3d 1447, 1451 (10th Cir.1993). In this case, the deputy retained Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma’s license, identification, and title to the vehicle during the entire time at issue. Therefore, the Defendant was not free to leave and any questions asked were not part of a consensual encounter. See Soto, 988 F.2d at 1555. The subsequent investigative detention was justified, then, only if it was supported by an objectively reasonable suspicion of illegal activity, as determined by the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Ward, 961 F.2d 1526, 1529 (10th Cir.1992).

The officer’s continued investigative detention was supported by a reasonable suspicion of illegal activity. When the deputy decided to ask Mr. Gonzalez-Lerma questions unrelated to the initial traffic stop, he was confronted with a driver with an unsigned title and no vehicle registration, a temporary driver’s license with a birth date differing from that of his other identification, a questionable explanation for the long trip, and a lack of knowledge about the construction company that allegedly provided him with the truck.

We have upheld- the legitimacy of investigative detentions in a variety of cireum-stances. One recurring factor supporting a finding of reasonable suspicion in other cases is the inability of a defendant to provide proof that he is entitled to operate the vehicle he is driving. See United States v. Horn, 970 F.2d 728, 732 (10th Cir.1992). Although no single factor is determinative, the inability of a driver to offer proof that he is entitled to operate a vehicle, combined with inconsistent or incomplete information about ownership of the vehicle, his identity or his destination will generally give rise to a reasonable suspicion justifying further questioning. See United States v. Pena, 920 F.2d 1509, 1514 (10th Cir.1990), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 2802, 115 L.Ed.2d 975 (1991).

The totality of the circumstances supported a suspicion of illegal activity. Therefore, we hold that the additional detention for specific questioning about weapons, narcotics, and the Defendant’s possession of the vehicle was supported by an objectively reasonable suspicion. Because the detention did not violate the Defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights, the subsequent consensual search of the truck was not tainted. Accordingly, the district court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence from the search is affirmed.

B. Sentence Enhancement

In its cross-appeal, the government contends that the district court erred in refusing to enhance the ten year mandatory minimum sentence to a twenty year mandatory minimum under 21 U.S.C. § 851. Defendant concedes on appeal that the basis for the trial court’s ruling (that the prior conviction had to be based on an indictment) was incorrect, but he advances two other grounds for affirming the sentence. The legality of the sentence presents a question of law, which we review de novo. United States v. Cook, 952 F.2d 1262, 1263 (10th Cir.1991). Because we cannot agree with the Defendant that the information filed by the government seeking enhancement was either untimely or otherwise inadequate under § 851, we must remand for resentencing for application of the enhancement.

Under § 851(a)(2), the government may not seek an enhanced sentence if the increased punishment which would be imposed is imprisonment for a term in excess of three years unless the defendant “either waived or was afforded prosecution by indictment for the offense for which such increased punishment may be imposed.” 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(2). The offense to which the statute refers is the one being prosecuted in the case at bar. United States v. Adams, 914 F.2d 1404, 1407 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1015, 111 S.Ct. 588, 112 L.Ed.2d 593 (1990), cert. denied sub nom., Eliga v. United States, 498 U.S. 1100, 111 S.Ct. 996, 112 L.Ed.2d 1080 (1991). As we explained in Adams, the punishment for a prior offense cannot be enhanced ex post facto, but the punishment for the current offense can appropriately be enhanced on the basis of a defendant’s recidivism. Id. Therefore, the district court’s conclusion that the prior offense must have been prosecuted by way of indictment is incorrect.

Defendant also challenges the timing and adequacy of the information filed by the government. Regarding the timing, he contends that “before trial” in § 851(a)(1) means at least the day before trial begins. However, the circuits that have considered this issue in the context of jury trials have concluded that filing anytime before jury selection begins is sufficient for purposes of 21 U.S.C. § 851. United States v. Johnson, 944 F.2d 396, 406-07 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 646, 116 L.Ed.2d 663 (1991), cert. denied sub nom., Miller v. United States, — U.S. - — , 112 S.Ct. 2951, 119 L.Ed.2d 574 (1992). See also United States v. White, 980 F.2d 836, 844 (2d Cir.1992); United States v. Weaver, 905 F.2d 1466, 1481 (11th Cir.1990), cert. denied sub nom., Sikes v. United States, 498 U.S. 1091, 111 S.Ct. 972,112 L.Ed.2d 1058 (1991). We agree with this interpretation of § 851 and, therefore, hold that the filing here, which occurred before the trial began, was timely.

Defendant also challenges the information filed by the government on the ground that its contents were inadequate to provide the notice required by the statute. Given the pretrial procedure in this case, however, we disagree that the facts contained in the information did not provide sufficient notice as mandated by the statute.

As an initial matter, the government argues that the Defendant has waived his claim that the notice was insufficient because § 851 states that “any challenge to a ‘prior conviction’” which is not' made before sentence is imposed may not thereafter be raised to attack the sentence.” 21 U.S.C. § 851(b). However, this argument must fail because the language on which the government relies refers to a challenge to the prior conviction itself, not a challenge to the sufficiency of the notice, which was preserved for appeal here by a timely objection at the sentencing hearing. Subsection (c)(2) of the statute makes clear the type of challenge which the statute requires: “Any challenge to a prior conviction, not raised by response to the information before an increased sentence is imposed in reliance thereon, shall be waived unless good cause be shown for failure to make a timely challenge.” 21 U.S.C. § 851(c)(2) (emphasis added). A response to the information (which challenges the validity or existence of a conviction) thus is’ distinct from an objection to the legal sufficiency of notice imparted by the information as filed. Therefore, the defendant’s timely objection to the insufficiency of the information preserved that issue for appeal.

Due process requires that a defendant “receive reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard relative to the recidivist charge even if due process does not require that notice be given prior to trial on the substantive offense.” Oyler v. Boyles, 368 U.S. 448, 452, 82 S.Ct. 501, 503, 7 L.Ed.2d 446 (1962). Section 851 was enacted to fulfill this due process requirement. United States v. Belanger, 970 F.2d 416, 418 (7th Cir.1992). “Failure to file the information prior to trial deprives the district court of jurisdiction to impose an enhanced sentence.” United States v. Wright, 932 F.2d 868, 882 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 112 S.Ct. 428, 116 L.Ed.2d 448 (1991).

Here an information was filed prior to trial. See supra n. 2. “Section 851 does not specify the particular form which notice of enhancement must take....”³ Belanger, 970 F.2d at 419. Our inquiry must be whether the information which was filed provided Mr. Gonzales-Lerma reasonable notice of the government’s intent to rely on a particular conviction and a.meaningful opportunity to be heard. Id. at 418-19.

The information provided the following particulars concerning the prior conviction to be relied upon: the offense, the location and the date. At the sentencing hearing, the Defendant objected to the lack of specificity:

No attachments were made to this [the information] as far as any certified copies of documents from California where this occurred, the type of controlled substance that it actually was, the amount and any other circumstances.

I don’t know that they need to go into detail as to amounts and other types of things but I think the statute requires ... that there be more specificity than is contained in this information and that conceivably the ideal situation would be to file a copy of that record along with the information rather than their mere allegations about it.

V R. 6. On appeal, Defendant contends that the information filed was inadequate because it “did not contain the correct date, did not specify the place óf conviction other than a state, and did not provide a ease number.” Reply/Answer Brief at 10.

While it perhaps would be ideal if the government filed a certified copy of the conviction to be relied upon along with the information, we find no such requirement in the statute and decline to impose one. As for the contention that the incorrect date ⁴ somehow renders the notice insufficient, the statute expressly provides that “[c]lerical mistakes in the information may be amended at any time prior to the pronouncement of sentence.” 2Í U.S.C. § 851(a). This adherence to reasonableness continues in the statute: “The failure of the United States attorney to include in the information the complete criminal record of the person or any facts in addition to the convictions to be relied upon shall not constitute grounds for invalidating the notice given in the information required. ...” 21 U.S.C. § 851(c)(1).

We think that the government provided sufficient notice. When defense counsel was confronted with the likelihood of enhancement two months later (in response to an addendum to the presentence report) and prior to sentencing, the government invited him to explore the contents of the judgment and commitment order, IV R. 5, sentencing was postponed and a later sentencing hearing was held. In that hearing, Defendant did not challenge the conviction, rather he argued that the timing of the information was inadequate, as was its specificity.

Several cases have invalidated enhancements and determined that the doctrine of harmless error does not apply when the government fails to timely file an information under § 851(a)(1) prior to trial. See Neary v. United States, 998 F.2d 563, 565 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Olson, 716 F.2d 850, 852 (11th Cir.1983); United States v. Noland, 495 F.2d 529, 533 (5th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 966, 95 S.Ct. 228, 42 L.Ed.2d 181 (1974). See also Weaver, 905 F.2d at 1481 (government must file and serve timely information; held, no violation of § 851 procedure). Neary, Olson and Noland do not control the outcome in this case because a timely filed information signalled the government’s intent to rely upon a particular prior conviction. More information was easily obtainable from the government had defense counsel desired it and the information was available in court prior to trial. Merely because the Defendant chose not to address this issue until much later in the proceedings cannot justify the dissent’s hypertechnical approach. Defendant also relies on United States v. Wirsing, 662 F.Supp. 199 (D.Nev.1987), however, there again the government’s notice “did not state in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon,” and was not sufficient. Id. at 200.

Accordingly, the conviction is AFFIRMED, the case is REMANDED to the district court with instructions to vacate the sentence and resentence in accordance with this opinion.

1 . Section 851(a) provides:

(1) No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions, unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty, the United States attorney files an information with the court (and serves a copy of such information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon. Upon a showing by the United States attorney that facts regarding prior convictions could not with due diligence be obtained prior to trial or before entry of a plea of guilty, the court may postpone the trial or the taking of the plea of guilty for a reasonable period for the purpose of obtaining such facts. Clerical mistakes in the information may be amended at any time prior to the pronouncement of sentence.

(2) An information may not be filed under this section if the increased punishment which may be imposed is imprisonment for a term in excess of three years unless the person either waived or was afforded prosecution by indictment for the offense for which such increased punishment may be imposed.

2 . The information read as follows:

The United States of America by DAVID J. JORDAN, United States Attorney, through DAVID J. SCHWENDIMAN, Assistant United States Attorney, files this Information as required by 21 U.S.C. § 851, stating that it intends to rely upon the following previous conviction of the defendant in matters relating to sentencing in the above entitled case:

Possession of a controlled substance, California, June 18, 1988.

DATED this the 5th day of October, 1992. I R.Doc. 43.

3 . The dissent suggests that "[t]wo courts have indicated that the government’s notice of intent to enhance under § 851 must clearly identify the convictions to be relied upon,” citing Belanger, 970 F.2d at 419, and United States v. Wirsing, 662 F.Supp. 199, 200 (D.Nev.1989). Dis. at 1487. Neither court, however, addressed the necessary amount of clarity or detail, once a particular conviction is specified. In Belanger, the issue was whether the district court could relate two separate filings to communicate the requisite information to enhance, particularly when the first filing did not specify a particular conviction and the second filing was for another purpose. 970 F.2d at 419. Belanger did not address the “details of the second filing." Dis. at 1487. The government’s notice in Wirsing “did not state .in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon,” 662 F.Supp. at 200, so the district court had no occasion to discuss the requisite level of detail.

4 . Here the date alleged was June 18, when the correct date of the prior conviction was actually June 13, 1988.