Watson v. McCollum

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 21, 2019
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
STANLEY TERREAL WATSON,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 18-6167
(D.C. No. 5:18-CV-00529-M)
TRACY MCCOLLUM, Warden, (W.D. Okla.)
Respondent - Appellee.
_________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
_________________________________
Before LUCERO, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Stanley Watson is an Oklahoma state prisoner proceeding pro se and seeks
habeas relief under either 28 U.S.C. § 2254 or 28 U.S.C. § 2241.1 The district court
interpreted Watson’s petition as seeking relief under § 2254, denied the petition as
untimely, and declined Watson’s motion for a certificate of appealability (COA).
Watson now renews his request for a COA to challenge the district court’s dismissal
of his petition. We deny his request and dismiss this matter.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
1
We are sensitive to Watson’s pro se status and have liberally construed his
pleadings accordingly. See Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991).
BACKGROUND
This is a case of tragic and senseless youth violence. On September 24, 2000, a
group of high school students gathered at a rural property for a party to celebrate
their annual homecoming football game. At least two fights broke out during the
party and a young man was stabbed. The victim was stabbed in the back six times
during one of the fights, and the fatal blow damaged the young man’s aorta leading to
his death. Watson was seventeen at the time of the murder.
According to Watson, “[o]ne witness testified to seeing a black male holding
what was described as a large hunting knife,” but “could not identify the person with
the knife.” Petition Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and/or 2241 for Writ of Habeas Corpus
by A Person in State Custody at 6, Watson v. McCollum, No.5:18-cv-529-M, Doc.
No. 1 (W.D. Okla. May 31, 2018) (“Federal Habeas Petition”). Watson further asserts
that the prosecution failed to produce the murder weapon and could not offer a single
witness who could testify to Watson stabbing the victim or even to seeing Watson
with a knife at the party. Still, in 2001, an Oklahoma jury convicted Watson of first-
degree murder and recommended a sentence of life with the possibility of parole. The
state trial judge accommodated, sentencing Watson to life.2 Watson appealed his
conviction, and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) affirmed. See
Watson v. State, No. F-2001-1356 (Okla. Crim. App. Nov. 4, 2002) (unpublished).
2
“Under Oklahoma law, a prisoner must serve 85% of his sentence before he
will be eligible for parole. For purposes of parole, a life sentence is calculated as 45
years.” Budder v. Addison, 851 F.3d 1047, 1050 (10th Cir. 2017) (citations omitted).
2
On October 3, 2017, Watson sought post-conviction relief in state court. See
Watson v. State, No. PC-2017-1131 (Okla. Crim. App. Apr. 13, 2018) (“Order
Denying Subsequent Application for Post-Conviction Relief”). In his state petition
for post-conviction relief, Watson argued the Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v.
Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), which held sentences of mandatory life imprisonment
without parole for juvenile offenders are unconstitutional, announced a new rule of
constitutional law that was made retroactively applicable to his case in Montgomery
v. Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016). Watson contended that because his life sentence
for a crime he committed as a juvenile does not offer a meaningful opportunity for
release, his sentence is unconstitutional under the principles of Miller and in
violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution. The OCCA concluded that Watson’s argument was not procedurally
barred but found his “claim without merit” because he “was not sentenced to life
without the possibility of parole.” Order Denying Subsequent Application for Post-
Conviction Relief, supra, at 2.
Having exhausted his state remedies, on May 25, 2018, Watson sought federal
habeas relief. In his federal habeas petition, Watson renews his argument presented to
the state court and contends he lacks a meaningful opportunity to be paroled under
Oklahoma law, which essentially amounts to an unconstitutional life without parole
sentence for a crime he committed as a juvenile. In his petition, he further asserts that
his petition is timely because an “intervening change in the law has taken place by
3
the United States Supreme Court.” Federal Habeas Petition, supra, at 19. The
magistrate judge disagreed.
Although Watson labeled his habeas petition as commencing under Ҥ 2254
and/or 2241,” the magistrate judge noted that Watson is challenging “the validity of
his underlying sentence, not how prison officials administer that sentence.” Report &
Recommendation at 1 n.1, Watson v. McCollum, No.5:18-cv-529-M, Doc. No. 7
(W.D. Okla. July 2, 2018). The magistrate judge thus determined § 2254 applies.
However, the magistrate judge further concluded the petition was untimely and not
subject to equitable or statutory tolling. Accordingly, the magistrate judge
recommended the district court summarily dismiss the petition and deny as moot
Watson’s pending motion for appointment of counsel. Watson filed his objection to
the report and recommendation, but the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s
reasoning, dismissed Watson’s habeas petition, and denied his motion for
appointment of counsel and his application for a certificate of appealability (COA).
Watson filed a timely notice of appeal and submitted for our consideration a
combined opening brief and renewed COA.
ANALYSIS
Watson must obtain a COA before we may address the merits of his habeas
petition, as it is a jurisdictional prerequisite to our review. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(1)(A); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 335–36 (2003). To be entitled
to a COA, Watson must demonstrate that “reasonable jurists could debate whether
(or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different
4
manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to
proceed further.” Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 336 (internal quotation marks omitted). In his
Combined Opening Brief and COA Application, Watson raises only two claims:
(1) the magistrate judge erred in interpreting his habeas petition under § 2254 instead
of § 2241;3 and (2) the district court erred in denying his application for appointment
of counsel.4 Neither argument warrants a COA.
3
In what Watson labels as his second claim, he argues that because the
magistrate judge recognized Watson “‘may have faced “an uphill battle” had he
chosen to seek relief within one year of Miller’s ruling before the Supreme Court
announced that it was retroactive,’” “it should be safe to say that [Watson] . . .
thought he had cause for a § 2244 bypass to bring his cause under an alternative
jurisdiction in a § 2241 petition.” Appellant’s Combined Opening Br. & COA
Application at 10 (quoting Report & Recommendation, supra, at 7). But he then
concludes his discussion of that claim by saying, “The district court erred in
understanding the facts and applied § 2244 incorrectly to Petitioner’s claims brought
under § 2241.” Id. at 11. Thus, although presented as two separate issues, Watson is
challenging the magistrate judge’s characterization and analysis of the petition under
§ 2254 instead of under § 2241 in his first and second claims. We will accordingly
analyze them as a single challenge to the characterization of his habeas petition.
4
It is important to note that although Watson vigorously challenged the
magistrate judge’s timeliness analysis in his objection to the report and
recommendation, he does not raise any argument concerning the timeliness of his
petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d) in his Combined Opening Brief and COA
Application. Instead, he focuses solely on the issues of whether his petition should
have been interpreted under § 2241 such that his petition would not be subject to the
one-year limitation of § 2244(d) and whether he should have been appointed counsel.
Thus, for our purposes, any argument Watson may have made before the district
court regarding the timeliness of his § 2254 petition under § 2244(d) has been
waived. See Hill v. Allbaugh, 735 F. App’x 520, 522 n.2 (10th Cir. 2018) (noting
petitioner “has waived appellate review of the other issues presented in his habeas
petition to the district court by failing to address them in his briefing to this court”);
Tiger v. Workman, 445 F.3d 1265, 1267 n.1 (10th Cir. 2006) (“In his application for a
COA, Tiger lists all ten of the issues presented to the federal district court as ‘issues
to be raised on appeal.’ However, he presents argument only on the two jury
instruction issues. Thus, the other issues are waived.” (alteration omitted)); United
5
A. The Characterization of Watson’s Habeas Petition
The focus of Watson’s Combined Opening Brief and COA Application is the
contention that the magistrate judge inappropriately analyzed his federal habeas
petition solely under § 2254. Instead, Watson argues the magistrate judge should
have also analyzed the petition under the standards of § 2241. Although it is a
creative argument, Watson misunderstands the difference between § 2241 and § 2254
habeas corpus petitions.
Section 2254, in relevant part, allows a state prisoner to challenge the validity
and constitutionality of a sentence he is currently serving. See Davis v. Roberts, 425
F.3d 830, 834 (10th Cir. 2005). In contrast, a § 2241 petition does not oppose the
sentence or conviction itself, but instead objects to the legality of how that otherwise
constitutional sentence is being carried out by prison officials. See id. at 833;
McIntosh v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 115 F.3d 809, 811 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Petitions
under § 2241 are used to attack the execution of a sentence, in contrast to § 2254
habeas . . . proceedings, which are used to collaterally attack the validity of a
conviction and sentence.” (citations omitted)).
Here, Watson contends “his life sentence for a crime committed as a juvenile
is unconstitutional” because “it lacks a minimum nor maximum attached to it” and
thus deprives Watson of “a realistic/meaningful opportunity for release on a parole
States v. Springfield, 337 F.3d 1175, 1178 (10th Cir. 2003) (stating a habeas
petitioner waives an argument on appeal by failing to raise it “in either his
application for a COA or his brief on appeal”).
6
plan solely for juvenile offenders.” Appellant’s Combined Opening Br. & COA
Application at 11. In no uncertain terms, Watson is challenging the constitutionality
of his sentence. No matter how many times Watson says he is attacking the
“execution” of his sentence, he is mistaken. His argument unequivocally challenges
the legality and validity of his life sentence, not how the Oklahoma prison officials
are carrying out that sentence. No reasonable jurist would disagree with or even
question the magistrate judge’s characterization and interpretation of Watson’s
petition under the parameters of § 2254, and Watson’s argument to the contrary is
without merit.
B. Appointment of Counsel
Watson next argues the district court erred in denying his motion for
appointment of counsel because of the claim’s legal and factual complexity. But we
have made clear “that there is no constitutional right to counsel beyond the appeal of
a criminal conviction, and that generally appointment of counsel in a § 2254
proceeding is left to the court’s discretion.” Swazo v. Wyo. Dep’t of Corr. State
Penitentiary Warden, 23 F.3d 332, 333 (10th Cir. 1994). Given the magistrate
judge’s conclusions regarding the untimeliness of Watson’s petition, which Watson
does not challenge in his Combined Opening Brief and COA Application, we cannot
say the district court abused its discretion in refusing to appoint counsel. No
reasonable jurist would conclude otherwise.
7
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Watson’s request for a COA and
DISMISS this appeal.5
Entered for the Court
Gregory A. Phillips
Circuit Judge
5
We note that Watson filed, as an appendix to his habeas petition, proof that
he completed twenty-nine rehabilitation programs during his incarceration. While
these commendable efforts do not impact our decision, they might be relevant at a
later stage, such as parole.
8