Liu v. Barr

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT November 5, 2019
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
JIAEN LIU,
Petitioner,
v. No. 19-9500
(Petition for Review)
WILLIAM P. BARR, United States
Attorney General,*
Respondent.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT**
_________________________________
Before EID, KELLY, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Jiaen Liu, a native and citizen of China, seeks review of a Board of Immigration
Appeals’ (BIA’s) decision that dismissed his appeal from an Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s)
removal order. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we deny review.
*
In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure, William P. Barr is substituted for Matthew G. Whitaker as the respondent
in this action.
**
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
BACKGROUND
Liu entered the United States unlawfully in September 2016. The Department of
Homeland Security detained him and commenced removal proceedings.
Liu appeared before an IJ, conceded removablility, and sought asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
He testified he could not return to China because he is a Christian and practices his
religion outside the state-sponsored church. He fears police would arrest him, as they did
in January 2016, when they broke up an unauthorized worship service at his work
dormitory. During that incident, a police officer kicked him, causing him to fall and
“scrape” his knee. Admin. R. at 166. Further, police detained him for fifteen days,
“frequently” yelled at him for being a “cult follower,” and beat him with a baton, id. at
136, but the duration of the beatings was “pretty short,” id. at 135, and Liu suffered only
“surface” wounds requiring no medical attention, id. at 166. Police released Liu after his
mother paid bail. A month later, while Liu was attending a friend’s wedding, police went
to his home and asked Liu’s mother where he was. Liu learned that police were looking
for him, so he hid at a relative’s house until leaving China in September. He flew to
Mexico, walked into the United States, and was detained.
The IJ denied Liu’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT
protection. The IJ found that Liu was not a credible witness and concluded that his
application nevertheless failed on the merits.
2
The BIA affirmed on both grounds. Regarding the merits,1 the BIA held that Liu’s
mistreatment failed to rise to the level of persecution, and that his fear of persecution if
removed to China was not well-founded because his parents and brother have been able
to routinely attend an underground Christian church without any harm. Further, the BIA
noted that a State Department report indicates there are areas in China where local
authorities tolerate unregistered church groups. Thus, the BIA concluded, Liu failed to
establish eligibility for asylum. Unable to meet the asylum standard, the BIA
additionally concluded Liu could not meet the higher standard for withholding of
removal. Finally, the BIA determined that Liu failed to show it was more likely than not
he would be tortured if removed to China. Thus, Liu’s CAT claim failed too.
DISCUSSION
I. Standards of Review
“Where, as here, a single BIA member issues a brief order affirming the IJ’s
decision, we review the order as the final agency determination and limit our review to
the grounds relied upon by the BIA.” Htun v. Lynch, 818 F.3d 1111, 1118 (10th Cir.
2016). We consult the IJ’s decision only if necessary “to understand the grounds
provided by the BIA.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
We review the BIA’s legal determinations de novo and its factual findings for
substantial evidence. Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1196 (10th Cir. 2005). Under
the substantial-evidence standard, “[t]he BIA’s findings of fact are conclusive unless the
1
We need not address the agency’s credibility determination, as the BIA’s
merits decision is sufficient to resolve Liu’s petition.
3
record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to
the contrary.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
II. Asylum
To qualify for asylum, Liu needed to show he suffered past persecution or that he
has a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. See Rodas-Orellana v.
Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 986 (10th Cir. 2015). “[A] finding of persecution requires the
infliction of suffering or harm . . . in a way regarded as offensive and must entail more
than just restrictions or threats to life and liberty.” Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 889,
893 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Liu argues that the mistreatment he endured qualifies as persecution. But his
mistreatment was of limited duration, resulted in no serious injuries, required no medical
care, and ended when his mother posted bail. While troubling, Liu’s mistreatment does
not rise to the level of persecution. Compare Witjaksono v. Holder, 573 F.3d 968, 977
(10th Cir. 2009) (no persecution where alien was not seriously injured during one
“violent episode” and other episode that caused physical injury did “not requir[e] medical
attention”); Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116, 1124 (10th Cir. 2007) (no persecution
where alien “was beaten repeatedly,” claimed to have twice suffered “serious[ ]
injur[ies],” was “repeatedly confronted by people who demanded money,” and “was
struck and his motorcycle was burnt”); Kapcia v. INS, 944 F.2d 702, 704, 708 (10th Cir.
1991) (no persecution where alien was detained twice for two-day periods “during which
time he was interrogated and beaten[,] . . . his parents’ home was searched, he was
4
assigned poor work tasks and denied bonuses, his locker was broken into many times,
and he was conscripted into the . . . army where he was constantly harassed”), with Karki
v. Holder, 715 F.3d 792, 804-05 (10th Cir. 2013) (persecution where alien “was rendered
semi-unconscious” during a beating and “was the intended target of [a] lethal car
bombing”); Hayrapetyan v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 1330, 1337-38 (10th Cir. 2008)
(persecution where alien was jailed on two occasions, “knocked to the ground and kicked
. . . on one occasion, and nearly run over by a vehicle on another[,]” “her husband was
beaten . . . so severely that he had to be hospitalized for fifteen days[,]” her “daughter
was almost abducted[,]” she “received telephone threats at home,” and “she was fired
from her job”). Consequently, the BIA’s determination that Liu is ineligible for asylum
based on past persecution is supported by substantial evidence and is legally correct.
Liu could still qualify for asylum, though, by demonstrating a well-founded fear of
future persecution. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b). Fear of future persecution is
well-founded if it is “both subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Tulengkey
v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277, 1281 (10th Cir. 2005).
Liu testified that he feared returning to China because he wants “to worship God
in any [way,] at any time[,] and any places[ ] and wit[h] anyone,” without being arrested.
Admin. R. at 138. He argues the BIA erred by discounting the reasonableness of his fear
based on the fact that his family members have regularly attended an underground church
without harm. But this court has expressly noted that the continued presence of an alien’s
family in the country of removal without harm can be a significant factor in the
fear-of-persecution calculus. See, e.g., Zhi Wei Pang v. Holder, 665 F.3d 1226, 1233
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(10th Cir. 2012). Moreover, Liu does not address the BIA’s additional observation that
some local authorities tolerate unregistered church groups. See Admin. R. at 369
(observation in 2015 Religious Freedom Report that Chinese “[o]fficials in many large
urban areas . . . allowed services in unregistered places of worship provided they
remained small in scale and did not disrupt ‘social stability’”). We conclude the BIA’s
determination that Liu is ineligible for asylum based on fear of future persecution is
supported by substantial evidence and is legally correct.2
CONCLUSION
We deny Liu’s petition for judicial review.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
2
Liu does not address how his withholding-of-removal claim, which requires
“a clear probability of persecution,” or his CAT claim, which requires a likelihood of
torture, could succeed where his asylum claim, with its lower burden of proof, failed.
Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197, 1202 (10th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation
marks omitted). “Issues not raised in the opening brief are deemed abandoned or
waived.” Rodas-Orellana, 780 F.3d at 985 n.1 (internal quotation marks omitted).
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No. 19-9500, Liu v. Barr
EID, J., Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
I agree with the majority that Liu’s petition for review should be denied, but I
would do so on the alternate ground that Liu’s evidence as to past persecution was not
“credible.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). The BIA concluded that Liu’s testimony
lacked credibility, and there is “relevant evidence [that] a reasonable mind might accept
as adequate to support [this] conclusion.” Lax v. Astrue, 489 F.3d 1080, 1084 (10th Cir.
2007) (quoting Hackett v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 1168, 1172 (10th Cir. 2005)) (articulating
the “substantial evidence” standard of review). Specifically, in at least two instances,
Liu’s written statements and oral testimony differed significantly regarding dates
pertinent to his alleged persecution. For example, the date he provided in his application
for when he went into hiding to avoid Chinese officials was almost six months later than
the date he gave in his oral testimony. In addition, Liu’s application differed drastically
from his oral testimony regarding the timeframe of when Chinese officials confronted his
mother about his whereabouts. This lack of “consistency between the applicant’s . . .
written and oral statements” bears on whether the applicant’s testimony is credible
enough for the applicant to meet his burden of proof. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).
Because there is substantial evidence to support the BIA’s conclusion that Liu’s evidence
of past persecution lacked credibility, Liu has failed to establish past persecution.
Furthermore, for the reasons stated by the majority, Liu has also failed to establish fear of
future persecution. Accordingly, I would deny Liu’s petition for review without reaching
1
the question of whether the instances of past persecution were sufficiently egregious to
warrant asylum.
2