United States v. Donjuan

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
January 3, 2018
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 16-8096
(D.C. No. 1:11-CR-00169-NDF-1)
CARLOS DONJUAN, (D.Wyo.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_______________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
_______________________________________
Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. **
________________________________________
Defendant Carlos Donjuan appeals the denial of his petition for a writ of
coram nobis, in which he seeks to set aside his 2011 guilty plea. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal.
See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted
without oral argument.
**
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive
value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. 32.1.
I.
In July 2011, a grand jury in the District of Wyoming indicted Defendant, a
Mexican national unlawfully present in the United States, with knowingly using an
unauthorized permanent resident card and an unauthorized social security card, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1546(b)(1). In September 2011, Defendant pled guilty to
the charge. Notably, the record is silent as to whether counsel advised Defendant of
the consequences of pleading guilty. At the plea hearing, the district court, however,
warned Defendant of the adverse consequences to pleading guilty, including the risk
of deportation: “[I]n addition . . . , there would be adverse consequences upon your
ability to remain in the United States, and there would likely be adverse
consequences as to your ability to obtain lawful reentry at a later time. You
understand this?” Def. Corrected App’x at 28. Defendant responded, “Yes.” Id.
During the same hearing, the court asked, “Apart from the plea agreement . . . , have
you been promised anything . . . to get you to plead guilty?” Id. at 34. Defendant
replied, “No.” Id. The court inquired, “And you’ve discussed the making of this
plea with your counsel, Mr. Weiss?” Id. at 35. Defendant responded, “Yes.” Id.
The court continued, “And you’re satisfied with Mr. Weiss’ representation?” Id.
Defendant responded, “Yes.” Id. Satisfied that Defendant knowingly and
voluntarily pled guilty, the district court sentenced Defendant in October 2011 to
time served, plus up to ten days to allow time for deportation. The district court
recommended the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) begin removal
2
proceedings during service of Defendant’s sentence. Defendant never appealed his
conviction.
That same month, DHS took Defendant into custody and began immigration
removal proceedings. This was not Defendant’s first interaction with DHS. DHS
had served Defendant in July 2011 with a Notice to Appear before the Immigration
Court, charging him under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(I) with being unlawfully present
in the United States without proper admission or parole. During his immigration
proceedings, Defendant conceded removability, but applied for cancellation of
removal under § 240A(b)(1) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1). In late February 2014, the Immigration Court denied Defendant’s
application because his conviction for using unauthorized documents rendered him
ineligible for cancellation of removal. 1 Defendant appealed this decision. The Board
of Immigration Appeals affirmed the Immigration Court and ordered Defendant
removed. See Carlos Israel Donjuan-Laredo, A201 219 857 (BIA Sept. 10, 2015)
(unpublished). Defendant filed a petition for review from the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ final order, but we denied the petition. See Donjuan-Laredo v. Sessions,
689 F. App’x 600 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished). Defendant also filed a petition for
1
Section 240A(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act provides the
Attorney General may cancel removal of an alien if the alien demonstrates, inter
alia, that he has not been convicted of an offense under section 237(a)(3) of the Act.
See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). Section 237(a)(3)(B)(iii) provides that an alien is
removable if he has been convicted of “a violation of, or an attempt or a conspiracy
to violate, section 1546 of Title 18.” See id. § 1227(a)(3)(B)(iii).
3
a writ of coram nobis in the District of Wyoming seeking to challenge his § 1546
conviction. The district court denied the writ. That denial is the basis for this appeal.
II.
Due to the writ’s exceptional nature, federal courts may only “entertain coram
nobis applications in extraordinary cases presenting circumstances compelling its use
to achieve justice.” Rawlins v. Kansas, 714 F.3d 1189, 1196 (10th Cir. 2013)
(quotations omitted). To justify issuance of the writ, the Defendant must
“demonstrate that he exercised due diligence in raising the issue and that the
information used to challenge the sentence or conviction was not previously
available to him.” United States v. Carpenter, 24 F. App’x 899, 905 (10th Cir. 2001)
(unpublished) (citing Klein v. United States, 880 F.2d 250, 254 (10th Cir. 1989)).
The Defendant must show specifically “(1) an error of fact; (2) unknown at the time
of trial; (3) of a fundamentally unjust character which would have altered the
outcome of the challenged proceeding had it been known.” Id. (quoting United
States v. Johnson, 237 F.3d 751, 755 (6th Cir. 2001)). The Defendant must also
exhaust all other remedies, including seeking post-conviction relief under 18 U.S.C.
§ 2255. Id. And critically, the writ is available only when the asserted error
constitutes “a complete miscarriage of justice.” Klein, 880 F.2d at 253.
In his petition for a writ of coram nobis, Defendant argued he was not properly
advised about the immigration consequences of pleading guilty, in violation of his
Fifth Amendment right to due process and his Sixth Amendment right to effective
4
assistance of counsel. The district court first determined it would consider the merits
of the coram nobis petition because Defendant did not have any other remedies or
forms of relief available. 2 Turning to the merits, the district court denied the
petition, finding none of Defendant’s claims of error were sufficient to support
issuance of the writ. “When reviewing on appeal the district court’s denial of a writ
coram nobis, we review for clear error the district court’s factual finding, de novo
questions of law, and for abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to deny the
writ.” Embry v. United States, 240 F. App’x 791, 795 (10th Cir. 2007)
(unpublished). Applying these standards, we conclude Defendant’s coram nobis
petition is unavailing.
III.
Defendant contends he was not properly advised about the immigration
consequences of pleading guilty. With regard to his pre-plea advisement, Defendant
asserts two claims: (1) his counsel violated his right to effective assistance of
2
The district court noted, “[t]his case presents the unusual circumstance
where Defendant does not meet the in custody requirement for relief under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255.” United States v. Donjuan, No. 11:CR-00169-F, at 3 (D. Wyo. July 7, 2016)
(unpublished). The court explained Defendant “is not currently in custody and was
not in custody at the time he became aware of the immigration consequences of his
[guilty plea].” Id. After his judgment of conviction and sentence was entered,
Defendant was only in custody pursuant to his federal conviction for ten days. It was
during that ten-day period that he would have needed to file a § 2255 motion, but he
asserted he did not learn of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea until
after that time. The court further explained that Defendant asserted he did not learn
of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea until after his time for a direct
appeal passed.
5
counsel when counsel did not tell him the truth about the immigration consequences
of his plea; and (2) the court violated his due process rights when the court did not
tell him the extent of the risk of removal he faced with regard to his plea.
Defendant’s claims are rooted in the Supreme Court’s decision in Padilla v.
Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010). Notably, Padilla dealt only with ineffective
assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment, establishing the duty for a
criminal defense attorney when advising a non-citizen client. Id. at 369. When the
deportation consequence of the relevant law is clear, “the duty to give correct advice
is equally clear.” Id. When the deportation consequence of the relevant law is “not
succinct and straightforward . . . , a criminal defense attorney need do no more than
advise a client that pending criminal charges may carry a risk of adverse immigration
consequences.” Id.
We are not persuaded the holding in Padilla applies to Defendant’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claim for two reasons. First, unlike the petitioner in Padilla,
Defendant’s guilty plea did not render him removable. In Padilla, the petitioner was
lawfully residing in the United States and only became subject to removal as a
consequence of his guilty plea. In contrast, the Defendant here was already subject
to removal pursuant to the Notice to Appear he received from DHS on July 19, 2011.
The consequence of Defendant’s guilty plea was not removal, as was the situation
in Padilla. Instead, the guilty plea made Defendant ineligible to receive the
discretionary relief of cancellation of removal, which is fundamentally different than
6
a lawful resident alien being subject to removal due to a guilty plea. Second,
Defendant was advised correctly that his guilty plea would likely result in his
deportation. In contrast, the petitioner in Padilla was advised affirmatively and
erroneously that his guilty plea would not compromise his ability to remain in the
United States.
With these distinctions in mind, we first turn to Defendant’s claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant argues his counsel incorrectly advised
him of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea. To demonstrate ineffective
assistance of counsel, Defendant must show both that his attorney’s performance was
deficient and that the deficiency caused him prejudice. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We first consider his attorney’s performance. To prove
an attorney’s performance was deficient, Defendant must show that his attorney’s
performance “was not within the wide range of competence demanded of attorneys
in criminal cases.” Laycock v. State of New Mexico, 880 F.2d 1184, 1187 (10th Cir.
1989) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56 (1985)).
To judge the performance of Defendant’s attorney, we have before us
Defendant’s statements at the plea hearing and an affidavit Defendant supplied after
the fact. “Solemn declarations in open court carry a strong presumption of verity.
The subsequent presentation of conclusory allegations unsupported by specifics is
subject to summary dismissal, as are contentions that in the face of the record are
wholly incredible.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977). The “truth and
7
accuracy” of a defendant’s statements during a plea hearing “should be regarded as
conclusive in the absence of a believable, valid reason justifying the departure from
the apparent truth of his Rule 11 statements.” Hedman v. United States, 527 F.2d 20,
22 (10th Cir. 1975) (per curiam).
Even though Defendant stated in court that he was guilty of knowingly using
unauthorized documents to obtain employment, he understood the consequences of
his guilty plea—including he would likely be removed from the United States— and
he was satisfied with his attorney’s performance, he later supplied an affidavit
contradicting those statements. This self-serving affidavit is the only account of
what Defendant’s counsel allegedly told him before he pled guilty. 3 In his affidavit,
Defendant wrote:
I entered the plea to using false papers by an employer because I hoped
that the plea would allow me to stay in the United States. No one ever
told me that I had no hope of staying in the United States if I entered
that plea. I always thought that I had a possibility of fighting to stay in
the United States . . . . If I had known that there was no chance of
winning in immigration court with this plea, I would have gone to trial.
Def. Corrected App’x at 114–15.
On the present record and in the context of a petition for a writ of coram nobis,
Defendant’s contentions do not overcome Defendant’s burden to demonstrate his
counsel’s performance was deficient. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Defendant’s
3
We do not analyze Defendant’s arguments regarding his counsel’s
statements at the sentencing hearing because those statements do not show his
counsel gave him false hope before he entered the guilty plea.
8
affidavit is nothing more than a “mere denial[] of that which he has previously
admitted[, and] does not raise a substantial issue of fact . . . . Although an allegation
of fact must ordinarily be accepted as true, it is not required where . . . the allegation
is contradicted by the files and records before the court.” Runge v. United States, 427
F.2d 122, 126 (10th Cir. 1970). Defendant’s contention that “[s]urely, the Defense
Counsel . . . advised Mr. Donjuan there was ‘some pretty good hope’ that . . . ‘[Mr.
Donjuan] will be eligible for legal permanent resident status’” is speculative and
directly contradicts the district court’s plea colloquy. Def. Second Corrected Br. at
19 (second alteration in original) (emphasis omitted). Such speculation is an
insufficient basis on which a cognizable claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
may rest. United States v. Gallant, 562 F. App’x 712, 716 (10th Cir. 2014)
(unpublished). Defendant simply did not provide evidence regarding the advice his
lawyer gave to him prior to his guilty plea. Therefore, he failed to overcome the
presumption of verity of open court declarations, and he failed to overcome his
burden of proof to show his lawyer’s performance was deficient. No factual basis
exists for Defendant’s claim that his attorney gave him incorrect advice prior to
entering his guilty plea. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion
in denying Defendant’s petition for a writ of coram nobis with regard to his
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 4
4
Because we conclude counsel’s performance was not constitutionally
(continued...)
9
With regard to Defendant’s claim that his due process rights were violated
when the court did not tell him the degree of risk of removal he faced as a result of
his plea, we find the court did not violate Defendant’s rights because Defendant
received correct and adequate advice during the court’s colloquy. The Due Process
clause requires that a guilty plea be made knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.
United States v. Hurlich, 293 F.3d 1223, 1230 (10th Cir. 2002). To enter a plea that
is knowing and voluntary, “[t]he defendant need not understand every collateral
consequence of the plea, but need only understand its direct consequences.” Id.
“Historically, we have deemed deportation a collateral consequence of a guilty plea
and not a direct consequence.” United States v. Carillo-Estrada, 564 F. App’x 385,
387 (10th Cir. 2014) (unpublished).
When faced with a case where a prisoner argued that his due process rights
were violated because he was not sufficiently advised that his conviction might lead
to deportation, we declined to extend Padilla to the due process context. See id.
(citing United States v. Delgado-Ramos, 635 F.3d 1237, 1240–41 (9th Cir. 2011) (per
curiam)). We noted that we did not see any basis to depart from our pre-Padilla
precedent regarding these types of due process claims. Id. Defendant fails to offer
any authority to support his position that the district court owed him the same duty
4
(...continued)
deficient, we need not address the second prong of the Strickland test—whether
counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
10
of advisement under the Due Process Clause as his defense attorney owed him under
the Sixth Amendment. Such failure is fatal to his claim on this issue. See id. (citing
United States v. Rodriguez-Aguirre, 108 F.3d 1228, 1237 n.8 (10th Cir. 1997) (“It
is the appellant’s responsibility to tie the salient facts, supported by specific record
citation, to his legal contentions.”) (alterations and internal quotation marks
omitted)). 5
IV.
For the reasons stated, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Defendant’s Petition for a writ of coram nobis. 6
5
In any event, Defendant’s belief that he was not adequately apprised of the
possibility of deportation is baseless. The record here indicated the district court
provided correct and adequate advice—Defendant knew pleading guilty to violating
18 U.S.C. § 1546(b)(1) carried a risk of adverse immigration consequences. During
the arraignment and plea hearing, the district court warned Defendant of the adverse
consequences to pleading guilty: “[I]n addition to those fines and penalties, there
would be adverse consequences upon your ability to remain in the United States, and
there would likely be adverse consequences as to your ability to obtain lawful reentry
at a later time. You understand this?” Defendant responded to the Court, “Yes.” Def.
Corrected App’x at 28.
6
We also note Defendant raises two other claims—that his equal protection
rights were violated because he was selectively prosecuted and that § 1546(b) is
unconstitutionally vague. We agree with the district court’s resolution of these
claims and have nothing further to add to the district court’s analysis. We therefore
affirm the district court’s denial of these claims for substantially the same reasons
outlined in its order filed July 7, 2016.
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AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock
United States Circuit Judge
12