United States v. Johns

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JAN 5 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 04-2142
v. (D. New Mexico)
KRISTA NANETTE JOHNS, (D.C. No. 02-2259 LH)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before EBEL , MURPHY , and McCONNELL , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This case is
therefore submitted without oral argument.
New Mexico State Police Officer Beau Johnston found cocaine on
Petitioner Krista Johns when he patted her down during a traffic stop. Ms. Johns
argues that the cocaine should be suppressed because the pat-down violated the
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
*
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Fourth Amendment. The district court, however, concluded that Officer Johnston
had reasonable suspicion that Ms. Johns might have been armed and dangerous,
and therefore denied Ms. Johns’s suppression motion. We agree and AFFIRM.
I.
On September 15, 2002, Officer Johnston stopped a blue minivan for
speeding on I-10 in New Mexico. The driver was Jeffrey Brown; Ms. Johns and
her two-year-old daughter were the passengers. Officer Johnston asked for Mr.
Brown’s license and registration, and Mr. Brown produced a California
identification card, an interim driver’s license, and a number of rental car
documents. He then accompanied Officer Johnston to the patrol car.
The rental documents indicated that the van had been rented by someone
named Yolanda Diaz and was more than a week overdue. One copy of the rental
agreement was signed by Ms. Diaz and listed no other authorized drivers; another
copy listed Mr. Brown as an authorized driver but was not signed by Ms. Diaz.
Officer Johnston, suspicious that Mr. Brown had no authority to operate the
vehicle, asked him who Yolanda Diaz was. Mr. Brown said she was his daughter.
Officer Johnston left Brown at the patrol car and returned to the van to get
some information to complete the speeding citation. While at the van, he asked
Ms. Johns for her driver’s license, which she produced, and asked her if she knew
Yolanda Diaz. She replied that Yolanda was Brown’s sister-in-law.
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Officer Johnston returned to the patrol car and ran Ms. Johns’s license.
While doing so, he asked Mr. Brown for Yolanda Diaz’s telephone number.
Brown provided two numbers, but a dispatch officer was unable to contact Diaz
using either one. Officer Johnston also asked Brown if there were any drugs in
the van. He asked about several different drugs in turn—marijuana, cocaine,
methamphetamine, heroin—and Mr. Brown denied possession of each. But,
according to Officer Johnston, Mr. Brown’s demeanor changed when he denied
possession of cocaine. Officer Johnston then asked Brown for permission to
search the van, and Brown gave both oral and written consent.
Before searching the vehicle, however, Officer Johnston asked Brown if he
had any weapons on him. Brown told him he had a pocket knife, so Officer
Johnston patted him down and retrieved the knife. He also found a drug pipe in a
small pocket near Brown’s ankle. Brown said the pipe was for smoking “speed”
but that the last time he had used it was two days ago. Officer Johnston then
asked Brown to stand near a fence away from the road while he searched the van.
At the van, Officer Johnston told Ms. Johns that Brown had consented to a
search. He asked her if there were any drugs in the car—marijuana, cocaine,
methamphetamine, heroin—and she denied it. But again, Officer Johnston
observed a change in demeanor when he asked about cocaine. He then obtained
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Ms. Johns’s permission to search the vehicle and asked her to exit along with her
child.
Ms. Johns stood up as if she were going to wrap a blanket around her
daughter. But then she set the child down and adjusted the clothing around her
thighs, waist, and bra. She was wearing baggy blue sweat pants, a loose-fitting,
lime-green T-shirt, and a red bandana. Again she picked up the child, only to put
her down again and re-adjust her clothing. Officer Johnston testified that she did
this “maybe three or four [times]” before exiting the van. Aple. Supp. App. 76.
When she finally exited the van, Officer Johnston executed the pat-down at issue
and discovered several packages of cocaine.
II.
When reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and accept the district
court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. U.S. v. Kimoana, 383
F.3d 1215, 1220 (10th Cir. 2004). The ultimate question of reasonableness under
the Fourth Amendment is a legal conclusion that we review de novo. Id.According to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Fourth Amendment,
officers may stop and frisk an individual when they have a reasonable and
articulable suspicion that the person may be involved in criminal activity and may
be armed and dangerous. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968); U.S. v. Harris,
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313 F.3d 1228, 1234 (10th Cir. 2002). “The sole justification of [such a] search .
. . is the protection of the police officer and others nearby, and it must therefore
be confined in scope to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives,
clubs, or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer.” Terry,
392 U.S. at 29. We judge both the reasonableness of the officer’s suspicion and
the scope of the search by an objective standard, taking into account the totality
of the circumstances. U.S. v. Johnson, 364 F.3d 1185, 1189 (10th Cir. 2004).
We find Officer Johnston’s search to be reasonable here. At the time he
conducted the pat-down, 1
Officer Johnston had discovered the knife and drug
paraphernalia on Mr. Brown. He confronted an overdue rental van with a
potentially unauthorized driver, and he had received inconsistent answers on the
identity of the actual renter, Yolanda Diaz—Brown said she was his daughter, Ms.
Johns that she was Brown’s sister-in-law. Finally, both Brown and Ms. Johns
gave nervous denials when asked if the van contained cocaine. Based on these
facts, Officer Johnston began to suspect that Brown and Ms. Johns were involved
in transporting drugs.
Knowing that drug transportation and weapons often go together, Officer
Johnston then encountered Ms. Johns’s strange behavior before she exited the
Ms. Johns does not challenge Officer Johnston’s conduct prior to the pat-
1
down; therefore we do not evaluate it.
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van. Three or four times she set her daughter down and adjusted the loose-fitting
clothing around her thighs, waist, and bra. Based on this conduct and all that
went before, Officer Johnston reasonably concluded that Ms. Johns was
concealing something—possibly a weapon—under her clothing. A brief pat-down
under these circumstances is not unreasonable. Cf. Harris, 313 F.3d at 1236(odor of burnt marijuana, defendant’s nervous behavior, and defendant’s refusal
to remove his hands from his pockets gave officer reasonable suspicion that
defendant might be concealing a weapon in one of his pockets).
In response to this straightforward analysis, Ms. Johns argues that, whether
or not these facts could give rise to reasonable suspicion, Officer Johnston
harbored no actual suspicion, and therefore the pat-down was unreasonable. Aplt.
Br. 12. One important obstacle to this argument is the district court’s factual
finding that Officer Johnston “belie[ved] that Ms. Johns was armed,” Dist. Ct.
Op. 4, a factual finding we will overturn only for clear error. In support of this
finding, the government points to two pieces of evidence. First, on cross-
examination, defense counsel asked Officer Johnston, “[Ms. Johns] didn’t do
anything that made you think she was dangerous[?]” to which Johnston replied,
“No ma’am, other than adjusting herself just before she got out.” Aple. Supp.
App. 123. This response suggests that Officer Johnston did believe Ms. Johns
might be dangerous. Second, when Ms. Johns finally exited the van, Officer
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Johnston asked her if she had any weapons, again indicating that he thought she
might be armed. In light of this evidence, we cannot conclude that the district
court’s factual finding was clearly erroneous, and we reject Ms. Johns’s argument
accordingly. 2
III.
Because Officer Johnston had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that
Ms. Johns might be armed and presently dangerous, the pat-down was reasonable.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
is, therefore, AFFIRMED .
Entered for the Court,
Michael W. McConnell
Circuit Judge
2
Our rejection of Ms. Johns’s argument on this factual ground should not be
taken as an implicit endorsement of her underlying legal claim, namely, that an
officer must harbor an actual belief that the suspect may be armed in order to
conduct a pat-down under Terry. Reasonable suspicion is an objective standard;
the subjective beliefs of the officer are irrelevant. U.S. v. Callarman, 273 F.3d
1284, 1286 (10th Cir. 2001). We resolve the issue on factual grounds simply
because the government did not raise the legal argument.
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