United States v. Muldrow

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT June 1, 2015
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 15-3044
(D.C. No. 2:92-CR-20063-JWL-2)
LEALON MULDROW, (D. Kan.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, MURPHY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
In 1993, Lealon Muldrow was convicted for possession with intent to
distribute 4.294 kilograms of crack, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 860. The
district court followed the 1992 United States Sentencing Commission’s Guidelines
Manual (“U.S.S.G.”)—the version of the Guidelines in effect at the time of the
offense, see Peugh v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2072, 2088 (2013)—and sentenced
Mr. Muldrow to 360 months in prison. In 2008, he moved the district court for a
reduced sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), which authorizes district courts to
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R.
App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
reduce previously imposed sentences in limited circumstances. The district court
denied the motion and we affirmed. Muldrow v. United States, 306 F. App’x 427
(10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished). He tried again in 2014 with the same result in district
court. Mr. Muldrow, proceeding pro se,1 now appeals from that ruling. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
In 1992, Mr. Muldrow burglarized an apartment, stealing a significant quantity
of crack cocaine. United States v. Muldrow, 19 F.3d 1332, 1334 (10th Cir. 1994).
He was ultimately convicted of possession with intent to distribute 4.294 kilograms
of crack cocaine. Id.Under the 1992 Guidelines, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3) imposed a base offense
level of 38 for Mr. Muldrow’s conviction. He received a two-point enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.2(a)(1) because his offense occurred within 1,000 feet of a
school and another two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 for obstruction of
justice. His total offense level was therefore 42, which, when combined with a
criminal history category of V, resulted in a Guidelines sentencing range of 360
months to life. The court sentenced him to 360 months in prison.
1
Because Mr. Muldrow is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings liberally.
See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); see also United States
v. Pinson, 584 F.3d 972, 975 (10th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e must construe [a pro se
litigant’s] arguments liberally; this rule of liberal construction stops, however, at the
point at which we begin to serve as his advocate.”).
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B. Procedural History
In 2008, Mr. Muldrow first moved for a sentence reduction under 18
U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), Muldrow, 306 F. App’x at 428, which allows a district court to
reduce a previously imposed sentence if the applicable sentencing range has been
lowered by an amendment to the Guidelines, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Mr. Muldrow
argued he was eligible for a reduced sentence based on Guidelines Amendment 706.
Muldrow, 306 F. App’x at 428. The district court denied the motion. Id. Mr.
Muldrow appealed and we affirmed, concluding Amendment 706 would not change
the Guidelines range for Mr. Muldrow’s offense. Id.In 2014, Mr. Muldrow again sought a reduced sentence under § 3582(c)(2),
arguing Guidelines Amendments 591, 706, 750, and 782 retroactively reduce the
Guidelines range applicable to his conviction. On December 8, 2014, the district
court denied the motion. It denied the motion as to Mr. Muldrow’s arguments about
Amendments 591, 706, and 750, and explained it lacked authority to reduce his
sentence based on those Amendments. It denied Mr. Muldrow’s § 3582(c)(2) motion
without prejudice as to Amendment 782, and referred that issue to the Federal Public
Defender (“FPD”) to determine whether Mr. Muldrow qualified for representation by
the FPD and was eligible for a reduced sentence under Amendment 782. The district
court instructed Mr. Muldrow that if the FPD declined to seek relief on his behalf, he
could refile his motion on or after February 2, 2015.
According to Mr. Muldrow, the FPD did not contact him, so he refiled his
motion on February 3, 2015, again seeking a reduced sentence under Amendments
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591, 706, 750, and 782. The district court again denied the motion on February 17,
2015. It construed Mr. Muldrow’s renewed arguments about Amendments 591, 706,
and 750 as a motion for reconsideration, and rejected them. It denied the motion as
to Amendment 782 because the amendment does not affect the Guidelines range
applicable to Mr. Muldrow’s conviction. Mr. Muldrow filed a notice of appeal on
March 2, 2015, which was timely as to only the district court’s February 17 order.
II. DISCUSSION
“We review both the denial of a § 3582(c)(2) motion and the denial of a
motion for reconsideration for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Randall, 666
F.3d 1238, 1243 n.6 (10th Cir. 2011). “However, we review de novo the district
court’s interpretation of a statute or the sentencing guidelines.” United States v.
Hodge, 721 F.3d 1279, 1280 (10th Cir. 2013).
Mr. Muldrow argues he is eligible for a reduced sentence under § 3582(c)(2)
based on Amendments 591, 706, 711, and 782. We affirm, concluding the district
court properly (A) denied Mr. Muldrow’s motion for reconsideration as to
Amendments 591, 706, and 711, and (B) concluded it lacked authority under
§ 3582(c)(2) to modify Mr. Muldrow’s sentence based on Amendment 782.
A. Amendments 591, 706, and 711
The district court explained its denial of Mr. Muldrow’s motion as to
Amendments 591, 706, and 711: “[T]he court has already rejected Mr. Muldrow’s
request for relief under those Amendments and he advances no persuasive arguments
as to why the court’s prior order should be reconsidered.” Aplt. Br., Ex. A at 7 n.1.
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We affirm, but on different grounds raised by the Government. See United States v.
Schneider, 594 F.3d 1219, 1228 (10th Cir. 2010) (“We may affirm on alternative
grounds only when those grounds are dispositive, indisputable, and appear clearly in
the record.” (quotations omitted)).
“Motions for reconsideration . . . cannot be brought at simply any time.”
United States v. Randall, 666 F.3d 1238, 1242-43 (10th Cir. 2011). “[A] motion to
reconsider an order granting or denying a sentence modification under § 3582(c)(2)
must be brought within the time granted to appeal that order.” Id. at 1243. Rule 4 of
the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure prescribes the time for filing a notice of
appeal in a criminal case and therefore the time permitted to file a motion to
reconsider a § 3582(c)(2) motion, as follows: “within 14 days after . . . the entry of
. . . the judgment or the order being appealed.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A). “Upon a
finding of excusable neglect or good cause, the district court may . . . extend the time
to file a notice of appeal for a period not to exceed 30 days from the expiration of the
time otherwise prescribed by Rule 4(b).” Id. 4(b)(4).
“Rules 4(b)(1)(A) and 4(b)(4) are inflexible claims-processing rules, which,
unlike a jurisdictional rule, may be forfeited if not properly raised by the
government.” United States v. Garduño, 506 F.3d 1287, 1291 (10th Cir. 2007)
(quotations and alterations omitted). “Nevertheless, the time bar in Rule 4(b) must
be enforced by this court when properly invoked by the government.” United States
v. Mitchell, 518 F.3d 740, 744 (10th Cir. 2008); see also id. at 750 (holding “this
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court may raise [Rule 4(b)’s] time bar sua sponte”). The Government properly
invoked Rule 4(b) here.
The district court denied Mr. Muldrow’s § 3582 motion on December 8, 2014.
Rule 4(b)(1)(A)’s 14-day window expired on December 22, 2014, and the additional
30-day extension window expired on January 21, 2015. Mr. Muldrow filed his
motion for reconsideration nearly two weeks later, on February 3, 2015, making this
motion untimely. The district court denied Mr. Muldrow’s motion as to Amendments
591, 703, and 711 on the merits on February 17, 2015. He filed his notice of appeal
on March 2, 2015, within 14 days of the denial of his motion, but we need not reach
the merits because the motion for reconsideration in the district court was untimely.
See Randall, 666 F.3d at 1243 (affirming district court’s denial on the merits of a
motion to reconsider its prior denial of a § 3582(c)(2) motion because the motion to
reconsider was untimely filed).2
Mr. Muldrow did not argue to the district court that excusable neglect or good
cause justified reconsidering his arguments about Amendments 591, 706, and 711,
nor has he done so on appeal. But even if we were to assume excusable neglect or
good cause existed, his motion to reconsider was still untimely, and we affirm the
district court’s denial on that basis.
B. Amendment 782
2
Even if we reviewed the merits of the district court’s decision, we would
affirm for substantially the same reasons provided in its December 8 order.
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The district court denied Mr. Muldrow’s motion as to Amendment 782 because
the amendment would not change his Guidelines sentencing range. We agree.
The court may modify a previously imposed sentence in limited circumstances.
See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). Section 3582(c)(2) permits district courts to reduce a
prisoner’s sentence “that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
Commission . . . if such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements
issued by the Sentencing Commission.” Id. § 3582(c)(2). The Sentencing
Commission’s policy statement regarding reducing sentences based on amendments
to the Guidelines disallows reductions when “an amendment listed in subsection (d)
does not have the effect of lowering the defendant’s applicable guidelines range.”
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(2)(B) (2014). Amendment 782 is listed in U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10(d) and does not lower Mr. Muldrow’s applicable Guidelines range.
As explained above, Mr. Muldrow’s original sentence stemmed from an
offense level of 42—a base offense level of 38 plus two separate two-point
enhancements. Under Amendment 782, U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3) imposes a base
offense level of 34 for offenses involving “[a]t least 2.8 KG but less than 8.4 KG” of
crack cocaine. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3). Under Amendment 782, Mr. Muldrow’s base
offense level would be 34 because he was convicted for possession with intent to
distribute 4.294 kilograms of crack cocaine. The enhancements originally applied to
Mr. Muldrow’s Guidelines calculation still apply, resulting in a total offense level of
38. With a criminal history category V, his Guidelines range would remain 360
months to life, the same range applicable to Mr. Muldrow’s conviction when he was
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originally sentenced. The district court could not reduce Mr. Muldrow’s sentence
consistent with the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement because Amendment
782 does not reduce the applicable Guidelines range. The district court therefore
properly dismissed Mr. Muldrow’s motion because it did not have authority to reduce
his sentence under § 3582(c)(2).
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Muldrow’s motion as to Guidelines
Amendments 591, 706, and 750 because it was an untimely motion to reconsider the
court’s prior order dismissing his arguments under those Amendments. We affirm
the denial as to Amendment 782 because the district court correctly held it lacked
authority under § 3582(c)(2) to reduce Mr. Muldrow’s sentence.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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