United States v. Currie

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS December 21, 2018
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 17-3242
v.
CLIFFORD CURRIE,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Kansas
(D.C. No. 2:16-CR-20089-JAR-1)
_________________________________
Paige A. Nichols, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Melody Brannon, Federal Public
Defender with her on the briefs), Topeka, Kansas, for Defendant - Appellant.
Carrie N. Capwell, Assistant United States Attorney (Stephen R. McAllister with her on
the brief), Kansas City, Kansas, for Plaintiff - Appellee.
_________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, LUCERO, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
MATHESON, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
A jury found Clifford Currie guilty of assault with intent to commit murder. The
facts are undisputed. Mr. Currie splashed gasoline on his supervisor, lit her on fire,
attempted to stand on her neck, and attacked her with a straight razor and scissors. On
appeal, he argues prosecutorial misconduct during closing arguments denied him a fair
trial. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Mr. Currie’s Working Relationship with Lt. Blanchard
Mr. Currie worked as a social services assistant at the Munson Army Health
Center (“Munson”) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Lieutenant Katie Ann Blanchard, a
registered nurse with the army, supervised him.
Mr. Currie and Lt. Blanchard had a difficult working relationship. Mr. Currie
managed a program that received a failing grade in August 2015 after an accreditation
inspection. When Lt. Blanchard criticized Mr. Currie’s organizational skills and filing
practices in early January 2016, he “became very aggressive,” told her to “get the f---
away,” and “came after” her. ROA, Vol. I at 526-27. When Lt. Blanchard threatened to
call a “Code Green”—used when a hostile person in the hospital needs to be “taken
down”—Mr. Currie stopped approaching her and slammed his door shut. Id. at 527.
Lt. Blanchard proposed that Mr. Currie receive a seven-day suspension for his
outburst. She documented Mr. Currie’s professional shortcomings and frequently
complained about him to Munson’s HR department.
On July 27, 2016, Mr. Currie sent a letter to Major Sashi Zickefoose, his
second-line supervisor, formally responding to the proposed seven-day suspension. The
letter recounted Mr. Currie’s views about Lt. Blanchard: “Each and every day that she
addresses me in her condescending tone, and her up in my personal space/face attitude, I
feel intimidated, emotionally distraught, nervous and anxious. Because of her continued
2
mistreatment of me, I have had to seek professional counseling and have had to get on
medication.” Supp. ROA, Vol. II, Exh. 801 at 2. He noted that he had “never been in
trouble before” and “this 7 day suspension would affect [his] family’s financial well-
being.” Id.
In an August 3, 2016 email to Major Zickefoose, Mr. Currie requested a new
supervisor and referenced previous conversations with the major about Lt. Blanchard
“regarding continual berating, scolding, being spoken to in a condescending manner,
disrespected, intimidated, treated like a subhuman, and generally threatened.” Id., Exh.
802 at 1.
Also in August, based on Lt. Blanchard’s safety concerns, Army command
decided that she should have another employee present whenever she met with Mr.
Currie, including during their daily meetings. On August 15, 2016, Lt. Blanchard
referred Mr. Currie to the Employee Assistance Program for his “unsatisfactory work
performance,” unresponsiveness to “mentorship/guidance,” and “aggressive behavior.”
Supp. ROA, Vol. II, Exh. 827 at 1.
On September 6, 2016, the day before the assault, Mr. Currie sent himself an email
stating, “I don’t think [Lt. Blanchard] has your best interests in mind . . . . [S]he is
vindictive enough to try to sabotage you because she is trying to lay in wait and get the
position herself.” Supp. ROA, Vol. II, Exh. 836. He warned himself that Lt. Blanchard
“will do anything necessary to prevent you from [keeping your job].” Id. He concluded,
“Edit this before you send it out. Make sure to stay respectful and only indicate what is
true and valid.” Id.
3
B. September 7, 2016 Assault
During a September 7 meeting with Mr. Currie, Lt. Blanchard explained the
mistakes she found in one of his reports. When Lt. Blanchard asked Mr. Currie if he
understood the problem, he responded, “You, you are the problem.” ROA, Vol. I at 540.
As he left her office, Mr. Currie told Lt. Blanchard, “You need to come to my office, I
need to show you something.” Id. Lt. Blanchard testified that she believed the invitation
was “very suspicious” because Mr. Currie “usually didn’t like [her] in his space at all.”
Id. She declined his invitation and warned Mr. Currie that she would call a “Code
Green” if he did not leave her office.
At 5:00 p.m., Lt. Blanchard and a colleague went to Mr. Currie’s office and
dismissed him for the day, reminding him he could not receive overtime pay for staying
late.1 Lt. Blanchard then returned to her office.
Approximately 10 minutes later, Mr. Currie stepped inside Lt. Blanchard’s office.
He threw gasoline at her from a water bottle and lit her on fire. Lt. Blanchard ran to the
hallway, where her screams summoned Nurse Deanne Killian, who attempted to pat out
the flames. Mr. Currie pushed Ms. Killian aside, tried to stab Lt. Blanchard with a
straight razor and scissors, and attempted to put his foot on her neck. A sergeant in the
hospital heard the commotion and eventually subdued Mr. Currie.
1
Lt. Blanchard had previously denied Mr. Currie’s requests for overtime pay, and
Mr. Currie had expressed frustration about the denial.
4
C. The Investigation
Firefighters arrived and asked witnesses about the accelerant Mr. Currie used. A
sergeant who was sitting with Mr. Currie in the other room overheard Mr. Currie say,
“It’s gasoline, you idiots.” ROA, Vol. I at 619.
Police responded and searched Mr. Currie, finding he possessed a book of
matches. There was no evidence that Mr. Currie smoked. A later investigation revealed
a pair of scissors and a straight razor that Ms. Killian had kicked into her office during
the incident; two burned match sticks and burnt plastic residue in Lt. Blanchard’s office;
and a uniform, blankets, and a lab coat in the hallway. A search of Mr. Currie’s office
produced a double-edged razor blade, a bottle cap that smelled like gasoline, and Mr.
Currie’s cell phone. A search of Mr. Currie’s home yielded a tin containing several
books of matches—the same brand as those found in his possession.
An FBI examination of Mr. Currie’s phone revealed the following May 8, 2016
searches on Yahoo Answers or Quora:2
(1) “How long would it take to die if one of your external jugular vein[s] was
slit?”
(2) “How long does it take to die after a jugular vein has been cut?”
(3) If you cut someone in the neck with a knife . . . how long will it take until
they die?”
2
At trial, an FBI agent testified that these sites are “community-generated forums
in which computer users can pose a question” and receive answers from other users.
ROA, Vol. I at 998.
5
(4) “How long would it take to die from a major artery or vein cut?”
ROA, Vol. I at 996-1000.
D. Trial Proceedings
A grand jury indicted Mr. Currie for (Count 1) knowingly and intentionally
assaulting Lt. Blanchard with intent to commit murder, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 113(a)(1), and (Count 2) knowingly and intentionally assaulting Ms. Killian with a
dangerous weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3).
At trial, Mr. Currie requested a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of
attempted voluntary manslaughter. Relatedly, he requested instructions consistent with a
heat-of-passion defense and specifically asked the court to include the absence of heat of
passion as an element of assault with intent to commit murder. The district court denied
Mr. Currie’s specific request but agreed there was “more than sufficient evidence of heat
of passion” to send the heat-of-passion question to the jury. ROA, Vol. I at 1308-11.
Accordingly, on Count 1, the district court gave Instruction No. 12, which listed
the elements of assault with intent to commit murder, and Instruction No. 13, which read:
The intent to commit murder is more than the intent to
kill. Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with
malice. To establish malice the prosecution must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt the absence of a heat of passion.
Even if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant acted with the intent to kill [Lt. Blanchard], you
must find him not guilty of Count 1 unless you also believe
that the prosecution proved the absence of heat of passion
beyond a reasonable doubt.
6
ROA, Vol. I at 413. Instruction No. 14 defined “malice.” Instruction No. 15 listed the
elements of attempted voluntary manslaughter. Instruction No. 16 explained the meaning
of an attempt to kill intentionally. Instruction No. 17 stated: “Heat of passion means a
passion, fear, or rage in which the defendant loses his normal self-control, as a result of
circumstances that provoke such a passion in an ordinary person, but which did not
justify the use of deadly force.” ROA, Vol. I at 417. Finally, Instruction No. 18
explained:
The difference between assault with intent to commit murder
and attempted voluntary manslaughter is that, to convict the
defendant of attempted voluntary manslaughter, the
government does not have to prove that the defendant acted
with malice. Malice is an element of assault with intent to
murder, but not of attempted voluntary manslaughter.
ROA, Vol. I at 418.
During closing argument, defense counsel relied exclusively on the heat-of-
passion defense, arguing Mr. Currie was guilty of attempted manslaughter but not assault
with intent to commit murder. He argued there was a dividing line between “head
crimes” and “heart crimes” and highlighted the evidence of Mr. Currie’s stressful
relationship with Lt. Blanchard. Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 14-15, 18-20. The jury convicted
Mr. Currie of assault with intent to commit murder. It acquitted him of assault with a
deadly weapon against Ms. Killian.
After his guilty verdict, Mr. Currie filed a motion for acquittal and a new trial,
arguing that prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of a fair trial. His motion challenged
nine of the prosecutor’s statements during closing argument and rebuttal. On appeal, Mr.
7
Currie groups the statements into three categories, arguing the prosecutor (a) misstated
the burden of proof for assault with intent to commit murder, (b) misstated the heat of
passion defense, and (c) improperly warned the jury about legitimizing violence. Aplt.
Br. at 2. We quote each of the comments in the analysis section below.
E. Sentencing Hearing
The district court denied Mr. Currie’s motion for a new trial at the sentencing
hearing. It found one of the prosecutor’s comments was “essentially a misstatement of
the law.” ROA Vol. II at 19. But it did not find any of the other comments to be
improper and did not find that Mr. Currie’s substantial rights were affected by the
comments. Id. at 24. The court sentenced Mr. Currie to the statutory maximum of 20
years of imprisonment.
II. DISCUSSION
The sole question on appeal is whether the prosecutor’s comments rose to the level
of prosecutorial misconduct and deprived Mr. Currie of a fair trial.3
A. Legal Background
To answer this question, we detail (1) the substantive criminal law pertaining to
this case, (2) the prosecutorial misconduct law of this circuit, and (3) the applicable
standards of review.
3
Mr. Currie challenges the comments individually, but he also suggests they may
have had a cumulative effect on the fairness of his trial. See Aplt. Br. at 26.
8
1. Substantive Criminal Law
Mr. Currie was convicted of assault with intent to commit murder under 18 U.S.C.
§ 113(a)(1).4 The district court also instructed the jury on the lesser included offense of
attempted voluntary manslaughter under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1112 (manslaughter) and 1113
(attempt).
a. Assault with intent to commit murder
Because 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(1) is an attempt crime, it requires “a specific intent to
kill the victim . . . . [A]cting with malice by committing a reckless and wanton act
without also intending to kill the victim is not sufficient for conviction.” United States v.
Perez, 43 F.3d 1131, 1138 (7th Cir. 1994); (quoting United States v. Jones, 681 F.2d 610,
611 (9th Cir. 1982)); see United States v. Davidson, 597 F.2d 230, 232 (10th Cir. 1979)
(affirming attempted murder conviction based on circumstantial evidence of specific
intent); see also United States v. Cooper, 812 F.2d 1283, 1284 (10th Cir. 1987)
(explaining “assault with intent to commit murder” under § 113(a) is a specific intent
crime). Accordingly, to prove assault with intent to commit murder, the government
must establish the intent required for a completed murder offense: an intent to kill.
Perez, 43 F.3d at 1138.
4
Attempted murder is separately proscribed in 18 U.S.C. § 1113 “[e]xcept as
provided in section 113.” Like the district court and the parties, we sometimes refer to
Mr. Currie’s offense of assault with intent to commit murder as “attempted murder.”
9
b. Murder and manslaughter
Federal law recognizes a hierarchy of homicide offenses. See United States v.
Serawop, 410 F.3d 656, 662 (10th Cir. 2005). Murder “is the unlawful killing of a
human being with malice aforethought.” 18 U.S.C. § 1111(a).5 Voluntary manslaughter
“is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice . . . [u]pon a sudden quarrel or
heat of passion.” 18 U.S.C. § 1112(a). The key element separating murder from
voluntary manslaughter is malice, which “is not satisfied simply by killing with an
intentional or reckless mental state; instead, malice specifically requires committing the
wrongful act without justification, excuse, or mitigation.” Serawop, 410 F.3d at 664.
c. Heat of passion
A heat-of-passion finding negates malice. Id. Thus, a defendant is guilty of
voluntary manslaughter—and not murder—when he or she commits an:
5
The federal murder statute provides:
Every murder perpetrated by poison, lying in wait, or any
other kind of willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated
killing; or committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to
perpetrate, any arson, escape, murder, kidnapping, treason,
espionage, sabotage, aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse,
child abuse, burglary, or robbery; or perpetrated as part of a
pattern or practice of assault or torture against a child or
children; or perpetrated from a premeditated design
unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human
being other than him who is killed, is murder in the first
degree.
Any other murder is murder in the second degree.
18 U.S.C. § 1111(a).
10
intentional killing that is nonetheless deemed to be without
malice because it occurs in what the courts called “the heat of
passion,” a passion of fear or rage in which the defendant loses
his normal self-control as a result of circumstances that would
provoke such a passion in an ordinary person, but which did
not justify the use of deadly force.
Id. at 664-65 (quoting United States v. Browner, 889 F.2d 549, 552 (5th Cir. 1989)). A
heat of passion defense has both a subjective and an objective element: the defendant
must subjectively have been in a heat of passion, and the provocation must be substantial
enough to cause a reasonable person to have “such a passion.” See id.; 2 Wayne R.
LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 15.2 (3d ed. 2018).
When the defendant has proffered sufficient heat-of-passion evidence, “the Due
Process Clause requires the prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the absence
of the heat of passion on sudden provocation.” Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 704
(1975). In considering jury instructions, we have elaborated that “clarity is essential in a
murder case with a heat of passion defense.” United States v. Lofton, 776 F.2d 918, 920
(10th Cir. 1985). In Lofton, we found the district court had erred in instructing the jury
on a heat of passion defense by mentioning it “only in the manslaughter instruction,
which did not advise the jury that this was Lofton’s sole defense to murder.” Id. at 921.
We consider Mr. Currie’s prosecutorial misconduct arguments against this
substantive backdrop.
2. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Prosecutorial misconduct violates a defendant’s due process rights if it infects a
trial with unfairness and denies the defendant the right to a fair trial. United States v.
11
Anaya, 727 F.3d 1043, 1052 (10th Cir. 2013).6 The misconduct analysis proceeds in two
steps: (1) we decide whether the prosecutor’s comments were improper, and (2) if they
were, we examine the likely effect of the comments on the jury’s verdict. See United
States v. Fleming, 667 F.3d 1098, 1103 (10th Cir. 2011).
a. Step one: propriety of the prosecutor’s comments
Prosecutorial misconduct can include various types of improper comments at trial.
See, e.g., Prosecutorial Misconduct, 34 Geo. L.J. Ann. Rev. Crim. Proc. 563, 564-67
(2005) (detailing forms of misconduct). For example, “it is improper for the prosecution
to misstate the law in its closing argument.” United States v. Hollis, 971 F.2d 1441, 1455
(10th Cir. 1992); see Le v. Mullin, 311 F.3d 1002, 1016 (10th Cir. 2002).
In addition, a prosecutor may not encourage the jury to “address societal ills” in
reaching its verdict. United States v. Taylor, 514 F.3d 1092, 1095 (10th Cir. 2008); see
also Wilson v. Sirmons, 536 F.3d 1064, 1120 (10th Cir. 2008) (“It is improper for a
prosecutor to suggest that a jury has a civic duty to convict.” (quotations omitted)). A
prosecutor’s statements “about the need to address societal ills speak not to the question
whether the accused committed the crime alleged, but divert attention from that
6
Prosecutorial misconduct can cause constitutional error in two ways.
Underwood v. Royal, 894 F.3d 1154, 1167 (10th Cir. 2018). First, it can prejudice a
specific constitutional right, amounting to a denial of the right. Id. Second, “absent
infringement of a specific constitutional right, a prosecutor’s misconduct may in some
instances render a . . . trial ‘so fundamentally unfair as to deny [a defendant] due
process.’” Id. (quoting Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 645 (1974)); see
Anaya, 727 F.3d at 1052-53. Mr. Currie does not argue the comments deprived him of
any specific constitutional right. We therefore address only the second type of
prosecutorial misconduct.
12
dispositive question and confuse the task of the jury—as finder of fact—with the task of
elected officials—as the authors of social policy.” Taylor, 514 F.3d at 1095. In Taylor,
we found improper the prosecutor’s statement that the jury should convict the defendant
to “end the cycle of violence” on the Southern Ute Indian reservation. Id.;7 see also
United States v. Solivan, 937 F.2d 1146, 1153 (6th Cir. 1991) (discussing impropriety of
prosecutors’ appeals to jury for help to fight the “War on Drugs”).
We examine alleged improper comments in context. United States v. Young, 470
U.S. 1, 11 (1985). “We have repeatedly recognized that considerable latitude is given
[to] the prosecutor in closing argument in replying to an argument raised by defense
counsel’s closing statement.” United States v. Janus Indus., 48 F.3d 1548, 1558 (10th
Cir. 1995); see United States v. Robinson, 485 U.S. 25, 31 (1988); Fleming, 667 F.3d at
1105. And courts “should not lightly infer that a prosecutor intends an ambiguous
remark to have its most damaging meaning.” Donnelly, 416 U.S. at 647.
b. Step two: effect on jury’s verdict
When a court determines that a prosecutor made an improper comment, it then
assesses whether the comment deprived the defendant of a fair trial. See Taylor, 514 F.3d
at 1096-97. In doing so, we “consider the trial as a whole, including the curative acts of
the district court, the extent of the misconduct, and the role of the misconduct within the
case.” United States v. Gabaldon, 91 F.3d 91, 94 (10th Cir. 1996) (quotations omitted);
7
We nonetheless affirmed the defendant’s conviction at the second step of our
prosecutorial misconduct analysis. Taylor, 514 F.3d at 1094.
13
see also Taylor, 514 F.3d at 1100-01 (finding district court’s instruction immediately
after improper comment cured prejudicial effect).
We assess a prosecutor’s misstatement of law along with other statements about
the law made during trial. See Le, 311 F.3d at 1018-19. First, we examine the jury
instructions. Id. In this as in other contexts, “[t]he jury is presumed to follow its
instructions, even when there has been misleading argument.” Bland v. Sirmons, 459
F.3d 999, 1015 (10th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted); see United States v. Erickson, 561
F.3d 1150, 1169 (10th Cir. 2009). Second, we consider any curative instructions the
court may have given in response to the prosecutor’s comments. Le, 311 F.3d at 1018
n.8. A court’s refusal to correct a prosecutor’s misstatement of law may affect the
prejudicial effect of the comment. See Mahorney v. Wallman, 917 F.2d 469, 473 n.4
(10th Cir. 1990) (“[T]he judge’s refusal twice to correct the prosecutor’s misstatements
when publicly requested to do so gave such statements some appearance of judicial
approval.”). Finally, a misstatement of law has less prejudicial effect when the
prosecutor correctly states the law at other points in closing argument. See Neill v.
Gibson, 278 F.3d 1044, 1053 (10th Cir. 2001) (acknowledging prosecutor’s misstatement
of law but concluding “his argument as a whole did not mislead the jury”).
3. Standards of Review
When considering improper prosecutor comments on appeal, the appropriate
standard of review depends on whether the defendant objected at trial and how the court
responded. Anaya, 727 F.3d at 1052-53. In Anaya, we identified the standard of review
for four situations: (1) the defendant objects and the court overrules the objection—de
14
novo review; (2) the defendant objects, the district court takes curative action, and the
defendant objects to the adequacy of the curative action or asks for a mistrial—abuse of
discretion review; (3) the defendant objects, the district court sustains the objection, and
the defendant fails to object to the adequacy of the curative action—plain error review;
and (4) the defendant does not object at trial but raises the issue on appeal—plain error
review. Id. This case presents comments falling into categories one and four.
Under de novo review, we “first decide whether the conduct was improper and
then, if so, whether the Government has demonstrated that error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. at 1052 (quotations omitted) (emphasis added). Under plain error
review, “reversal is warranted only when [1] the prosecutor’s statement is plainly
improper and (2) the defendant demonstrates that the improper statement affected his or
her substantial rights.” Id. at 1053 (quoting Fleming, 667 F.3d at 1103) (emphasis
added). To be plain, an error must be “clear” or “obvious,” meaning it is contrary to
well-settled law. Taylor, 514 F.3d at 1100.
At trial, Mr. Currie objected to one comment only. Because the district court
denied the objection, we review that comment de novo. Anaya, 727 F.3d at 1052. We
review the remaining comments for plain error because Mr. Currie failed to object to
them. Id. at 1053.
B. Analysis
As discussed above, Mr. Currie argues there were three categories of improper
comments. We list the nine comments below and address the categories in turn,
assessing the propriety of each comment before proceeding to the prejudice analysis.
15
Although we conclude the prosecutor misstated the law in Comments 1 and 2, when
viewed in the context of the entire record, those two comments did not deprive Mr.
Currie of a fair trial and therefore did not affect his substantial rights. We find
Comments 3-6 and 8-9 not plainly improper and Comment 7 not improper.
1. Step One: Propriety of the Prosecutor’s Comments
a. Comments on burden of proof for assault with intent to commit murder
The two comments about the Government’s burden were:
(1) Closing Argument: “[Y]ou have to unanimously find
the defendant not guilty of Count 1 before you look at
the heat of passion and voluntary manslaughter.”
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 10.
(2) Rebuttal: [A]nd only if you find that he didn’t plan
[for months to kill Lieutenant Blanchard] do you even
look at the question of whether this was a heat of
passion.
Id. at 48-49.
These comments were plainly improper. Stating that the jury should not consider
“heat of passion” until and unless it finds Mr. Currie not guilty of Count 1 contradicted
the Government’s burden to prove lack of a heat of passion beyond a reasonable doubt.
Mullaney, 421 U.S. at 704. As Mr. Currie notes, the prosecutor’s statement is nearly
identical to the jury instruction we reversed in Lofton. 776 F.2d at 922. Here, as in
Lofton, instead of telling the jury that it must find lack of heat of passion to convict for
attempted murder, the prosecutor told the jury to consider heat of passion only if it did
16
not find Mr. Currie guilty of attempted murder. As the district court properly noted, this
argument was “essentially a misstatement of the law.” ROA Vol. II at 19.
b. Comments on the heat-of-passion standard
Mr. Currie argues that three comments misstated the heat-of-passion standard. We
conclude that none were plainly improper.
(3) Closing Argument: The inquiry for you then is to
determine would an ordinary and reasonable person be
that provoked and take those kinds of actions.
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 9.
(4) Rebuttal: Instruction No. 17 says that if you’re
involved in a heat of passion, if you do lose your
temper and—and you feel provoked, it has to also
provoke an ordinary and a reasonable person. Would a
reasonable person standing in Mr. Currie’s shoes be so
provoked that he would’ve committed the acts that he
did on September 7th? And the answer is no.
Id. at 42.
(5) Rebuttal: The judge’s instructions will tell you that
it’s not enough that the defendant was angry or upset
or that he felt provoked. It’s whether or not somebody
in his shoes, somebody standing in the defendant’s
shoes, a reasonable and ordinary person would’ve been
so provoked that they would’ve taken similar actions.
And that’s just not something you can find.
Id. at 49-50.
As the district court stated in Instruction No. 17, “Heat of passion means a
passion, fear, or rage in which the defendant loses his normal self-control, as a result of
circumstances that provoke such a passion in an ordinary person, but which did not
justify the use of deadly force.” ROA, Vol. I at 417. It also instructed in Instruction No.
17
13, “To establish malice the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the
absence of heat of passion.” Id. at 413. Here, Mr. Currie was accused of assault with
intent to commit murder, a specific intent crime requiring proof that Mr. Currie intended
to kill. See Braxton v. United States, 500 U.S. 344, 351 n.* (1991) (“Although a murder
may be committed without an intent to kill, an attempt to commit murder requires a
specific intent to kill.” (emphasis added) (quotations omitted)).
The prosecutor’s comments did not misstate the law. Comments 3 and 5 asked the
jury to consider whether a reasonable person would commit “similar actions” or “those
kinds of actions.” Because heat of passion includes an objective element, it was
appropriate for the jury to consider whether an ordinary person under Mr. Currie’s
circumstances would have reacted in a similar manner, that is, would have lost control
and tried to kill Lt. Blanchard. See Serawop, 410 F.3d at 658.
Comment 4 is a closer call but was not plainly improper. It responded to Mr.
Currie’s argument that merely “losing self-control” is sufficient for a heat of passion
defense. See Robinson, 485 U.S. at 31 (granting prosecutor leeway to respond to
defendant’s arguments). First, the prosecutor referred the jury to Instruction No. 17,
which properly defined heat of passion. Second, she stated that “heat of passion”
contains an objective element, which it does. See Serawop, 410 F.3d at 665. Third, she
asked whether “a reasonable person standing in Mr. Currie’s shoes [would’ve been] so
provoked that he would’ve committed the acts that he did on September 7th.” Supp.
ROA, Vol. I at 42. Although the law does not require the jury to find that a reasonable
person would have reacted exactly as Mr. Currie did, see Serawop, 410 F.3d at 664-65,
18
when viewed in context, the prosecutor’s point was that Mr. Currie’s alleged provocation
based on workplace frustrations was not objectively reasonable.
c. Comments on community violence
The prosecutor made all four comments about “legitimizing violence” during
rebuttal argument. Mr. Currie objected to Comment 7, so we review its propriety de
novo because the district court overruled his objection. Comment 7 was not improper
and Comments 6, 8, and 9 were not plainly improper.
(6) Rebuttal: Well, we need to clear up one thing. Heat
of passion doesn’t mean you lose your temper. You
just lost your temper and, therefore, you’re enraged
and, therefore, you can do whatever you want to do.
Because if that were the case, if that were the law, then
hotheads all over the country when they get cut off in
traffic would be justified in shooting at their victim.
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 41-42.
(7) Rebuttal: And if—if a boss trying to correct your
work and help you with a report is something that can
cause a heat of passion attack like this, then bosses all
over this country are going up in flames.
Defense Counsel: Objection. May we approach?
The Court: All right.
Defense Counsel: That’s misconduct. She’s asking
for community protection by saying if you get—
(reporter interruption). It’s an improper basis for
closing argument, arguing that a verdict for attempted
voluntary manslaughter means that bosses are going to
go up in flames around the country. That is—
Prosecutor: That’s not what I said, Judge. I said that
if that is the standard, if the standard is you can just
lose your temper and—and that’s the only portion of
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heat of passion that’s relevant is that you, yourself, are
subjectively losing your temper—
The Court: Right. I didn’t—I didn’t hear a
community—appeal to the community. I heard sort of
an analogy is what I heard. So I’ll overrule the
objection.
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 44-45.
(8) Rebuttal: That is not the standard. As I said, if that’s
the standard, your boss can’t correct you and expect
that you will act as a reasonable person, then that
would justify these types of attacks.
Id. at 45-46.
(9) Rebuttal: He had the right to do a lot of things, but he
didn’t have the right to try to kill her.
Id. at 46.
Viewed in context, the prosecutor’s comments came in response to defense
counsel and addressed the objective element of Mr. Currie’s heat-of-passion defense.
Serawop, 410 F.3d at 664-65.
During closing argument, defense counsel explained the heat of passion as
follows:
But if there is heat of passion, if the heart is involved, if it’s
emotional, if it’s rageful, then that means there isn’t
malice. . . . If there is heat of passion, if there is anger, if
there’s emotion, if the heart is involved and your head is not
functioning right, then that’s not malice. All right?
That’s heat of passion. . . .
[This case is] about the circumstances. Right? The
circumstances. And the instruction tells you if those
circumstances would cause someone to lose their temper, to
lose their self-control where their brain is not really in control
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of—of itself anymore and you’re acting on emotion, then it
becomes a heart crime.
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 16-17.
On appeal, Mr. Currie argues that the prosecutor set up “a straw-man defense
never argued by Mr. Currie (‘a boss trying to correct your work’ justifies violent acts) in
order to repeatedly warn the jurors that if they acquitted Mr. Currie . . . they would both
incite and create a legal right to commit road-rage shootings and send bosses up in
flames.” Aplt. Br. at 31. But the prosecutor’s comments did not address a “straw man.”
They addressed Mr. Currie’s sole defense, which equated the “heat of passion” with
“anger” and “emotion,” and which relied on convincing the jury that developing a rage
based on the “circumstances” of his professional interactions with Lt. Blanchard was
objectively reasonable. Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 16.
The prosecutor properly responded to Mr. Currie’s assertions (quoted above) by
drawing the jury’s attention to the objective element of the heat-of-passion argument.
See Janus Indus., 48 F.3d at 1558 (giving prosecutor “considerable latitude” to respond to
defense counsel’s closing arguments). The prosecutor did not evoke broad societal ills
such as the War on Drugs or violence on an Indian reservation. She instead contrasted
common daily frustrations with the unreasonableness of Mr. Currie’s reaction to them.
Accordingly, as the district court correctly found, the prosecutor’s comments were “sort
of an analogy” that highlighted the objective unreasonableness of Mr. Currie’s legal
argument. See Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 44-45.
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The references to “hotheads all over the country” and “bosses . . . going up in
flames” contained strong language, but we do not find them improper as rebuttal
comments and in light of the objective-reasonableness issue the prosecutor was
attempting to address.8
2. Step 2: Effect on the Jury Verdict
Our step-one analysis of the prosecutor’s comments has identified as plainly
improper Comments 1 and 2, which misstated the law regarding the prosecution’s burden
to prove assault with intent to commit murder. Because Mr. Currie did not object to these
comments at trial and our review is for plain error, he must show that “the improper
statement[s] affected his [] substantial rights.” Anaya, 727 F.3d at 1053. Considering the
overwhelming evidence of Mr. Currie’s premeditation, the jury instructions, and the
prosecutor’s articulation of the law at other points during closing, we conclude that Mr.
Currie has not shown that the two improper comments affected the jury verdict.9
a. Overwhelming evidence
The evidence was overwhelming that Mr. Currie’s assault on Lt. Blanchard was
premeditated and did not occur in the heat of passion. In May 2016, months before the
8
Even if we assumed the prosecutor’s statements were improper and called for a
step-two prejudice analysis, we would find lack of prejudice for the reasons stated in the
next section. See Fleming, 667 F.3d at 1106.
9
Mr. Currie does not specifically argue for cumulative error, though he does assert
that he is able to establish prejudice “from any or all of the prosecutor’s misconduct.”
Aplt. Br. at 36. Even if this statement properly invokes our cumulative error doctrine, we
conclude Mr. Currie has not shown that Comments One and Two either individually or
together affected the jury’s verdict. See United States v. Rivera, 900 F.2d 1462, 1469
(10th Cir. 1990) (en banc).
22
assault, Mr. Currie searched disturbing questions on his phone, including “How long does
it take to die after a jugular vein has been cut?” ROA, Vol. I at 1000. Consistent with
that question, he used a straight razor and scissors to assault Lt. Blanchard, and he
attempted to stand on her neck.
On September 6, the day before the attack, Mr. Currie wrote himself a long email
referring to himself in the third person and detailing his grievances against Lt. Blanchard.
“She doesn’t have your best interests in mind,” he wrote. Supp. ROA, Vol. II, Exh. 836.
Early the next day, he told Lt. Blanchard, “[Y]ou, you are the problem” after a
contentious interaction between them. ROA, Vol. I at 540. He then invited her into his
office, an invitation that Lt. Blanchard declined and found “suspicious” given their
history. Id. at 540-41.
Further, the evidence of provocation was weak. In their last interaction before the
assault, Lt. Blanchard told Mr. Currie that he could not be paid overtime for working past
4:30 p.m. In closing argument, Mr. Currie’s counsel described this interaction as the
“final straw” in a long line of stressful interactions. Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 32. But despite
this characterization, Mr. Currie did not react immediately to the comment. Instead, he
remained in his office and waited approximately 10 minutes before proceeding to Lt.
Blanchard’s office, where he could confront her alone. Although the district court
concluded the evidence was sufficient to send the heat-of-passion question to the jury, the
professional nature of Lt. Blanchard’s “final straw” statement—relating to his eligibility
for overtime pay—and the elapsed time between that statement and the assault
significantly undercut the reasonableness of Mr. Currie’s “passion.”
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Finally, the method of the assault itself dispelled heat of passion. Mr. Currie
needed to fill up a water bottle with gasoline to complete the act, a step that took time and
planning. He brought a pack of matches from his home to work, although there is no
evidence that he was a smoker. Finally, he found a straight razor and brought it to his
office. Mr. Currie had a very large beard at the time of the assault, making it improbable
that he brought the razor to shave. These acts left little doubt that Mr. Currie planned his
attack and did not act in the heat of passion.
b. Jury instructions
Mr. Currie does not challenge the jury instructions, which properly stated the law
of assault with intent to commit murder, attempted voluntary manslaughter, and heat of
passion. The district court explained the applicable law and instructed the jury to follow
it (Instruction No. 1). It detailed the elements of assault with intent to commit murder
(Instruction No. 13), including the requirement that “[t]o establish malice the prosecution
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt the absence of heat of passion.” ROA, Vol. I at
413. It then explained the corresponding heat of passion defense (Instruction No. 17) and
the difference between attempted murder and attempted manslaughter (Instruction No.
18).
The court also gave standard instructions informing the jury that “it would be a
violation of your sworn duty to base a verdict upon anything but the evidence in, and the
law applicable to, this case” (Instruction No. 28). ROA Vol. I at 428. “We presume the
jury follows its instructions in the absence of an overwhelming probability to the
contrary.” United States v. Dahda, 853 F.3d 1101, 1117 (10th Cir. 2017), aff’d, 138 S.
24
Ct. 1491 (2018) (quotations omitted). Both of the prosecutor’s improper statements
occurred during closing argument immediately after the instructions were given to the
jury. Mr. Currie gives no reason to believe the jury did not follow the court’s
instructions.
c. The prosecutor’s statements in summation
Although the prosecutor incorrectly articulated the law in Comments 1 and 2, she
properly stated the law at other points in her closing argument. For example, she
explained, “The intent that the government has to show is that [Mr. Currie] acted with
malice. In other words, that he acted on purpose with the purposeful intent to kill Katie
Blanchard that day, to murder her, and not because of an accident or a heat of passion.”
Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 5. Moreover, she said the court’s instructions provided the
definitive statement of the law by directing the jury to “keep in mind what the judge’s
instructions tell you.” Supp. ROA, Vol. I at 49. Thus, even if the jury saw a conflict in
the prosecutor’s heat of passion explanations, the prosecutor made clear the judge’s
instructions would govern.
III. CONCLUSION
The prosecutor’s improper statements during closing argument did not render Mr.
Currie’s trial fundamentally unfair and did not affect the jury’s verdict. The rest of her
comments were not improper. We affirm.
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