United States v. Trotter (Mardell)

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
March 5, 2015
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
No. 14-3077
v. (D.C. No. 2:04-CR-20140-CM-2)
(D. Kan.)
MARDELL TROTTER, a/k/a Juice, a/k/a
Del,
Defendant – Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
Mardell Trotter appeals following a resentencing hearing. His counsel seeks leave
to withdraw in a brief filed pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967).
* After examining appellant’s brief and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed.
R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Trotter has filed a pro se brief. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18
U.S.C. § 3742(a), we dismiss the appeal and grant counsel’s motion to withdraw.
I
This case presents a lengthy and torturous procedural history. In 2005, Trotter
was found guilty of various drug and firearm offenses, including conspiracy to distribute
50 grams or more of cocaine base and possession or use of a firearm. He was sentenced
to a term of 322 months imprisonment. On direct appeal, Trotter challenged the denial
of his motion to suppress, the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction, and
various aspects of his sentence, including the denial of his request for a downward
departure based on the disparity in punishment between offenses involving cocaine and
cocaine base (“crack”). We affirmed. United States v. Trotter, 483 F.3d 694 (10th Cir.
2007) (“Trotter I”).
Trotter then appealed to the Supreme Court, which vacated the judgment and
remanded the case for further consideration in light of Kimbrough v. United States, 552
U.S. 85 (2007). Trotter v. United States, 552 U.S. 1090, 1090 (2008). We then
remanded to the district court with instructions to “clarify why it rejected Defendant’s
request” for a downward departure. United States v. Trotter, 267 F. App’x 788, 788
(10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (“Trotter II”). In July 2008, the district court issued an
order clarifying that its basis for rejecting Trotter’s request was not the mistaken belief
that it lacked discretion to consider whether the crack/powder cocaine disparity resulted
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in a disproportionately harsh sentence. The district court did not conduct a full
resentencing or issue a new judgment. After Trotter’s counsel failed to appeal, Trotter
filed a pro se notice of appeal that we denied as untimely. United States v. Trotter, 379 F.
App’x 735, 737 (10th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (“Trotter III”).
Trotter then filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion alleging that his counsel was
ineffective because he failed to file a notice of appeal from the district court’s July 2008
order. In May 2013, the district court held that Trotter’s attorney was constitutionally
ineffective and re-imposed Trotter’s original 322 month sentence in order to allow an
appeal. On appeal, we held that Trotter should have received a new sentencing hearing
and been resentenced under the revised Guidelines which provided lower mandatory
minimums. We thus remanded to the district court for resentencing. United States v.
Trotter, No. 13-3145, slip op. at 1 (10th Cir. Nov. 21, 2013) (unpublished) (“Trotter IV”).
The district court then reduced Trotter’s sentence to 180 months pursuant to recent
Guidelines revisions. Trotter now timely appeals from that resentencing hearing.
II
An attorney who, after a conscientious examination of the case, determines that
any appeal would be wholly frivolous, may so advise the court and request permission to
withdraw. Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. That request must be accompanied by a brief
identifying any potentially appealable issues. Id. The defendant must be notified and
may file a pro se brief. If the court determines that the case is wholly frivolous after a
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careful examination of the record, the court may grant the motion to withdraw and
dismiss the appeal. Id.
In this case, counsel has filed an Anders brief that identifies four potentially
appealable issues from Trotter’s underlying conviction: (1) whether the district court
erred in denying Trotter’s motion to suppress evidence relating to a search of his storage
unit; (2) whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction for conspiracy to
distribute crack cocaine; (3) whether the district court’s application of a sentencing
enhancement for a prior drug conviction pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851 violated Trotter’s
Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial; and (4) whether the district court committed
reversible error in its jury instruction on the firearm count. Counsel concludes that
appealing these issues would be frivolous. Specifically, counsel states that issues one
through three are subject to the law of the case doctrine because they were resolved
against Trotter in Trotter I. And because issue four was not raised in that appeal, counsel
suggests that it was waived. Counsel also contends that the mandate rule bars litigation
of all of these claims because our remand orders in Trotter II and Trotter IV were limited
to sentencing issues.
Trotter has filed a pro se brief, arguing that the law of the case doctrine and the
mandate rule are inapplicable because the decision in Trotter I was entirely vacated, and
alternatively because intervening controlling precedent warrants reconsideration of these
issues. See United States v. Monsisvais, 946 F.2d 114, 117 (10th Cir. 1991) (a change in
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controlling authority may warrant departing from the law of the case doctrine).1
A
“[W]hen a case is appealed and remanded, the decision of the appellate court
establishes the law of the case and ordinarily will be followed by both the trial court on
remand and the appellate court in any subsequent appeal.” Rohrbaugh v. Celotex Corp.,
53 F.3d 1181, 1183 (10th Cir. 1995). The law of the case doctrine is “discretionary, not
mandatory.” Stifel, Nicolaus & Co. v. Woolsey & Co., 81 F.3d 1540, 1544 (10th Cir.
1996). We may depart from the doctrine in “three exceptionally narrow circumstances:
(1) when the evidence in a subsequent trial is substantially different; (2) when controlling
authority has subsequently made a contrary decision of the law applicable to such issues;
or (3) when the decision was clearly erroneous and would work a manifest injustice.”
United States v. Alvarez, 142 F.3d 1243, 1247 (10th Cir. 1998).
Our decision in Trotter I squarely resolved Trotter’s sufficiency of the evidence
claims regarding his crack conviction. 483 F.3d at 700-07. That decision also resolved
his suppression claim and his challenge to the § 851 enhancement. Id. at 698-99, 703.
Trotter argues that these holdings do not constitute the law of the case because the
Supreme Court vacated Trotter I on appeal. Yet the judgment was vacated solely because
1
We construe Trotter’s pro se filing liberally. See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d
1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991).
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of sentencing errors. Moreover, we remanded the case to the district court with narrow
instructions to “clarify why it rejected [Trotter’s] request” and to modify his sentence
only if it had erroneously believed it lacked discretion to depart downwards. Trotter II,
267 F. App’x at 789. Even if the law of the case doctrine did not foreclose Trotter from
rearguing the issues resolved in Trotter I, the proper time for Trotter to have raised those
issues in front of this court would have been during his direct appeal from his 2013
resentencing. Trotter did not raise these claims in that appeal. See Trotter IV, slip op. at
1. Thus, to the extent that the law of the case doctrine does not control, those claims
would be waived. See Mason v. Okla. Tpk. Auth., 182 F.3d 1212, 1214 (10th Cir. 1999)
(explaining that issues properly before the court are limited by the scope of the party’s
prior appeal, and that issues waived earlier in a proceeding may not be revived on
remand).
Moreover, Trotter’s other arguments that we should revisit Trotter I are
unpersuasive. He argues that Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), has
rendered § 851 unconstitutional by overturning Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523
U.S. 224 (1998). But this argument is squarely foreclosed by circuit precedent. United
States v. Moore, 401 F.3d 1220, 1224 (10th Cir. 2005) (explaining that “although the
Court may overrule Almendarez-Torres at some point in the future, it has not done so, we
will not presume to do so for the Court, and we are bound by existing precedent”).
Trotter also contends that his motion to suppress should be reevaluated in light of United
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States v. Cos, 498 F.3d 1115 (10th Cir. 2007). But Cos explicitly distinguished its
holding from the Trotter I decision. See Cos, 498 F.3d at 1127 (explaining that “this
case, […] unlike Trotter, involves the search of a home,” creating heightened Fourth
Amendment protection).
B
Because Trotter did not present his § 924(c) claim to the district court, we review
it for plain error. United States v. Ferrel, 603 F.3d 758, 763 (10th Cir. 2010). Trotter
argues that under Watson v. United States, 552 U.S. 74 (2007), the district court erred by
instructing the jury that it could consider whether a firearm was “exchanged, traded or
bartered for drugs” in its deliberations on the § 924(c) count. Although Watson held that
trading a firearm for drugs cannot satisfy the “use” prong of § 924(c), it explicitly refused
to decide if that reasoning applied to the “possession in furtherance of” prong. 552 U.S.
at 83. Our circuit has held that trading guns for drugs may satisfy that prong. United
States v. Luke-Sanchez, 483 F.3d 703, 706 (10th Cir. 2007). Accordingly, the district
court did not plainly err.
Although his counsel identified the sufficiency of the evidence in support of
Trotter’s conspiracy conviction as a potentially appealable, but ultimately frivolous issue,
Trotter does not raise the issue in his pro se brief. After a full examination of the record,
we conclude that these arguments were correctly rejected in Trotter I. See 483 F.3d at
700-01.
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III
Our full examination of the record identifies no issues in this case that might
properly be the subject of an appeal. Because we are not presented with any meritorious
grounds for appeal, we GRANT counsel’s request to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
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