Craig v. United States

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
August 5, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
STEVEN LEE CRAIG,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 09-6082
(D.C. No. CV-09-343-F)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff-Appellant Steven Lee Craig appeals from the district court’s
dismissal of his claims against the United States. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affording solicitous consideration to Mr. Craig’s pro se
filings, see Van Deelen v. Johnson, 497 F.3d 1151, 1153 n.1 (10th Cir. 2007), we
affirm the district court’s order insofar as it dismisses the action, but we remand
to the district court to modify the dismissal to be without prejudice.
*
This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1. After examining the Plaintiff’s brief and the appellate record, this
three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of
material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a).
The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
BACKGROUND
The district court granted in forma pauperis status to Mr. Craig at the time
he filed his first pro se complaint against the United States, in which he alleged a
violation of his civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court sua sponte
dismissed this first complaint as frivolous and advised Mr. Craig that he could
seek leave to amend his complaint. Mr. Craig then filed a motion for leave to
amend and submitted a proposed amended complaint. The district court denied
leave to amend. Alternatively, it deemed Mr. Craig’s amended complaint to be
filed. The court then sua sponte dismissed the action with prejudice for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The
district court entered judgment for the United States, and Mr. Craig now appeals. 1
As explained by the district court, Mr. Craig’s first complaint and his
proposed amended complaint—as well as his motion for declaratory judgment and
motion for class certification—primarily addressed the alleged distinction
1
Although it is not entirely clear from the district court’s docket, it
appears that the United States was not properly served with the first complaint.
Although a party proceeding in forma pauperis is entitled to have the summons
and complaint served by a marshal or an officer of the court, see Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(c)(3), the district court advised Mr. Craig that he need not serve the amended
complaint on the United States in light of the dismissal of the action. See R., Vol.
I, Doc. 13, at 6 n.2. The district court dismissed the case prior to the expiration
of the deadline for service, which is 120 days after the filing of the complaint.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Thus, the United States has not been served and has not
appeared as a party in this case. Cf. Farmer v. Perrill, 275 F.3d 958, 960 n.2
(10th Cir. 2001) (noting that it was permissible to extend judgment of dismissal to
unserved, nonappearing defendants when claims against those defendants were
barred).
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between the rights of citizenship that attach to naturalized citizens and those that
attach to natural-born citizens. Mr. Craig asserted that he, as a “Legacy,” or
natural-born citizen, suffered from discrimination due to “exclusion of
distinctions” and “omission of acknowledgement” due to Congress’s failure to
enact laws recognizing this distinction, whereas it has enacted laws defining the
requirements to become a naturalized citizen. R., Vol. I, Doc. 11 Attach. 1 at III-
IV, VII. Mr. Craig thus sought redress in the form of a declaratory judgment
defining “natural born Citizen,” as it appears in art. II, § 1, cl. 4 of the
Constitution, and providing a means for citizens bearing that moniker to obtain
certification of that fact from the federal government, as well as punitive
damages. R., Vol. I, Doc. 11 Attach. 1 at I-II, X.
Though it is somewhat difficult to distill Mr. Craig’s arguments on appeal,
he continues to assert that due to the lack of a legal definition for natural-born
citizen, the existence of citizens who are naturally born, as understood by the
Constitution’s Framers, is no longer acknowledged. According to Mr. Craig, this
has resulted in the “involuntary expatriation” of those whom he believes fall into
this category of citizens. Mr. Craig argues that the definition is knowable, and he
proffers a definition from a 1758 Swiss philosophical treatise. He further argues
that the district court should legally define “natural born Citizen” in an effort to
prevent the deprivation of citizenship legacy, as contemplated by the Constitution,
and the diminution of his and purported class members’ “rights and intrinsic
property as . . . multi-generational citizen[s].” Aplt. Opening Br. at 15.
DISCUSSION
The district court denied Mr. Craig’s request for leave to file an amended
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complaint because it determined that the proposed amended complaint would still
be jurisdictionally defective. We generally review the district court’s denial of
leave to amend for abuse of discretion. Merida Delgado v. Gonzales, 428 F.3d
916, 921 (10th Cir. 2005). “Where the decision was based on futility of
amendment, however, we review de novo whether the complaint, as amended,
would withstand a jurisdictional challenge.” Id. Here, as discussed in greater
detail below, Mr. Craig’s amended complaint does not withstand a jurisdictional
challenge.
We agree with the district court that even if the amended complaint were
deemed filed, dismissal of this action would be proper. Although we construe a
pro se litigant’s pleadings liberally, parties proceeding pro se must follow the
same procedural rules that govern other litigants. Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214,
1218 (10th Cir. 2007). “If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-
matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3).
Federal courts have a duty to determine their own jurisdiction whether or not the
parties raise the issue. Tuck v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 859 F.2d 842, 844 (10th
Cir. 1988). In reviewing the sufficiency of a complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, the court “must accept the
allegations in the complaint as true.” Holt v. United States, 46 F.3d 1000, 1002
(10th Cir. 1995).
The district court correctly determined that it lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction over this case. Where a complaint seeks recovery directly under the
Constitution or the laws of the United States, an exception to subject matter
jurisdiction lies when “‘such a claim is wholly insubstantial and frivolous.’” See
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Davoll v. Webb, 194 F.3d 1116, 1129 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting Bell v. Hood, 327
U.S. 678, 682-83 (1946)); accord Steel Co. v Citizens for a Better Envt., 523 U.S.
83, 89 (1998) (“Dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because of the
inadequacy of the federal claim is proper only when the claim is so insubstantial,
implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this Court, or otherwise completely
devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy.” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
In Cardtoons, L.C. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass’n, we explained
that “[d]ismissal of a complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction would only
be justified if ‘that claim were so attenuated and unsubstantial as to be absolutely
devoid of merit’ or ‘frivolous.’” 95 F.3d 959, 965 (10th Cir. 1996) (quoting
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 199 (1962)). Having carefully reviewed Mr. Craig’s
amended complaint, we find that it is “very plain,” Baker, 369 U.S. at 199, that
his “alleged claim under the Constitution or federal statu[t]es” falls within this
“wholly insubstantial and frivolous” category such that federal jurisdiction is not
extant. See Davoll, 194 F.3d at 1129.
Mr. Craig has no legally cognizable right to be deemed “the First Legally
recognized ‘Natural Born American Citizen’” or “the Last” of them. R., Vol. I,
Doc. 11 Attach. 1, at VII. Mr. Craig’s amended complaint does not describe any
unlawful discrimination that he has suffered or will suffer due to the allegedly
“extensive opportunities of immigrants and naturalized citizens to obtain, protect
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and preserve their status.” 2 Id. at IV. Even liberally construed, Mr. Craig’s claim
is not grounded in a constitutional or federal question: there is no such “right” (a)
to have courts adopt his proffered legal definition, (b) to be classified as a citizen
pursuant to that definition, or (c) to obtain certification of the status he attempts
to define.
Insofar as Mr. Craig is attempting to assert a deprivation of due process, an
Eighth Amendment argument (i.e., that he is being unlawfully denationalized or
expatriated), or another constitutional violation there is no indication from his
complaint that he is being deprived of his citizenship or rights thereof—only that
2
In any case, the Supreme Court long has rejected the notion that
naturalized citizens may or should possess rights different from those of other
citizens under the law:
We start from the premise that the rights of citizenship of the native
born and of the naturalized person are of the same dignity and are
coextensive. The only difference drawn by the Constitution is that only the
“natural born” citizen is eligible to be President. Art. II, § 1.
While the rights of citizenship of the native born derive from §
1 of the Fourteenth Amendment and the rights of the naturalized
citizen derive from satisfying, free of fraud, the requirements set by
Congress, the latter, apart from the exception noted, “becomes a
member of the society, possessing all the rights of a native citizen,
and standing, in the view of the constitution, on the footing of a
native. The constitution does not authorize Congress to enlarge or
abridge those rights. The simple power of the national Legislature, is
to prescribe a uniform rule of naturalization, and the exercise of this
power exhausts it, so far as respects the individual.”
Schneider v. Rusk, 377 U.S. 163, 165-66 (1964) (quoting Osborn v. Bank of U.S.,
22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 738, 827 (1824)); see also Osborn, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) at 827-
28 (“[The naturalized citizen] is distinguishable in nothing from a native citizen,
except so far as the constitution makes the distinction. The law makes none.”).
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he wishes to receive a specifically defined status as a certain type of citizen
bearing the “legacy” designation that he has devised. Cf. Heffington v. Bush, No.
09-3052, 2009 WL 1803282, at *1 (10th Cir. June 25, 2009) (holding that the
district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims where they
were both insubstantial and barred for various reasons). Thus, Mr. Craig’s claim
is sufficiently attenuated, insubstantial, and frivolous that the district court’s
dismissal of this case under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) was not in error. See
Cardtoons, 95 F.3d at 965; see, e.g., Kroll v. Finnerty, 242 F.3d 1359, 1362,
1365-66 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (holding that plaintiff’s sole basis for alleging federal
jurisdiction was so unfounded and devoid of merit as to warrant dismissal for lack
of subject-matter jurisdiction).
Moreover, there are other flaws in Mr. Craig’s demonstration of subject-
matter jurisdiction that warrant dismissal of his case. For example, we agree with
the district court that the amended complaint did not present a “case or
controversy” within the meaning of Article III of the Constitution. “One of the
most important doctrines within” this case or controversy requirement is the
doctrine of standing, which “focuses upon whether a particular litigant is entitled
to have a federal court decide the merits of the particular dispute.” Raiser v.
United States, 325 F.3d 1182, 1183 (10th Cir. 2002). To satisfy Article III’s
standing requirements, the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating:
(1) it has suffered an “injury in fact” that is (a) concrete and
particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or
hypothetical; (2) the injury is fairly traceable to the challenged
action of the defendant; and (3) it is likely, as opposed to
merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a
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favorable decision.
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167,
180-81 (2000). According to Mr. Craig, the fact that no citizen has claimed the
status of citizenship by virtue of being naturally born is itself a case or
controversy, and the deprivation of legacy citizenship constitutes a cognizable
penalty (i.e., injury). However, as suggested by the discussion above, Mr. Craig’s
contentions actually are bottomed on the notion he has not been given a
specifically defined citizenship status, not that he has been deprived of identified
and concrete citizenship rights contemplated by the Constitution and other federal
law. Such contentions do not demonstrate an injury in fact sufficient to establish
standing; consequently, the district court appropriately determined that it lacked
subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims in Mr. Craig’s amended complaint.
The district court additionally determined that the amended complaint
failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, see Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6), and so it dismissed Mr. Craig’s case with prejudice. See Brereton v.
Bountiful City Corp., 434 F.3d 1213, 1219 (10th Cir. 2006) (“A dismissal with
prejudice is appropriate where a complaint fails to state a claim under Rule
12(b)(6) and granting leaving to amend would be futile.”). Because the court
lacked jurisdiction to consider the merits of the case, however, it was precluded
from making this merits-based determination, and dismissal with prejudice was
improper. Id. at 1218 (“[D]ismissals for lack of jurisdiction should be without
prejudice because the court, having determined that it lacks jurisdiction over the
action, is incapable of reaching a disposition on the merits of the underlying
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claims. A suit dismissed for lack of jurisdiction cannot also be dismissed ‘with
prejudice’; that’s a disposition on the merits, which only a court with jurisdiction
may render.” (citation, parentheses, and internal quotation marks omitted)); Fed.
R. Civ. P. 41(b); cf. Heffington, 2009 WL 1803282, at *1 (remanding for district
court to dismiss without prejudice). Mr. Craig’s failure to show that his
complaint could be amended to establish subject-matter jurisdiction, “while
justifying the denial of leave to amend his complaint” and the dismissal of this
action, “did not justify the entry of a dismissal with prejudice.” Brereton, 434
F.3d at 1219.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons outlined above, we AFFIRM the substance of the district
court’s order, but VACATE the portion of it that refers to the dismissal as being
with prejudice. We REMAND to the district court with instructions to dismiss
the case without prejudice for lack of jurisdiction. Mr. Craig’s pending motions
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are DENIED as moot. 3
Entered for the Court
Jerome A. Holmes
Circuit Judge
3
In his appellant brief and in two separate documents, Mr. Craig
moves this court to suspend the district court’s local rules, an act he appears to
believe would permit him to file a second amended complaint, which he also
submitted. In light of our disposition of this case, we deny these motions as
moot. In any event, based upon our review of the proposed second amended
complaint, we are confident that allowing Mr. Craig leave to file yet another
incarnation of his complaint would be futile. See Anderson v. Merrill Lynch
Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc., 521 F.3d 1278, 1288 (10th Cir. 2008) (“A proposed
amendment is futile if the complaint, as amended, would be subject to dismissal.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).
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