Washington v. Correia

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
November 26, 2013
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
CHRISTOPHER NATHANIEL
WASHINGTON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
No. 13-3098
v. (D.C. No. 6:12-CV-01056-JTM-KMH)
(D. Kan.)
MARY CORREIA,
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, HOLMES, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
Proceeding pro se, 1 Christopher Washington, a California state inmate,
appeals from the district court’s dismissal of his contract and fraud action against
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).
The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
1
Because Mr. Washington is proceeding pro se, we construe his filings
liberally. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam); Garza v.
Davis, 596 F.3d 1198, 1201 n.2 (10th Cir. 2010).
Mary Correia for failure to effect service of process. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the district court’s rulings.
I
While imprisoned in California, Mr. Washington filed a diversity suit
against Mary Correia in the District of Kansas, alleging breach of contract and
fraud. The clerk’s office directed Mr. Washington to provide Ms. Correia’s
address so that she could be served. When it emerged that Mr. Washington did
not have the address, the district court granted him an extension to obtain it but
declined to allow him discovery tools to get the address from the apartment
manager of Ms. Correia’s former apartment. Mr. Washington later offered an
address for Ms. Correia, but the summons was returned unexecuted. More than a
year having passed from the filing of the complaint with no effectuation of
service in sight, the district court dismissed the action without prejudice pursuant
to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m).
II
On appeal, Mr. Washington raises the following issues: (1) the district
court erred in failing to order expedited discovery; (2) the district court erred in
denying Mr. Washington’s request for a finding of constructive service; and (3)
the district court violated Mr. Washington’s constitutional rights. We take
up—and reject—each argument in turn.
2
A
The district court denied Mr. Washington’s request for expedited discovery
to allow him to ascertain Ms. Correia’s address, reasoning that he had failed to
make a “concrete showing of a prima facie claim.” R. at 53 (Mem. & Order, filed
Sept. 10, 2012) (quoting Arista Records, LLC v. Doe 3, 604 F.3d 110, 119 (2d
Cir. 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court further reasoned
that Mr. Washington had failed to demonstrate that he had explored other means
to obtain Ms. Correia’s address, such as consulting phone directories and
conducting Internet searches.
Mr. Washington now insists he was entitled to early discovery. He makes
no argument to this effect other than to reiterate his belief that the apartment
manager knows Ms. Correia’s current address, and to flatly state that he alleged
sufficient facts to entitle him to the discovery order he sought. These arguments,
such as they are, have no merit.
“We review the district court’s discovery order for abuse of discretion.”
McBride v. Peak Wellness Ctr., Inc., 688 F.3d 698, 703 (10th Cir. 2012) (quoting
Trentadue v. FBI, 572 F.3d 794, 806 (10th Cir. 2009)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). It was well within the court’s discretion to decline to authorize
expedited discovery. As an initial matter, the district court’s application of the
Arista Records test, see 604 F.3d at 119, was reasonable, as its description of the
complaint and Mr. Washington’s filings was accurate. Additionally, it is not clear
3
that a plaintiff has any right to discover the address of an identified defendant
before the defendant is served, as Arista Records and similar cases dealt with
attempts to identify an unknown defendant operating anonymously on the Internet,
which represents a very different circumstance and a world unto itself. See id. at
112 (involving an appeal from denial of a motion “to quash a subpoena served on
his Internet service provider to obtain information sufficient to disclose his
identity”). See generally Robert G. Larson & Paul A. Godfread, Bringing John
Doe to Court: Procedural Issues in Unmasking Anonymous Internet Defendants,
38 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 328, 330 (2011) (“Without a clearly identifiable
defendant, a plaintiff has little chance of recovery, and while anonymous
defendants are not a phenomenon unique to the Internet, the prevalence of the
Internet in modern society has exacerbated this problem.”). In light of the district
court’s reasonable findings regarding Mr. Washington’s complaint and his failure
to pursue other means to determine the address, and in light of the fact that no
authority made clear that Mr. Washington had any right to the discovery he
sought, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying expedited
discovery.
B
Mr. Washington appears to believe he constructively served Ms. Correia,
and that it was therefore unnecessary for him to effectuate personal service. He
presents no argument or authorities in support. “We review under an abuse-of-
4
discretion standard the decision to dismiss a defendant for failure of proper
service.” Constien v. United States, 628 F.3d 1207, 1213 (10th Cir. 2010)
(quoting Bolden v. City of Topeka, 441 F.3d 1129, 1146 (10th Cir. 2006))
(internal quotation marks omitted). Given that Mr. Washington has not claimed
that he published the complaint or the like, the only theory of constructive service
that we can conceive of him relying upon is that it was sufficient that the
summons was dropped in the mail, no matter that it was returned unread.
However, the law of Kansas applies to the question, Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1), and it
does not subscribe to such a theory, see Owen Lumber Co. v. Chartrand, 157 P.3d
1109, 1115 (Kan. 2007). There was no constructive service, and the district court
plainly did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the action for failure to serve.
C
Mr. Washington contends the district court violated the rights that he is
guaranteed under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and
Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. 2 Again, his brief is bereft of any
substantiation for this assertion. Article III, Section 2 sets forth the jurisdiction
of the federal courts and has no apparent relationship to Mr. Washington’s case.
2
Mr. Washington also makes a bald reference here to a purported
violation of his rights under the Seventh Amendment. However, Mr. Washington
does nothing to demonstrate the relevance of the Seventh Amendment to his
circumstances and the relevancy of this provision is not patent to us.
Accordingly, we do not pursue this matter further.
5
The only possible due-process claim that we can make out would be based on
denial of access to the courts. If we understand Mr. Washington to raise such a
claim, it fails. Where a litigant asserts that he has been impeded from accessing
the courts in violation of his due-process rights, we ask whether the impediment
“‘unduly’ burdens [the litigant’s] access to the judicial process, which in turn is
determined by balancing the interest [the litigant] seeks to assert in court against
the government’s interest in” creating the impediment. Otasco, Inc. v. United
States, 689 F.2d 162, 165 (10th Cir. 1982).
The purely monetary interests Mr. Washington seeks to vindicate in his
complaint do not “touch on fundamental interests” and so weigh lightly on the
scale. Id. By contrast, the government has a significant interest in seeing that
judgments are only levied against parties who have been notified and allowed to
speak in their own defense. See, e.g., Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815,
846 (1999) (discussing the connection between service of process and “our deep-
rooted historic tradition that everyone should have his own day in court” (quoting
Martin v. Wilks, 490 U.S. 755, 762 (1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In
fact, due-process concerns very clearly support the need for service-of-process
rules, id., not the need to ignore them. And, of course, it also furthers an
important governmental interest in conserving scarce judicial resources to place
the onus squarely on plaintiffs to track down the whereabouts of defendants to
effectuate service—rather than obliging the courts to assist in this
6
endeavor—even when the plaintiffs are in prison. Cf. Sena v. Wackenhut Corp., 3
F. App’x 858, 861 (10th Cir. 2001) (upholding a district court’s dismissal
pursuant to Rule 4(m) where an incarcerated plaintiff was unable to find an
address at which to serve the defendant). Mr. Washington’s constitutional rights
were honored
III
For the reasons detailed above, we affirm the district court’s rulings.
Entered for the Court
JEROME A. HOLMES
Circuit Judge
7