Quary v. English

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 21, 2018
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
JAMES WARDELL QUARY,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 18-3212
(D.C. No. 5:18-CV-03158-SAC)
N.C. ENGLISH, (D. Kan.)
Respondent - Appellee.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Pro se federal prisoner James Quary appeals from the dismissal of his application
for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.1 Exercising jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the dismissal.2
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
1
Because Mr. Quary is pro se, we liberally construe his filings but do not act
as his advocate. Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 927 n.1 (10th Cir. 2008).
2
A federal prisoner is not required to obtain a certificate of appealability to
seek review of a district court’s denial of a habeas application under § 2241.
Eldridge v. Berkebile, 791 F.3d 1239, 1241 (10th Cir. 2015).
I. BACKGROUND
Mr. Quary was convicted in 1997 of federal drug and firearms offenses. He was
sentenced to life in prison for the drug crimes and to an additional 60 months for the gun
offense. This court affirmed his convictions on direct appeal. United States v. Quary,
188 F.3d 510 (10th Cir. 1999) (unpublished). The district court denied his first motion
for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and we denied a certificate of appealability
(“COA”). United States v. Quary, 60 F. App’x 188 (10th Cir. 2003) (unpublished). The
court later reduced his life sentence to 360 months under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). Mr. Quary
filed a second § 2255 motion, which the district court dismissed as an unauthorized
second or successive motion. We denied a certificate of appealability to appeal that
decision. United States v. Quary, 881 F.3d 820 (10th Cir. 2018).
In June 2018, Mr. Quary filed his § 2241 application underlying this appeal. He
argued his firearms conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) should be vacated because the
aiding and abetting jury instructions at trial were erroneous under Rosemond v. United
States, 572 U.S. 65 (2014).3 The district court said this claim must be raised in a § 2255
motion unless § 2255(e)’s savings clause permitted him to bring his claim under § 2241.
The court concluded the savings clause did not apply and dismissed the § 2241
application.
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In Rosemond, the Supreme Court held that an unarmed accomplice cannot aid
and abet a § 924(c) violation without knowing beforehand “that one of his
confederates will carry a gun.” 572 U.S. at 77.
2
II. DISCUSSION
A § 2255 motion is ordinarily the only means to challenge the validity of a federal
conviction following the conclusion of direct appeal. Brace v. United States, 634 F.3d
1167, 1169 (10th Cir. 2011). But “in rare instances,” Sines v. Wilner, 609 F.3d 1070,
1073 (10th Cir. 2010), a prisoner may attack his underlying conviction by bringing a
§ 2241 habeas corpus application under the “savings clause” in § 2255(e). Brace, 634
F.3d at 1169. That clause provides:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus [(§ 2241)] in behalf of a
prisoner who is authorized to apply for relief by motion pursuant to
this section [(§ 2255)], shall not be entertained if it appears that the
applicant has failed to apply for relief, by motion, to the court which
sentenced him, or that such court has denied him relief, unless it also
appears that the remedy by motion [(§ 2255)] is inadequate or
ineffective to test the legality of his detention.
28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). “Thus, a federal prisoner may file a § 2241 application challenging
the validity of his sentence only if § 2255 is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality
of his detention.” Hale v. Fox, 829 F.3d 1162, 1165 (10th Cir. 2016) (quotations
omitted).
A § 2241 applicant “bears the burden of showing he satisfies § 2255(e).” Id. at
1170. “The relevant metric or measure” for application of § 2255(e) “is whether a
petitioner’s argument challenging the legality of his detention could have been tested in
an initial § 2255 motion.” Prost v. Anderson, 636 F.3d 578, 584 (10th Cir. 2011). If the
argument could have been tested in an initial § 2255 motion, “then the petitioner may not
resort to the savings clause and § 2241.” Id. We have identified only two examples in
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which § 2255 was inadequate or ineffective: (1) when the sentencing court has been
abolished, or (2) “when the application of § 2255(h)’s bar against a second or successive
motion for collateral review would seriously threaten to render the § 2255 remedial
process unconstitutional.” Hale, 829 F.3d at 1173-74 (quotations omitted).
Mr. Quary does not contend his case meets either of the Prost exceptions. As in
the district court, he concedes that, under Prost’s interpretation of § 2255(e), he cannot
rely on Rosemond to proceed under § 2241. In Prost, this court held that, after denial of a
§ 2255 motion, new case precedent construing the law to render a conviction invalid
would not satisfy § 2255(e)’s savings clause. This is so because, even if the new case—
here Rosemond—provides a basis to challenge the conviction, the prisoner “was entirely
free to raise and test a [Rosemond]-type argument in his initial § 2255 motion.” Prost,
636 F.3d at 590.
On appeal, Mr. Quary argues that Prost was wrongly decided. But, as he seems to
acknowledge, “[o]ne panel of the court cannot overrule circuit precedent.” United States
v. Walling, 936 F.2d 469, 472 (10th Cir. 1991), and “[a]bsent an intervening Supreme
Court or en banc decision justifying such action, we lack the power to overrule [a prior
panel decision].” Berry v. Stevinson Chevrolet, 74 F.3d 980, 985 (10th Cir. 1996). Mr.
Quary argues that this case should be heard en banc. Aplt. Br. passim. He asks this panel
to vacate the district court’s dismissal of his § 2241 application “and/or” grant en banc
review “to revisit Prost v. Anderson.” Id. at 24.
4
As previously explained, we cannot vacate the district court’s dismissal because
Prost binds this panel. We cannot grant en banc review because the en banc court must
make that decision under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 35(a). Mr. Quary may
petition for rehearing en banc under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 35(b).
The district court granted Mr. Quary’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (“ifp”)
conditioned on his making partial payments of the filing fee. The provision for partial
payment appears in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b), which is part of the Prison Litigation Reform
Act (“PLRA”). The PLRA does not apply to § 2241 appeals. McIntosh v. U.S. Parole
Comm., 115 F.3d 809 (10th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, the district court does not need to
assess and should not assess partial payments under § 1915(b). We therefore vacate the
portions of the district court’s order that conditioned Mr. Quary’s ifp status on his making
partial payments of the filing fee.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Quary’s § 2241 application. We
vacate the partial payment portions of the district court’s ifp order as described above.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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