United States v. Meeks

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
DEC 18 1998
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 97-8113
(D.C. No. 96-CR-83-001)
VERLE DEAN MEEKS, (District of Wyoming)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before PORFILIO and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and CAMPBELL, District
Judge **
A jury convicted Verle Dean Meeks of violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)
which prohibits a person convicted of a felony from possessing a firearm. Mr.
Meeks presents three issues for review. First, he contends the evidence
supporting his conviction was highly prejudicial and should have been excluded
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
The Honorable Tena Campbell, United States District Judge for the
District of Utah, sitting by designation.
under Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 117 S. Ct. 644 (1997). Second,
he maintains a substantial variance between the charges in the indictment and the
government’s proof prejudiced his right to notice, due process, and a fair trial.
Third, he urges the evidence of possession was insufficient and the court erred in
instructing the jury on constructive possession. Finding no error, we affirm.
Verle Meeks owns a ranch on the Wind River Indian Reservation in
Wyoming. In the summer of 1995, he met Robin Rose, her parents, and four
children, who were camping in a nearby campground. Ms. Rose’s mother was
related to Mr. Meeks and was visiting the area to research her family’s history.
For the several weeks the Rose family was in the area, invited them to his ranch
to ride horses. Although the family returned to Utah at the end of the summer,
Ms. Rose and the children visited Mr. Meeks that fall for a month. The following
spring, Ms. Rose and her daughter, Ashley, then 7, son, Glen, age 9, and a niece,
Dawn Gilbert, age 11, moved in with Mr. Meeks. In July, another niece, Jennifer
Brock, Dawn’s half-sister joined the family.
In the middle of the night of July 7, 1996, tribal police arrested Mr. Meeks
at his home in response to allegations he sexually molested the children. On
July 26, 1996, an indictment charged Mr. Meeks with five counts of abusive
sexual contact with a minor and four counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a
minor. Six months later, the government filed a superceding indictment adding a
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tenth count, charging a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), alleging Mr. Meeks
possessed a firearm after he was convicted in 1974 of forcible rape.
At a pre-trial motions hearing in July 1997, Mr. Meeks’ counsel moved to
bifurcate the trial of count 10 from that of counts 1 through 9, arguing the
circumstances of the prior conviction would be highly prejudicial. Considerable
discussion was engaged in between the court and counsel, with the government’s
first resisting any notion of severing counts but then agreeing to the possibility of
a bifurcated trial. As outlined by the court, evidence would be taken on the
sexual assault counts first, the jury would deliberate, and after the verdict was
rendered, trial of the firearm count would immediately follow before the same
jury. During the course of discussion, defense counsel stated her principal
concern was to insure that during the trial of the sex offense counts, the jury was
not made aware that defendant’s prior felony involved forcible rape. She noted,
“it’s such a harsh word and evokes so much prejudice.”
The court then suggested counsel could merely stipulate to defendant’s
prior felony conviction without identifying the nature of the crime and avoid the
necessity of the bifurcated trial. Before counsel who seemed in agreement with
that suggestion could respond, however, the court stated: “I will grant [defense
counsel’s] motion to bifurcate or, in the alternative, if you can work out a
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stipulation, I will allow you to do that and we can present the whole thing in one
fell swoop.”
What occurred in the interim is not clear, but trial was staged in two
segments in accordance with the bifurcated arrangement. We presume, therefore,
the parties were unable to reach a pretrial stipulation, given the court’s prior
ruling.
After four days of testimony, the jury returned a not guilty verdict on the
first nine counts. As proposed, the second stage began immediately, and Mr.
Meeks was found guilty later that day of violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The
court sentenced Mr. Meeks to twenty-one months’ imprisonment.
Mr. Meeks bases his contention the court erred in permitting the
government to present the circumstances of his prior conviction on Old Chief.
That case proscribed such evidence under Rule 403 once the defendant has
conceded the fact of conviction. 117 S. Ct. at 647. In this case, defendant’s
counsel hypothesizes the jury which had just acquitted him of nine counts of
sexual contact with a child, perhaps after disbelieving the children’s testimony
and feeling sympathy for this otherwise weathered rancher, became angered when
it discovered defendant’s prior felony conviction was for forcible rape. The
swiftness of the jury’s second verdict, he maintains, attests to the extreme
prejudice the evidence of the nature of his prior felony caused. The argument
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rings hollow, however, in light of what actually occurred at trial. Despite all the
wrangling over whether the jury should find out Mr. Meeks had been convicted of
forcible rape, the damning evidence went to the jury by stipulation.
At the outset of the second phase of the trial, the government offered the
testimony of the victim of the rape offense to establish the fact of conviction and
to identify Mr. Meeks as the perpetrator. Defense counsel objected, and outside
the presence of the jury stated: “I wanted to inform the Court that we will
stipulate to the fact that he has a rape conviction. I alluded to that yesterday, but
I didn’t enter formal stipulation, but my client will stipulate to that, Your Honor.”
Although the court replied the government did not have to accept the stipulation,
the prosecutor, referring to Old Chief, advised the court it could be an abuse of
discretion for the court to proceed in that fashion. After some discussion, the
court asked defense counsel, “The other stipulation is that Verle Meeks was
convicted of forcible rape” to which counsel interjected, “Yes,” and the court
continued, “on the date alleged in this document?” Although counsel’s agreement
occurred before the court finished its statement, government counsel then asked
her, “Stipulate the admission of written documents without [the victim’s]
testimony? To which she replied, “Yes.” 3
3
In his brief, defendant states the stipulation was defense counsel’s
“accept[ance of] the lesser of two evils.” The record does not justify this
statement. It is clear defense counsel’s intent was to enter the stipulation from
(continued...)
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Turning to the jury, the court then read to it from the stipulated documents.
Among the facts read were that Mr. Meeks had been charged with the crime of
rape, that the rape was committed “forcibly and against [the victim’s] will,” and
that Mr. Meeks was convicted and sentenced to a term of five years.
In United States v. Wilson, 107 F.3d 774 (10th Cir. 1997), we concluded
although it was Old Chief error to introduce evidence of the nature of a prior
conviction after defendant offered to stipulate, the error was harmless because of
overwhelming additional evidence assuring the “prior conviction evidence” did
not substantially influence the outcome of the trial. Id. at 786. In United States
v. Wacker, 72 F.3d 1453, 1472 (10th Cir. 1995), we held, pre-Old Chief, the
district court abused its discretion in permitting the government to introduce
evidence of the prior conviction after defendant offered to stipulate to the
element. Again, however, the court held the error was harmless in the face of
substantial evidence of guilt. We therefore proceed on the basis Old Chief error
is subject to harmless error review and conclude any error the district court might
have made with respect to defendant’s Old Chief objection was harmless.
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(...continued)
the outset. Indeed, before the court erroneously stated the government did not
have to accept the stipulation, she told the court she had “alluded to that
[stipulation] yesterday.” She does not suggest she was pressed into accepting a
distasteful compromise. To the contrary, her prior allusion suggests a calculated
choice on her part. Moreover, her intent to stipulate entirely conforms to the
prospect established by the court’s pretrial order. To say this was the “lesser of
two evils” contradicts what is plain in the record.
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We reach this conclusion because defendant’s stipulation allowed the
seemingly objectionable facts to go to the jury. Although defendant argues the
government exacerbated the prejudicial effect of the evidence by its subsequent
examination of witnesses without objection and in response to defendant’s prior
testimony of good character, that argument is meritless because of his own
judicial admission.
Defendant next contends though the government had charged him with
possession of a .22 caliber rifle, it introduced an array of evidence of other
firearms and ammunition of which he had no notice or opportunity to rebut. He
claims this resulted in a variance between the proof and the charges. No
objection was made to this evidence, and defendant recognizes this contention is
also subject to harmless error analysis.
The basis of this offering is the testimony of Dawn Gilbert, Glen Rose, and
Robin Rose who were asked during the first phase about all of the guns at the
house and Mr. Meeks’ using them to shoot coyote and other prey threatening his
sheep and cattle. None of this evidence was introduced during the second phase
of the trial.
“A variance arises when the evidence adduced at trial establishes facts
different from those alleged in an indictment.” United States v. Edwards, 69
F.3d 419, 432 (10th Cir. 1995). The variance is reversible error only if it affects
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the substantial rights of the accused. United States v. Ailsworth, 138 F.3d 843,
848 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 221 (1998).
Defendant now argues the substantial right of which he was deprived was
the right to notice. But, as the government points out, he received notice on
July 28, 1997, one week before trial, that the government would offer
“Inextricably Intertwined Evidence.” If that did not provide him ample time to
prepare his defense, he made no effort to call the problem to the attention of the
district court.
Defendant also suggests the government was improperly permitted to use
the evidence of the presence of other weapons in his home to prove his guilt of
the possession of a single firearm. However, the district court carefully instructed
the jury in phase two that the defendant was not on trial for any act or conduct not
specifically charged in the indictment and that the only crime of which he was
charged was the possession of a specific rifle. Under these circumstances, we see
no plain error.
Finally, Mr. Meeks urges the evidence to support his conviction was
insufficient and the court’s instruction on constructive possession was improper
when all the evidence was directed to actual possession. His first point is
underscored by his peroration on the inherent incredibility of the witnesses in the
first phase, and the second by the fact there was no objection to the instruction.
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In light of the way in which the evidence was presented in two phases, we
find it difficult to follow the point defendant attempts to make about whether the
jury could disbelieve the testimony about the sexual offenses and still credit the
testimony of the witnesses about the defendant’s possession of firearms. In phase
two, the principal government witness was defendant’s son who stated he left his
own rifle in defendant’s house and recovered it after defendant’s arrest. 4 This
was the rifle upon which the charge was predicated, and the son’s testimony
clearly placed the rifle in a home owned and occupied by the defendant.
In United States v. Mills, 29 F.3d 545 (10th Cir. 1994), we reversed a
§ 922(g) conviction, stating the government must prove defendant knowingly
possessed a firearm. Id. at 549. We noted actual or constructive possession
satisfies the statute. Id. A person has constructive possession when he
knowingly holds ownership, dominion, or control over the object and the premises
where it is found. Id. (citations omitted). While the government may prove
constructive possession by circumstantial evidence, it may be inferred if
defendant has exclusive control of the premises. In Mills, however, there was
joint occupancy and the guns were placed in a garage separate from defendant’s
house. Here, there’s no question defendant had exclusive possession of the house
where the rifle was found. We believe the evidence was sufficient.
4
Dawn, Glen, and Robin did not testify in phase two.
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Arguing the impropriety of the instruction, defendant relies on United
States v. James, 819 F.2d 674 (6th Cir. 1987), which reversed a conviction and
remanded for new trial because the only evidence involved two different stories
whether defendant was holding the gun or the officers found the gun under the
mattress. Mr. Meeks characterizes this case similarly – all of the evidence either
sought to establish he owned this rifle or he didn’t.
Reviewing this allegation under plain error analysis, we believe it is
unavailing. Because the government’s evidence established the presence of the
rifle in the defendant’s house at a time when he was absent, it was proper for the
jury to consider whether his possession of the weapon was constructive. The
James case is simply inapposite.
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
John C. Porfilio
Circuit Judge
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