United States v. Marquez

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT July 3, 2014
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 14-3085
(D.C. No. 2:12-CR-20066-KHV-JPO-24)
ALFREDO MARQUEZ, (D. Kan.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, KELLY and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
Alfredo Marquez pleaded guilty to conspiracy to manufacture, to possess with
intent to distribute and to distribute 280 grams or more of cocaine base, “crack,” a
controlled substance; and to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute five
kilograms or more of a mixture and substance containing cocaine, a controlled
substance. On April 3, 2014, the district court sentenced him to 235 months of
*
This panel has determined that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The
case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment
is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
imprisonment. Pursuant to the plea agreement, he waived his right to appeal any
sentence that was within the guideline range determined appropriate by the court.
The sentence imposed was at the low end of the applicable guideline sentencing
range. Nevertheless, Mr. Marquez filed a notice of appeal concerning his sentence.
The government has moved to enforce the plea agreement pursuant to United States
v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (per curiam).
Under Hahn, in evaluating a motion to enforce a waiver, we consider:
“(1) whether the disputed appeal falls within the scope of the waiver of appellate
rights; (2) whether the defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived his appellate
rights; and (3) whether enforcing the waiver would result in a miscarriage of justice.”
359 F.3d at 1325. Mr. Marquez contends that his appeal does not fall within the
scope of the appeal waiver and/or that enforcement would result in a miscarriage of
justice. We disagree.
The issue Mr. Marquez proposes to raise on appeal is whether he is entitled to
argue for a two level reduction in his sentence based on proposed changes in the law
to reduce the drug quantity base offense level by two levels. His argument is “based
in large part on the unusual and unforeseeable circumstance of significant proposed
changes in sentencing laws which occurred around the time [he] was sentenced.”
Resp. at 1. Specifically, Mr. Marquez cites an April 10, 2014, news release from the
U.S. Sentencing Commission which said that it “‘voted unanimously to amend the
[sentencing] guidelines to lower the base offense levels in the Drug Quantity Table
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across drug types.’” Id. According to Mr. Marquez, the Commission stated that the
changes would “‘[g]enerally reduce by two levels the base offense levels for all drug
types in the Drug Quantity Table in guideline 2D1.1, which governs drug trafficking
cases.’” Id. at 1-2. He argues that “[t]hese changes in public policy were not
foreseeable and were outside the scope of the waiver of appeal rights contained in the
plea agreement.” Id. at 2.
As to the first Hahn factor, Mr. Marquez admits that his sentence was within
the appropriate guidelines range determined by the district court. But he argues that
the waiver language in the plea agreement is ambiguous because it “does not
[include] potential changes in the sentencing guidelines themselves or changes in the
expressed policy of the Department of Justice,” and should be strictly construed
against the government in favor of his appellate rights. Resp. at 2.
To the contrary, the plea agreement provides that Mr. Marquez “knowingly
waives any right to appeal a sentence imposed which is within the guideline range
determined appropriate by the court. . . . In other words, [he] waives the right to
appeal the sentence imposed in this case except to the extent, if any, the court departs
upwards from the applicable sentencing guideline range determined by the court.”
Plea Agmt. at 6-7. The sentence was within the appropriate guideline range
determined by the court, and his proposed appeal is barred by the plain language of
the agreement.
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As to the other Hahn factor, there is no miscarriage of justice. A miscarriage
of justice occurs where, among other things, “the waiver is otherwise unlawful.”
359 F.3d at 1327. In turn, a waiver is “unlawful” if “the error . . . seriously affect[s]
the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Mr. Marquez argues that “enforcement of the waiver would be ‘otherwise
unlawful’ because it would result in unequal applications of the law in which
similarly situated defendants receive different sentences.” Resp. at 4. We fail to see
how enforcing Mr. Marquez’s waiver would seriously affect the fairness, integrity or
public reputation of judicial proceedings. To the contrary, the sentence was in
conformance with the terms of the plea agreement and the understanding expressed
by Mr. Marquez at the sentencing hearing. More to the point, “plea agreements . . .
represent a bargained-for understanding between the government and criminal
defendants in which each side foregoes certain rights and assumes certain risks in
exchange for a degree of certainty as to the outcome of criminal matters.” United
States v. Porter, 405 F.3d 1136, 1145 (10th Cir. 2005). We have recognized that
“[o]ne such risk is a favorable change in the law. To allow defendants or the
government to routinely invalidate plea agreements based on subsequent changes in
the law would decrease the prospects of reaching an agreement in the first place, an
undesirable outcome given the importance of plea bargaining to the criminal justice
system.” Id.-4-
The motion to enforce is granted and this appeal is dismissed.
Entered for the Court
Per Curiam
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