Liying Qiu v. Sessions

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
September 11, 2017
PUBLISH Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
LIYING QIU,
Petitioner,
v. No. 16-9522
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III,
United States Attorney General,
Respondent.
PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN ORDER
OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS
Submitted on the briefs: *
Armin A. Skalmowski, Alhambra, California, for Petitioner.
Chad A. Readler, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division;
Russell J.E. Verby, Senior Litigation Counsel; and Nancy K. Canter, Trial
Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, U.S. Department of
Justice, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
Before PHILLIPS, McKAY, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
McKAY, Circuit Judge.
*
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This case
is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Petitioner Liying Qiu, a native and citizen of the People’s Republic of
China, sought asylum and withholding of removal based on her status as a
Christian who does not agree with China’s state-sanctioned version of
Christianity and as a woman who has violated China’s one-child policy by having
three children. Her application was denied by the immigration court in 2011, and
the Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed that decision in March 2013. In
December 2015, Petitioner filed a motion to reopen based on the significantly
increased persecution of Christians in China in 2014 and 2015. The BIA denied
her motion to reopen as untimely. Petitioner now seeks review of that decision.
We review the BIA’s denial of Petitioner’s motion to reopen for an abuse
of discretion. See Maatougui v. Holder, 738 F.3d 1230, 1239 (10th Cir. 2013).
“The BIA abuses its discretion when its decision provides no rational explanation,
inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or
contains only summary or conclusory statements.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Moreover, “[c]ommitting a legal error or making a factual finding that
is not supported by substantial record evidence is necessarily an abuse of
discretion.” Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 n.9 (10th Cir. 2004).
In general, a petitioner may only file a motion to reopen “within 90 days of
the date of entry of a final administrative order of removal.” 8 U.S.C.
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§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). However, “[t]here is no time limit on the filing of a motion
to reopen” an asylum case if the motion to reopen is “based on changed country
conditions arising in the country of nationality or the country to which removal
has been ordered, if such evidence is material and was not available and would
not have been discovered or presented at the previous proceeding.” Id.
§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii).
To support her motion to reopen, Petitioner submitted numerous articles
reporting a significant increase in the persecution of Christians in China in 2014
and 2015. One human rights organization reported in 2015 that there had been “a
300 percent increase in abuse and persecution against Chinese Christians since
2013.” (R. at 52.) The report explained that the increase in the number of
Christians in China had “triggered a unique sense of crisis” within the Chinese
Communist Party, leading to a significantly increased level of persecution by the
government. (R. at 52–53.) Another report detailed how the number of people
sentenced for activity related to their faith had drastically expanded in 2014
compared to the previous year. (R. at 60.) And an organization that tracks the
persecution of Christians worldwide bumped China up its rank of worst-offender
lists from 37th in 2014 to 29th in 2015. (R. at 57.)
Even more persuasively, Petitioner also submitted a portion of the 2015
annual report issued by the U.S. Commission on International Religious
Freedom—an independent, bipartisan U.S. government entity that monitors
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religious freedom violations globally and makes policy recommendations to the
President, the Secretary of State, and Congress. In this report, the U.S.
Commission explained that in 2014 the Chinese government engaged in
“unprecedented violations against” the religious freedoms of Protestant
Christians, among others. (R. at 65.) The U.S. Commission explained that
“although Christianity is state-sanctioned, the government continues to engage in
severe violations of religious freedom against both registered and unregistered
Catholics and Protestants.” (Id.) The U.S. Commission then described an
“alarming increase in systematic, egregious, and ongoing abuses” against
Christians by the Chinese government. (Id.) Indeed, the U.S. Commission noted
that “[s]ome have characterized the new wave of persecution against Christians
that swept through China in 2014 as the most egregious and persistent since the
Cultural Revolution.” (Id.) Among other things, in what the U.S. Commission
characterized as “a striking development,” “at least 400 [Christian] churches were
torn down or had crosses forcibly removed and/or demolished in 2014, a notable
increase over previous years.” (Id. at 66–67.) The report further noted that the
Chinese government specifically targeted “house churches”—unregistered
congregations of Christians, like Petitioner and her family, who operate
independently from the state-sanctioned Protestant church. Indeed, as part of its
“anti-cult” effort, “China’s government issued a directive to ‘eradicate’
unregistered churches over the course of the next decade, resulting in unregistered
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church members facing an increased number of arrests, fines, and church closures
in 2014.” (Id. at 68.) And in 2014, the U.S. State Department reported that the
Chinese government has been “suspend[ing] or revok[ing] the licenses of lawyers
or their firms to stop them from taking sensitive cases, such as defending . . .
house-church activists.” (R. at 83.)
In addition to all of these reports, Petitioner also submitted evidence that
her own mother has been a victim of the Chinese government’s increased
persecution of Christians and that the government was now intent on punishing
Petitioner for her beliefs as well. According to a signed, sworn statement
submitted by Petitioner’s mother, local government authorities began cracking
down on unregistered churches in 2013. After her church was closed, her house
became a meeting place, and her house church used Christian materials that were
sent to them by Petitioner and her husband. On May 3, 2015, while they were
having a gathering at her house, a group of police officers raided her home, took
all of the Bibles and other Christian materials, and detained her for ten days,
severely beating her on multiple occasions during her detention. The police “told
[her] to confess how American reactionary religious organizations instigated [her]
daughter and son in law to spread the cult to China.” (R. at 34.) The police also
told her to tell her daughter and son-in-law to return to China to be sanctioned for
this crime. Petitioner’s mother was ultimately released from detention on medical
parole, after her husband posted a bond and signed a pledge to make sure she did
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not engage in more illegal religious activities.
Along with her mother’s statement, Petitioner submitted her mother’s
medical record from May 13, 2015, in which medical professionals reported that
they saw and treated multiple bruises on Petitioner’s mother’s chest, waist, back,
and head on that date.
The BIA held that Petitioner had not submitted sufficient evidence to show
a change in country conditions, and thus that her motion to reopen was untimely
under 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C). The BIA first held that Petitioner had not
submitted sufficient evidence to show that the treatment of Christians in China
has worsened since her 2011 immigration hearing. This factual finding is not
supported by substantial—or, indeed, any—evidence in the record. The agency
provided no rational explanation as to how numerous accounts of a 300 percent
increase in the persecution of Christians, “unprecedented violations” of religious
freedoms beginning in 2014, and possibly “the most egregious and persistent”
wave of persecution against Christians since the Cultural Revolution of 1966–76
was insufficient to show that the treatment of Christians in China had worsened
since 2011. Nor is there anything in the record that would contradict Petitioner’s
extensive evidence of a substantial increase in the government’s mistreatment of
Christians since 2011. The BIA pointed to the fact that some portions of the State
Department’s 2014 report include substantially similar language to the 2008 and
2009 reports. However, the State Department’s habit of cutting and pasting
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portions of its old reports into newer reports does nothing to refute all of the other
evidence that the level and intensity of persecution against Christians has
increased significantly since 2011. Nor does anything in the State Department
report suggest that the U.S. Commission and various human-rights organizations
are all reporting false data or drawing false conclusions about the deterioration of
the treatment of Christians in China. The BIA thus abused its discretion by
holding, completely contrary to all of the evidence, that Petitioner had not shown
that the treatment of Christians in China has worsened in recent years.
The BIA also suggested that the substantial increase in the persecution of
Christians was simply irrelevant because “[a] review of the record before the
Immigration Judge indicated that China has long repressed religious freedom, and
that underground or unregistered churches continued to experience varying
degrees of official interference, harassment, and repression, including breaking up
services, fines, detention, beatings, and torture.” (R. at 5.) However, the fact that
there was already some level of persecution in China does not prevent Petitioner
from showing a change in country conditions due to a significant increase in the
level of persecution faced by Christians in her country. To hold otherwise would
be to bar reopening for petitioners who file for asylum when they face some,
albeit insufficient, risk of persecution in their country, while permitting reopening
for petitioners who file for asylum without there being any danger of persecution,
then seek reopening after their country fortuitously begins persecuting people
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who are in their protected category thereafter. But surely Congress did not intend
for 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C) to protect only petitioners who file frivolous
asylum applications under no threat of persecution, while extending no help to
petitioners who seek reopening after an existing pattern of persecution becomes
dramatically worse. The BIA’s reasoning would lead to an absurd result, one we
cannot condone.
Instead, we agree with the Second, Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits
that a significant increase in the level of persecution constitutes a material change
in country conditions for purposes of 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C) and that the BIA
abuses its discretion when it fails to assess and consider a petitioner’s evidence
that the persecution of others in his protected category has substantially worsened
since the initial application. See Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 157 (2d Cir.
2006) (“Proof that persecution of Christians in Pakistan has become more
common, intense, or far-reaching—i.e., the very proof that petitioner purports to
have presented in filing his motion to reopen—would clearly bear on this
objective inquiry [into the likelihood of future persecution]. Under the
circumstances, the BIA’s refusal even to consider such evidence constitutes an
abuse of discretion.”); Poradisova v. Gonzales, 420 F.3d 70, 81–82 (2d Cir. 2005)
(holding that the BIA abused its discretion in denying a motion to reopen based
on worsened country conditions: evidence that the human-rights situation in
Belarus is “in an ‘accelerating deterioration’” and “that the situation has
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worsened since the Poradisovs’ original application” “certainly warranted more
than a perfunctory (and clearly inaccurate) mention by the BIA as being ‘merely
cumulative’”); Shu Han Liu v. Holder, 718 F.3d 706, 709, 712–13 (7th Cir. 2013)
(holding that a petitioner seeking to file an untimely motion to reopen must meet
her burden of “show[ing] that Chinese persecution of Christians (of her type) had
worsened,” and concluding that the BIA abused its discretion in ignoring evidence
that current conditions in China were worse than conditions at the date of the
petitioner’s final removal hearing); Chandra v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th
Cir. 2014) (“The BIA abused its discretion when it failed to assess Chandra’s
evidence that treatment of Christians in Indonesia had deteriorated since his 2002
removal hearing.”); Jiang v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 568 F.3d 1252, 1258 (11th Cir.
2009) (holding that the BIA clearly abused its discretion by overlooking or
“inexplicably discount[ing]” evidence of “the recent increased enforcement of the
one-child policy” in the petitioner’s province and hometown).
Finally, the BIA rejected Petitioner’s mother’s statement regarding her
recent religious persecution in Petitioner’s hometown as both unreliable and
irrelevant. The BIA held that the statement was unreliable for two reasons: (1) it
was unsworn, and (2) it was prepared for the purposes of litigation. The first of
these reasons is incorrect both as a matter of fact and as a matter of law.
Petitioner’s mother concluded her statement by expressly swearing to the truth of
everything she had stated therein, and thus the BIA’s factual finding that the
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statement was unsworn is refuted by the record. And even if the BIA were
correct in its factual finding, we note that several “[o]ther circuits have
admonished the Board for dismissing or according little weight to a statement due
to its unsworn nature.” Yu Yun Zhang v. Holder, 702 F.3d 878, 881 (6th Cir.
2012). There is no statutory support for the BIA’s contention that documents at
immigration hearings must be sworn, and “numerous courts,” “without so much as
pausing to note the unsworn nature of a document, . . . have relied on such
documents when considering claims of asylum applicants.” Zuh v. Mukasey, 547
F.3d 504, 509 (4th Cir. 2008). “Moreover,” the Fourth Circuit noted in Zuh, “it
seems untenable to require a sworn statement from a person harassed because of a
relationship with an asylum applicant and potentially endangered by helping that
applicant.” Id.; see also Yu Yun Zhang, 702 F.3d at 881 (“Given the documented
persecution of Christians in China, it seems an arbitrarily high threshold to
require that letters attesting to government abuse and admitting membership in a
persecuted organization be notarized.”).
As for the BIA’s second reason for rejecting the statement as unreliable, the
fact that the evidence was prepared while litigation was ongoing is all but
inevitable in the context of a motion to reopen, and we hold that the BIA may not
entirely dismiss an asylum applicant’s evidence as unreliable based solely on the
timing of its creation. Neither the BIA decision nor the government brief cites to
a single statute or circuit court decision to support the idea that the timing of a
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statement’s creation is a dispositive or even permissible factor in evaluating its
reliability in an asylum case. Furthermore, we note that the Sixth Circuit has held
that it simply “does not matter that [evidence] may have been written for the
express purpose of supporting [a petitioner’s] motion to reopen,” citing for
support to a Ninth Circuit case which held that the BIA may not “denigrate the
credibility” of letters written by the petitioner’s friends based simply on the
inference that her friends “‘would tend to write supportive letters.’” Yu Yun
Zhang, 702 F.3d at 882 (quoting Zavala-Bonilla v. INS, 730 F.3d 562, 565 (9th
Cir. 1984)). We need not resolve this broader question in the case before us
today; even if the timing of a statement’s creation might perhaps play some role
in determining its credibility and the weight it should be afforded, the BIA cannot
entirely dismiss a statement as unreliable based simply on the fact that it was
prepared for purposes of litigation. The protections that the asylum statute was
intended to provide would be gutted if we permitted the BIA to entirely reject all
evidence presented by an asylum applicant that is prepared following the filing of
the initial asylum application, and we see neither legal or logical support for such
a ruling. We accordingly hold that the BIA abused its discretion in this case by
rejecting Petitioner’s mother’s statement as unreliable based solely on the
(erroneous) finding that it was unsworn and on the timing of its creation.
Finally, the BIA dismissed Petitioner’s mother’s statement as irrelevant
because “the respondent’s mother is not similarly situated to the respondent,
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inasmuch as the incidents giving rise to her purported violations occurred in
China, not in the United States.” (R. at 4.) This reasoning defies understanding.
The heart of the matter is whether Petitioner will be persecuted if she is removed
to China—to the town where her mother has allegedly been persecuted for the
religious beliefs she shares with Petitioner, and where the local police have
allegedly made threatening statements about Petitioner—and it is simply absurd to
dismiss her mother’s experiences as irrelevant because her mother’s experiences
occurred in China. Indeed, it is the very fact that her mother’s experiences
occurred in China that makes them relevant to Petitioner’s motion to reopen. The
nonsensical nature of the BIA’s supposed reasoning on this point is illustrative of
the BIA’s failure to give fair consideration to any of the arguments in Petitioner’s
motion to reopen in this case, and it represents the very definition of an abuse of
discretion.
The BIA provided no rational, factually supported reason for denying
Petitioner’s motion to reopen. We conclude that the BIA abused its discretion by
denying the motion on factually erroneous, legally frivolous, and logically
unsound grounds, and we accordingly remand this case back to the BIA for
further consideration. In so doing, we express no opinion as to the ultimate
merits of the case.
The petition is GRANTED and REMANDED.
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