Sperry v. Werholtz

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
April 16, 2009
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
JEFFREY J. SPERRY,
Plaintiff - Appellant, No. 08-3274
v. (D. Kansas)
ROGER WERHOLTZ, Secretary, (D.C. No. 5:04-CV-03125-CM)
Kansas Department of Corrections, in
his individual and official capacity,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before HARTZ, McKAY, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
Jeffrey Sperry, an inmate in the custody of the Kansas Department of
Corrections (KDOC), brought this pro se action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the
United States District Court for the District of Kansas against Roger Werholtz,
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Secretary of KDOC (the Secretary). 1 Mr. Sperry challenged two Kansas prison
rules. One is a regulation that bans the possession of sexually explicit materials
by inmates in state correctional facilities. He contended that this regulation
violates his First Amendment right to freedom of expression, his Fourth
Amendment right to freedom from illegal seizures, and his Fourteenth
Amendment right to due process of law. The second is a prison policy requiring
each Kansas inmate to place 10% of funds received from sources outside of
KDOC into a “mandatory savings account” for the prisoner’s use when he is
released from prison. R. Vol. 2 at 71. He contended that this policy violates his
Fourth Amendment right to freedom from illegal seizures and his Fourteenth
Amendment right to due process of law. He also contended that this policy
constitutes criminal deprivation of property, conversion, and illegal taxation
under Kansas law.
On July 6, 2007, the district court granted summary judgment to the
Secretary on all claims relating to the ban on sexually explicit materials,
concluding that Mr. Sperry lacked standing to challenge the regulation. On
September 12, 2008, the court granted summary judgment to the Secretary on
1
Mr. Sperry was originally joined in this action by three fellow inmates in
the custody of KDOC. The district court dismissed the entire action for failure to
exhaust administrative remedies. We affirmed the dismissal as to the three other
inmates. But because Mr. Sperry had exhausted administrative remedies, we
reversed and remanded his claims to the district court. See McGoldrick v.
Werholtz, 185 F. App’x 741 (10th Cir. 2006).
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Mr. Sperry’s Fourteenth Amendment challenge to the mandatory-savings policy,
concluding that it did not violate his substantive or procedural due-process rights.
That same day, the court also entered an order concluding that Mr. Sperry’s
remaining challenges to the mandatory-savings policy were waived because they
were omitted from the pretrial order.
Mr. Sperry appeals the district court’s summary-judgment orders and its
conclusion that his Fourth Amendment and state-law challenges to the mandatory-
savings policy were waived. He contends (1) that he suffered an injury-in-fact
sufficient to establish standing to challenge the ban on sexually explicit materials;
(2) that he has been permanently deprived of the funds in his mandatory savings
account in violation of his rights to substantive and procedural due process
because he is serving a life sentence and will therefore never get the money; and
(3) that dismissal of his other claims on the ground that they were waived was
improper because he was assured at the final pretrial conference that the pretrial
order encompassed all the claims raised in his complaint. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We hold that Mr. Sperry established his standing to
challenge the regulation regarding sexually explicit material, so we must reverse
and remand for further proceedings on that claim. In all other respects, we affirm
the judgment below.
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I. BAN ON SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIALS
Mr. Sperry challenges Kansas Administrative Regulation (KAR) 44-12-313,
which was amended, effective April 1, 2004, to prohibit the possession of
sexually explicit materials by inmates in state correctional facilities. He contends
that the amended regulation violates his First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment
rights. The district court ruled that Mr. Sperry lacked standing because he had
failed to allege that KDOC had seized or threatened to seize his materials, or that
there was an immediate danger that KDOC would seize his materials.
We disagree. On April 1, 2004, KDOC officials set a May 1 deadline for
inmates to destroy or dispose of sexually explicit materials in their possession.
Mr. Sperry possessed sexually explicit materials, which he mailed to the district
court on April 29, 2004—just before the regulation became effective—to comply
with the regulation and to serve as evidence in this case. The natural inference
from these events is that KDOC would discipline inmates who possessed sexually
explicit material after May 1, 2004, and that Mr. Sperry would have had such
material on that date if he had not exercised self-censorship. These circumstances
suffice to establish Mr. Sperry’s standing to challenge the regulation. See
Virginia v. Am. Booksellers Ass’n, Inc., 484 U.S. 383, 393 (1988) (book seller had
standing to challenge statute even before effective date, when state did not
suggest that statute would not be enforced and danger of self-censorship can be
realized even without prosecution); Ward v. Utah, 321 F.3d 1263, 1264 (10th Cir.
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2003); Am. Civil Liberties Union v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 1149, 1154–55 (10th Cir.
1999); Meisberger v. Donahue, 245 F.R.D. 627, 629 (S.D. Ind. 2007).
We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this
issue and remand for further proceedings.
II. MANDATORY-SAVINGS POLICY
Mr. Sperry also challenges KDOC Internal Management Policy and
Procedure (IMPP) 04-103, which requires Kansas inmates to place 10% of all
funds received from sources outside of KDOC into a “mandatory savings
account.” R. Vol. 2 at 71. While incarcerated, an inmate has very limited access
to funds in this account. The funds and any accrued interest are provided to the
inmate upon his release or, if the inmate dies while in custody, to his estate.
Mr. Sperry claims that this mandatory-savings policy deprives him of both
substantive and procedural due process.
We first address the substantive-due-process claim. A prison regulation
does not violate a prisoner’s substantive-due-process rights unless the prisoner
proves that the regulation lacks “a rational relation to legitimate penological
interests.” Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126, 132 (2003) (upholding restrictions
on visitation). In Steffey v. Orman, 461 F.3d 1218 (10th Cir. 2006) we upheld a
prison regulation that prohibited inmates from receiving money from family
members of other inmates because the regulation served a “legitimate penological
interest in preventing inmates from using their family members to pay off their
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drug, gambling or other debts to fellow inmates, or from extorting money from an
inmate’s family with threats of harm.” Id. at 1222.
KDOC has asserted that its mandatory-savings policy is intended to
“enhance success” of inmates upon their release from custody. R. Vol. 1 at 62.
Mr. Sperry does not contend that this is not a legitimate penological interest.
Rather, he contends that this interest does not apply to him because he is serving
a life sentence. But Mr. Sperry is not serving a life sentence without parole; there
is a possibility that he will be released. He admits that he will “see the parole
board [in] 18 years.” Id. at 60. Even if his release is “a great many years into the
future,” Aplt. Br. at 22, KDOC retains a legitimate interest in providing
Mr. Sperry with a source of funds upon his release to ease his transition into
society. Accordingly, we reject Mr. Sperry’s substantive-due-process claim.
Mr. Sperry’s procedural-due-process claim is that he was entitled to a
hearing before the money he received was moved to a mandatory savings account.
When evaluating whether an individual’s procedural-due-process rights were
violated, we consider (1) whether the individual possessed a protected property
interest and (2) whether the individual was afforded an appropriate level of
process. See Camuglia v. City of Albuquerque, 448 F.3d 1214, 1219 (10th Cir.
2006). We assume, without deciding, that Mr. Sperry had a protected property
interest in the money he received from outside of KDOC. See Gillihan v.
Shillinger, 872 F.2d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 1989) (inmate had property interest in
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“monies received from friends and family outside the prison”). Even so, he
received all the process he was due. No hearing was necessary to determine
whether 10% of the money received belongs in the savings account. IMPP
04-103 is a general prison policy applicable to all KDOC inmates. There would
be no factual issue to resolve if Mr. Sperry were provided a hearing. He does not
dispute that he is a KDOC inmate and that the money came from outside the
prison. Thus, the matter was effectively decided when the policy itself was
enacted. And Mr. Sperry had no right to participate in the enactment process.
See Bi-Metallic Inv. Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 239 U.S. 441, 445 (1915)
(“Where a rule of conduct applies to more than a few people, it is impracticable
that everyone should have a direct voice in its adoption.”); Okla. Educ. Ass’n v.
Alcoholic Beverage Laws Enforcement Comm’n, 889 F.2d 929 (10th Cir. 1989)
(individual state employees had no procedural-due-process right to a hearing to
challenge state law prohibiting all state employees from working in liquor
industry).
We therefore affirm the district court’s order granting summary judgment
to the Secretary on Mr. Sperry’s due-process challenges to the mandatory-savings
policy. 2
2
Mr. Sperry’s brief on appeal also complains that the funds of all prisoners
in mandatory savings accounts are pooled. But we can discern no constitutional
claim based on this factual allegation. Mr. Sperry does not suggest that his
personal funds are not accounted for separately.
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III. OTHER CLAIMS
Finally, Mr. Sperry appeals the district court’s ruling that his Fourth
Amendment and state-law challenges to the mandatory-savings policy were not
included in the pretrial order and were therefore waived. Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 16(d) dictates that the pretrial order “controls the course” of the
litigation, unless modified by the court. “[C]laims, issues, defenses, or theories
of damages not included in the pretrial order are waived even if they appeared in
the complaint.” Wilson v. Muckala, 303 F.3d 1207, 1215 (10th Cir. 2002).
Mr. Sperry contends that he did not waive any claims because he approved
the pretrial order only “with the court’s understanding that it encompasse[d] all of
the claims [he] ha[d] raised in his complaint.” Aplt. Br. at 12. Yet he provides
no evidentiary support for this assertion. One cannot reasonably read the pretrial
order as setting forth any state-law claims or claims based on the Fourth
Amendment. With respect to the governing law, the pretrial order states that “the
parties believe and agree the substantive issues in this case are governed by the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.” R. Vol. 3 at 244. This
statement clearly forecloses any state-law claims. True, the Fourteenth
Amendment incorporates the Fourth Amendment as applied to the States; but the
pretrial order’s section that summarizes Mr. Sperry’s theories of recovery
mentions nothing that could be construed as relating to the law governing search
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and seizure. Hence, we agree with the district court that Mr. Sperry waived his
Fourth Amendment and state-law challenges to the mandatory-savings policy.
IV. CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the summary judgment on Mr. Sperry’s challenges to the
sexually-explicit-material regulation and REMAND for further proceedings on
that claim; but we AFFIRM the remainder of the judgment below.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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