O'Neal v. Newton-Embry

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
TENTH CIRCUIT November 1, 2012
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
ANGELA GAYLE O’NEAL,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 10-6243
(D.C. No. 5:09-CV-00501-C)
MILLICENT NEWTON-EMBRY, (W.D. Okla.)
Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before KELLY, EBEL, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
In this case, petitioner-appellant Angela Gayle O’Neal, a state prisoner in
Oklahoma, appeals from the district court’s denial of her petition for federal habeas relief
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The essence of O’Neal’s habeas claim is that her Fourteenth
Amendment rights to equal protection and due process were violated when she was not
allowed to withdraw her plea of nolo contendere, while in another case, State v. Sharp, C-
2007-345 (Okla. Crim. App. 2007) (unpublished), a man in an allegedly materially
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
identical circumstance was allowed to do so. O’Neal’s argument for why she should
have been allowed to withdraw her plea was that her ignorance of one of Oklahoma’s
parole-eligibility rules rendered her plea involuntary.1
The district court denied relief with respect to this claim on the grounds that
O’Neal had failed to exhaust it in state court. O’Neal then sought a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) from this Court, see 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), asserting six grounds of
error below. We determined that O’Neal had made a substantial showing of the denial of
a constitutional right, see id. § 2253(c)(2), and granted COA on the following question:
Whether petitioner’s federal constitutional rights were violated by the
Oklahoma Criminal Court of Appeal’s failure to apply the holding of
Pickens v. State, 158 P.3d 482 (Okla. Crim. App. 2007), to her case, in
particular when it granted that relief in State v. Sharp, C-2007-345.
1
Pleas must be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent in order to be constitutionally
valid. See, e.g., Bradshaw v. Stumpf, 545 U.S. 175, 183 (2005); 21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal
Law § 600. Those different modifiers denote unique guarantees, see Brady v. United
States, 397 U.S. 742, 747-48 (1970), but courts sometimes omit one or more, or appear to
use them somewhat interchangeably, when referring to the general constitutional
requirement regarding pleas, see, e.g., Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 618-21;
Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637, 644-45 (1976); McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S.
459, 466-67 (1969); Hicks v. Franklin, 546 F.3d 1279, 1283, 1286 (10th Cir. 2008);
United States v. Blackner, 721 F.2d 703, 708 (10th Cir. 1983).
In O’Neal’s case and in other relevant cases concerning the parole eligibility rule
at issue in this appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) has not
uniformly relied on any one of those terms, but rather has used them fairly
interchangeably. As such, and since our analysis would be the same regardless of the
prong(s)—i.e., knowing, voluntary, or intelligent—on which the OCCA’s rulings may
rest, in this order and judgment we refer generally to plea (in)voluntariness, and not also
knowingness and intelligence, simply for the sake of brevity.
2
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(a), we affirm the dismissal of
O’Neal’s habeas claim, but for reasons other than the exhaustion rationale relied upon by
the district court. We hold that O’Neal’s equal protection claim fails on the merits
because O’Neal’s asserted premise, that her case was materially identical to the case in
Sharp, is unfounded. We also reject O’Neal’s due process claim as merely repetitive of
her equal protection claim.
I. BACKGROUND
1. Proceedings in state trial court
O’Neal was charged by information in September 2005 with first-degree
manslaughter after killing a man in a drunk-driving accident. On November 6, 2006, the
day her trial was set to commence, O’Neal announced to the trial court that she intended
to waive her right to trial and to enter into a blind plea of nolo contendere in the
Oklahoma trial court. The following week, on November 14, 2006, the court accepted
O’Neal’s nolo plea, having determined that it was entered voluntarily.
At the beginning of January 2007, O’Neal moved for, and obtained, new counsel.
On January 22, 2007, the day before her scheduled sentencing, O’Neal’s new attorney
filed a motion to withdraw her nolo plea on multiple grounds, but not including the
argument that her plea was involuntary because she had not been informed that, under
Oklahoma law, she would be required to serve at least 85% of her sentence without the
possibility of parole, see 21 Okla. Stat. Ann. 2001, § 13.1 (hereinafter “the 85% Rule”).
At a hearing on February 20, 2007, the court denied O’Neal’s motion to withdraw,
3
finding that O’Neal had been competent to enter her plea, that she fully understood her
legal rights and the consequences of her plea, and that she had waived her rights
voluntarily with the aid of her prior attorney. The court sentenced O’Neal to twenty
years in prison, with all but the first fifteen suspended.
2. The OCCA’s denial of direct appellate relief
Several months later, on August 20, 2007, O’Neal petitioned for certiorari in the
Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) in regards to her conviction and
sentence. O’Neal asserted six grounds of error by the trial court, including that the trial
court should have allowed her to withdraw her nolo plea on the basis that the plea was
involuntary due to the alleged fact that she was never informed of the 85% Rule. In
arguing that her alleged ignorance of the 85% Rule rendered her plea involuntary and
therefore subject to withdrawal, O’Neal cited the OCCA’s August 2006 decision in
Ferguson v. State, 143 P.3d 218, 219 (Okla. Crim. App. 2006) (where defendant had
entered into a negotiated nolo plea, holding that ignorance of the 85% Rule rendered
defendant’s plea involuntary), as well as the OCCA’s May 2007 decision in Pickens v.
State, 158 P.3d 482 (Okla. Crim. App. 2007) (applying the involuntary-plea rule
announced in Ferguson to a situation with a blind nolo plea, like O’Neal’s).
On January 11, 2008, the OCCA denied O’Neal’s petition for certiorari on all
grounds. With respect to the trial court’s denial of O’Neal’s motion to withdraw her plea,
the OCCA held that O’Neal had waived her argument for withdrawal based on ignorance
of the 85% Rule by failing to raise it in her motion to withdraw. The OCCA cited
4
Anderson v. State, 130 P.3d 273 (Okla. Crim. App. 2006), for the proposition that the
argument had been available to O’Neal at the time of her motion, and observed that Rule
4.2(B) of the Rules of the OCCA precludes a defendant from raising an issue in her
certiorari petition if she did not raise it in her application to withdraw her plea. The
OCCA held that any error in regard to plea involuntariness vis-à-vis the 85% Rule was
thus waived and the issue was therefore not properly before the court.
On January 28, 2008, O’Neal petitioned the OCCA for rehearing, asking the court
to reconsider its denial of her certiorari petition. O’Neal reasserted that she should be
afforded relief from her nolo plea pursuant to the holding of Pickens, and then pointed
out that just a few weeks before the OCCA denied her certiorari petition, the OCCA
granted relief pursuant to a similar argument in Sharp v. State, Case No. 2007-345 (Okla.
Crim. App., Nov. 30, 2007) (unpublished). O’Neal asserted that Sharp held that Pickens
announced a new rule of criminal procedure that must be applied to cases pending on
direct review. Further, in that vein, O’Neal cited Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 107(1987), for the proposition that arbitrarily selective application of new rules of criminal
procedure is unconstitutional. Accordingly, O’Neal contended, the OCCA’s grant of
relief in Sharp, and denial of relief in her case, unconstitutionally denied her equal
protection and due process because “both cases [i.e., hers and Sharp’s] were in precisely
the same factual and procedural posture.” Dist. ct. doc. 8-4, at 2.
On February 15, 2008, the OCCA denied O’Neal’s petition for rehearing. The
OCCA characterized O’Neal’s petition as seeking rehearing solely on the grounds that
5
the OCCA’s denial of her certiorari petition was in conflict with Pickens. The OCCA did
not acknowledge Sharp. The OCCA recognized that Pickens was decided two months
after O’Neal had petitioned for certiorari, but “having reviewed Petitioner’s allegation[,]
[found] that she is not entitled to rehearing.” Dist. Ct. doc. 8-5, at 2. The OCCA said
that it “fully considered Pickens in arriving at its [prior] decision” to deny O’Neal’s
certiorari petition. Id.
3. The district court’s denial of habeas relief, O’Neal’s appeal, and the
questions before this Court
On May 13, 2009, O’Neal petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in the Western
District of Oklahoma. Her petition identified two grounds for relief: (1) “Violation of
Equal Protection and Due Process” and (2) “Ineffective counsel.” R. at 8-12. O’Neal’s
habeas petition was referred to a magistrate judge. The magistrate judge issued an initial
recommendation, adopted by the district court, which led O’Neal to submit an
amended habeas petition. Then, in a second recommendation, the magistrate judge
rejected on the merits O’Neal’s equal protection and due process claims. The district
court, however, did not reach the merits of those claims, but rather rejected them on the
grounds that O’Neal had failed to exhaust them in state court.
On October 19, 2010, O’Neal timely appealed the dismissal of her habeas petition.
On April 8, 2011, we granted COA on the following question:
Whether petitioner’s federal constitutional rights were violated by the
[OCCA’s] failure to apply the holding of [Pickens] to her case, in particular
when it granted that relief in [Sharp].
6
Thus, the only issues before us in this appeal are O’Neal’s equal protection and
due process claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3) (stating that the scope of the COA
circumscribes this Court’s consideration of issues on habeas appeals).
We pause to emphasize certain issues we do not decide. First, to the extent
that counsel for O’Neal seeks to raise an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel issue in
the supplemental brief, that argument is outside the scope of the COA. See id.Likewise, we do not consider any direct claim that O’Neal’s ignorance of the 85%
Rule rendered her plea involuntary under federal jurisprudence—a claim that is
not now asserted by O’Neal as a basis for habeas relief, and in any event would
also be outside the scope of the COA. See id. Finally, we do not reach the
question of whether a lack of exhaustion of O’Neal’s equal protection and due
process claims in state court bars us from granting habeas relief on those claims,
as we deny O’Neal’s petition on the merits. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) (“An
application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied on the merits,
notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhaust the remedies available in
the courts of the State.”).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We assume arguendo that the OCCA did not adjudicate O’Neal’s claims on the
merits, so its rulings are not subject to the highly deferential review standard of
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
7
We review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear
error, unless the district court “based its factual findings entirely on the state court record,
[in which case] we review that record independently.” Byrd v. Workman, 645 F.3d 1159,
1166-67 (10th Cir. 2011). In this case, the district court deemed O’Neal’s equal
protection and due process claims unexhausted and so made no legal conclusions
applicable to our decision; though in any event, we draw legal conclusions de novo. The
only factual findings made by the district court relevant to our analysis—e.g., dates and
content of the state-court motions and orders—are based entirely on the state-court
record, so we review that record de novo in making our factual findings. See id.B. Analysis
1. Equal Protection
The essence of O’Neal’s equal protection claim is as follows: In Sharp, the
OCCA allowed the defendant to withdraw his plea on the grounds that his plea was
involuntary due to his ignorance of the 85% Rule, notwithstanding the fact that he had
failed to raise that argument in his motion to withdraw. Whereas normally such a failure
precludes a defendant from raising that issue on appeal to the OCCA, the OCCA held in
Sharp that the defendant should retroactively receive the benefit of the rule stated in
Pickens—that ignorance of the 85% Rule renders a plea involuntary—since Pickens was
decided after Sharp had filed his motion to withdraw his plea, and Sharp’s case was still
pending on direct appeal. In contrast, a few weeks after the OCCA decided Sharp, the
OCCA refused to afford the same relief to O’Neal, even though (O’Neal alleges) her
8
situation was identical to Sharp’s in all material regards: namely, that she also had not
been informed of the 85% Rule, and that Pickens was decided after she had already filed
her motion to withdraw. O’Neal argues that this disparate application of the law to
individuals in identical circumstances in different cases violated her right to equal
protection. To that end, O’Neal cites Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314 (1987), in which
the Supreme Court held that a court’s failure to apply “a new rule for the conduct of
criminal prosecutions,” id. at 328, to criminal cases pending on direct review “violates
the principle of treating similarly situated defendants the same,” id. at 323. 2
O’Neal’s claim is fatally flawed. O’Neal and Sharp were not “similarly situated,”
Griffith, 479 U.S. at 323, in at least one crucial aspect—the timing of the newly declared
rule relative to their respective motions to withdraw their pleas.3
2
Griffith did not expressly ground its holding in any one constitutional provision,
see 479 U.S. at 322-23, but our holding does not rely on Griffith being construed strictly
as an equal protection decision. We also make clear that we would reject O’Neal’s equal
protection claim even if she did not invoke Griffith, given the fundamental flaw in her
argument, explained below: that she was not in fact similarly situated with Sharp.
3
Neither the Sharp opinion—by which we mean the OCCA’s November 30, 2007,
order granting Sharp’s second certiorari petition—nor any other material containing facts
about Sharp or his case, was included in the appellate record presented to this Court. It
does not appear that the opinion or any other material was included in any record below,
either. We do not automatically accept O’Neal’s bald assertions that she was in a
situation materially identical to Sharp’s, for the purpose of her legal claim under Griffith.
Rather, the similar-situation premise is an element of O’Neal’s equal protection claim,
which she bears the burden of establishing. But O’Neal—who was represented by
counsel before the conclusion of briefing in this appeal—has never offered any evidence
or detailed explanation in support of the proposition that she and Sharp were similarly
situated. (Insofar as counsel for O’Neal suggests that Appellee has admitted such a
Continued . . .
9
(i) Timeline of events
To explain our conclusion that O’Neal and Sharp were not similarly situated for
the purposes of Griffith, we set out the timeline of relevant OCCA decisions regarding
the 85% Rule, as well as the relevant motions in O’Neal’s and Sharp’s respective cases.
On February 22, 2006, in Anderson v. State, 130 P.3d 273 (Okla. Crim. App.
2006), the OCCA first held that Oklahoma juries must be instructed on the effect and
policy of the 85% Rule when a defendant is subject to that Rule, id. at 282, in light of the
state’s “truth in sentencing” legislation, id. at 278. The Court reasoned that “common
sense and elementary principles of statutory construction . . . compel[led] [that
conclusion] in order to give effect to the will of the Legislature.” Id.The following day, February 23, 2006, Sharp filed an application to withdraw his
guilty plea. See Sharp, C-2007-345, at *1. That motion did not raise the argument that
______________________________________
Cont.
conclusion, we disagree: we discern no such admission below, and on appeal Appellee
repeatedly expressly denied that O’Neal and Sharp were similarly situated.)
To assess the question of similar situation, the Court has retrieved the unpublished
Sharp opinion, and takes judicial notice of it. See Guttman v. Khalsa, 669 F.3d 1101(10th Cir. 2012) (“[W]e may take judicial notice of public records.”). The Sharp opinion
is thus the exclusive source of the facts of Sharp’s situation—e.g., the dates of the
relevant filings and rulings in Sharp’s case—that we have before us to compare Sharp’s
situation to O’Neal’s. To the extent that other evidence or documents might have
demonstrated other facts about Sharp relevant to this analysis, we note that “it is
[O’Neal’s] responsibility [as appellant] to provide an adequate record on appeal, and any
discrepancies in the record are resolved in [Appellee’s] favor.” Arkla Energy Resources
v. Roye Realty and Developing, Inc., 9 F.3d 855, 865 (10th Cir. 1993); see also United
States v. Dago, 441 F.3d 1238, 1251 (10th Cir. 2006).
10
ignorance of the 85% Rule rendered his plea involuntary. See id. The trial court denied
Sharp’s motion to withdraw his plea on March 15, 2006, and Sharp appealed that denial
to the OCCA on June 9, 2006. See id.Then, on August 30, 2006, the OCCA held in Ferguson v. State, 143 P.3d 218(Okla. Crim. App. 2006), that a defendant’s negotiated nolo contendere plea was
involuntary because he had not been informed of the 85% Rule. The OCCA held:
Before entering a guilty or nolo plea, a defendant should be advised of the
punishment range for the offense. . . . In the instant case, Petitioner . . . . did
not learn about the 85% rule until after he pled guilty [sic: the petitioner
actually pled nolo contendere] . . . . Under the circumstances presented
here, we find that Petitioner’s plea was not voluntarily and intelligently
made. Consequently, Petitioner should be allowed to withdraw his plea.
Id. at 219 (emphasis added).
Roughly five months later, on January 22, 2007, O’Neal filed her application to
withdraw her blind nolo plea; she did not raise ignorance of the 85% Rule as an argument
for plea involuntariness. The state trial court denied her motion on February 20, 2007.
Soon thereafter, on February 21, 2007, the OCCA granted Sharp’s pending
certiorari petition and “remanded the case for a new hearing on Sharp’s Application to
Withdraw his Plea. See Sharp, C-2007-345, at *1. On March 29, 2007, the trial court
again denied Sharp’s application to withdraw. See id. Sharp then again appealed to the
OCCA. See id.11
Then, on May 4, 2007, in Pickens, the OCCA confronted the case of a defendant
who had entered into a blind nolo plea (as opposed to the negotiated nolo plea in
Ferguson), and came to the same conclusion it had in Ferguson:
This Court has held that a defendant has a right to know whether his
sentences are subject to the 85% Rule when entering a negotiated plea.
Ferguson v. State, 143 P.3d 218, 219 (Okla. Crim. App. 2006). We
conclude that a defendant has a right to be informed of the 85% Rule when
entering a plea, and make no distinction between a negotiated sentence and
a blind plea to the trial court.
158 P.3d at 483.
Afterwards, on August 20, 2007, O’Neal petitioned for certiorari in OCCA in
regards to her conviction and sentence, asserting as one ground of error below that her
plea was involuntary in light of her ignorance of the 85% Rule.
On November 30, 2007, the OCCA granted Sharp’s second certiorari petition,
concluding that Sharp’s ignorance of the 85% Rule at the time of his guilty plea rendered
his plea involuntary. See Sharp, C-2007-345, at *2. In response to the prosecution’s
argument that Sharp had waived that argument “by not including it in his Application to
Withdraw his pleas, id. at *2 n.1, the OCCA reflected that “new rules of criminal
procedure must be applied to cases pending on direct review at the time the rule is
announced,” id. (citing Carter v. State, 147 P.3d 243, 244 (Okla. Crim. App. 2006)). The
OCCA had just cited both Pickens and Ferguson in support of its holding that Sharp’s
plea was involuntary in light of his ignorance of the 85% Rule. See id. Then, having
recognized the applicability of new rules to cases pending on direct review, the OCCA
12
held that “[a]s a result, Sharp receives the benefit of Pickens and Ferguson.” Id.Finally, on January 11, 2008, the OCCA rejected O’Neal’s 85%-Rule argument
for plea involuntariness in her certiorari petition. The OCCA did not mention Sharp, but
it cited its February 2006 decision in Anderson, suggesting that the rule of Anderson was
sufficient to make the 85%-Rule argument available to O’Neal when she filed her motion
to withdraw her plea in January 2007. But because O’Neal had failed to raise that
argument in her motion to withdraw her plea, the OCCA held that argument waived,
pursuant to Rule 4.2(B) of the Rules of the OCCA.4
(ii) Analysis and conclusion
Rule 4.2(B) had not changed during the pendency of O’Neal’s appeal.
Apparently, the OCCA simply found special circumstances in Sharp’s case such that it
excused Sharp from strict compliance with Rule 4.2(B), but it found no sufficient special
circumstances in O’Neal’s appeal similarly to excuse her from complying with Rule
4.2(B). The OCCA did not clearly articulate what the material difference was between
Sharp and O’Neal. Nevertheless, “we may affirm on any grounds supported by the
record” Duncan v. Gunter, 15 F.3d 989. It appears to us that the crucial distinction
between Sharp and O’Neal—what makes them not similarly situated—has to do with
whether, at the time they filed their respective motions to withdraw their pleas, the rule
4
Rule 4.2(B) of the OCCA provides, in pertinent part, “[n]o matter may be raised in the
petition for a writ of certiorari unless the same has been raised in the application to
withdraw the plea, which must accompany the records filed with this Court.” Okla. Stat.
tit. 22, ch. 18 app. Rule 4.2(B).
13
that ignorance of the 85% Rule is grounds for withdrawal of a plea had already been
declared. See Griffith, 479 U.S. at 322-23; see also United States v. Levy, 416 F.3d
1273, 1278 n.6 (11th Cir. 2005) (“Griffith . . . did not require that a dissimilarly situated
defendant—one who did not preserve his objection below or on appeal—would
necessarily benefit from the new constitutional rule. Instead, the Griffith holding is
necessary to ‘treat[ ] similarly situated defendants the same.’ Parties who fail to raise
timely claims of error are not similarly situated to those who properly preserved their
claims.” (citation omitted)), cert. den., 126 S.Ct. 643 (2005).
Based on the record before us, in Sharp’s case, the rule was declared after Sharp
had filed his application to withdraw his plea but while his case was pending on direct
review, such that Sharp could enjoy the benefit of that rule, which was new in his case.
See Griffith, 479 U.S. at 322-23. On the other hand, that rule was declared well before
O’Neal filed her application to withdraw her plea, so O’Neal had no excuse for failing to
raise the argument of plea involuntariness in her application to the trial court to withdraw
her guilty plea. Thus, the OCCA could constitutionally conclude that O’Neal’s argument
was properly barred from the OCCA’s consideration on certiorari, per Rule 4.2(B) of the
OCCA, while being available to Sharp.
There are three OCCA decisions, discussed above, that are relevant to the rule that
ignorance of the 85% Rule renders pleas involuntary: (1) Anderson, which held on
February 22, 2006, that Oklahoma juries must be instructed on the 85% Rule in light of
the state’s truth-in-sentencing legislation, 130 P.3d at 278, and which the OCCA invoked
14
in denying O’Neal’s certiorari petition by concluding that Anderson served to give
O’Neal notice of the 85%-Rule argument for plea involuntariness for the purposes of
Rule 4.2(B); (2) Ferguson, which held on August 30, 2006, that a defendant’s negotiated
nolo plea was involuntary because he had not been informed of the 85% Rule, 143 P.3d
at 219; and (3) Pickens, which held on May 4, 2007, that a defendant’s blind nolo plea
was involuntary because he had not been informed of the 85% Rule, 158 P.3d at 483.
The first case, Anderson, is not the case to key on, nor was it relied upon—or even
mentioned—by the OCCA in granting relief to Sharp. Anderson’s holding—that juries
must be instructed on the 85% Rule—simply did not state the rule at issue in this case:
namely, that plea-bargaining defendants must be informed of the 85% Rule.
Nevertheless, even assuming that Anderson did state the rule that plea-bargaining
defendants must be informed of the 85% Rule, the OCCA’s disparate decisions in
O’Neal’s case and Sharp’s case would be defensible. Anderson was decided merely a
day before Sharp filed his motion to withdraw his plea, so he would not reasonably have
been on notice of the 85%-Rule argument. Accordingly, the OCCA’s Rule 4.2(B) might
not have been applied to him, and retroactive relief would have been appropriate.
O’Neal, on the other hand, filed her motion to withdraw her plea long after Anderson was
issued, so she would have been properly deemed to be on notice of the 85%-Rule
argument. Therefore, her omission of that argument from her motion could have
constituted waiver under Rule 4.2(B), without violating Griffith.
The second case, Ferguson, is the key case that can explain the OCCA’s disparate
15
treatment of Sharp and O’Neal. Ferguson is the case in which OCCA announced its rule
that ignorance of the 85% Rule renders defendants’ pleas involuntary irrespective of the
specific type of plea. Ferguson stated broadly that “[b]efore entering a guilty or nolo
plea, a defendant should be advised of the punishment range for the offense,” 143 P.3d at
219 (emphasis added), without distinguishing between guilty pleas, negotiated nolo pleas,
or blind nolo pleas. See id. Ferguson’s rule that ignorance of the 85% Rule renders pleas
involuntary was a newly declared one in Sharp’s case, issued after he first sought to
withdraw his guilty plea, but it had been in existence for some time before O’Neal first
filed her application to withdraw her plea. Sharp filed his application to withdraw his
plea on February 23, 2006—about half a year before Ferguson was issued on August 30,
2006—whereas O’Neal filed her application to withdraw her plea on January 22, 2007—
several months after Ferguson was issued. Sharp could not have asserted Ferguson in his
application to withdraw his plea whereas O’Neal could have (and should have) asserted
Ferguson when she sought to withdraw her plea. Therefore, the OCCA did not treat
“similarly situated defendants” differently, Griffith, 479 U.S. at 323, in Sharp’s and
O’Neal’s respective cases, as O’Neal contends.
2. Due Process
O’Neal has continuously emphasized her equal protection theory for relief—
relying chiefly on Griffith and complaining that Sharp was granted relief while she was
not—although she has generally mentioned both the Equal Protection Clause and the Due
Process Clause in asserting a Fourteenth Amendment violation. The only point at which
16
O’Neal substantially (though briefly) attempts to develop an independent argument for
her due process claim is in her supplemental appellate brief. But even there, her
argument boils down to an equal protection argument. She notes our holding that “[t]he
United States Supreme Court has suggested that, in rare circumstances, a determination
of state law can be ‘so arbitrary or capricious as to constitute an independent due process
. . . violation,’” Cummings, 506 F.3d at 1237 (quoting Lewis v. Jeffers, 497 U.S. 764,
780 (1990)), Supp. Aplt. Br. at 19, and proceeds to ask, “What could be more arbitrary
and capricious than for a court, within just a few weeks, to treat to identically situated
appellants differently?” Supp. Aplt. Br. at 19.
However, the Due Process Clause and Equal Protection Clause “trigger[] . . .
distinct inquir[ies]”:
“‘Due Process’ emphasizes fairness between the State and the individual
dealing with the State, regardless of how other individuals in the same
situation may be treated. ‘Equal Protection,’ on the other hand, emphasizes
disparity in treatment by a State between classes of individuals whose
situations are arguably indistinguishable.”
Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 405 (1985) (quoting Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600, 609
(1974)).
O’Neal has offered no argument, aside from her disparate treatment in comparison
to Sharp, as to how there was any lack of “fairness between the State and [herself].”
Evitts, 469 U.S. at 405. We thus reject O’Neal’s due process claim as redundant with her
equal protection claim. See id. And the OCCA’s determination of state law in this case
was not otherwise so arbitrary or capricious as to constitute an independent due process
17
violation, see Cummings, 506 F.3d at 1237.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the dismissal of O’Neal’s habeas petition.
Entered for the Court
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
18
No. 10-6243, O’Neal v. Newton-Embry.
KELLY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I agree with the court that Anderson v. State, 130 P.3d 273 (Okla. Crim.
App. Feb. 22, 2006) is not the case on which to reject Ms. O’Neal’s equal
protection claim; it simply does not apply to defendants who plead. I disagree
with the court that Mr. Sharp and Ms. O’Neal are not similarly situated because
Ms. O’Neal could have raised her claim based on Ferguson v. State, 143 P.3d 218(Okla. Crim. App. Aug. 30, 2006) (negotiated nolo plea), when she filed her
application to withdraw her blind nolo plea on January 22, 2007. The fact
remains that Pickens v. State, 158 P.3d 482 (Okla. Crim. App. May 4, 2007),
announced that the 85% rule would extend to all negotiated and blind pleas
(including Ms. O’Neal’s blind nolo plea and Mr. Sharp’s guilty plea). The OCCA
then applied the new rule in Mr. Sharp’s case, but not that of Ms. O’Neal. Such
selective application of the rule to similarly situated defendants on appeal
violates equal protection. See Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 323, 328
(1987).
The OCCA apparently recognized the obvious importance of Pickens when,
in denying Ms. O’Neal’s certiorari rehearing petition said that it fully considered
it. 5 D. Ct. (ECF) Doc. 8-5 at 2. Indeed, Pickens is on all fours; the dissent in that
5
Thus, I would not reject Ms. O’Neal’s claim based upon a failure to exhaust given the
date of Pickens. It is not clear what more she could have done—or what more reasonably
Continued . . .
case tells us that Mr. Pickens failed to raise the 85% rule in his application to
withdraw before the trial court, yet the OCCA still reached the merits of his claim
and granted him relief. 158 P.2d at 484 (Lumpkin, J., dissenting). Pickens
applies worlds more than Anderson which the OCCA applied in rejecting Ms.
O’Neal’s certiorari petition. D. Ct. (ECF) Doc. 8-3 at 3. Although the court
notes that we may affirm on any basis finding support in the record, we cannot
ignore the stated basis of the OCCA’s decisions and its application of Rule
4.2(B). For example, this court concludes that Mr. Sharp would be entitled to an
exception to Rule 4.2(B) because his motion to withdraw came in one day after
Anderson—a completely speculative conclusion. Having announced a new rule,
Oklahoma must apply it evenly and on a principled basis.
Entered for the Court
David M. Ebel
Circuit Judge
______________________________________
Cont.
could be expected of her—to exhaust. Moreover, because the OCCA indicated that it
actually considered Pickens and its import is apparent, the purpose behind exhaustion
would not be served.
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