Bushyhead v. Wade

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
August 27, 2014
TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
GREGORY JOHN BUSHYHEAD,
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 14-5015
(D.C. No. 4:10-CV-00797-CVE-FHM)
MICHAEL WADE, Warden, (N.D. Oklahoma)
Respondent - Appellee.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before HARTZ, McKAY, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
Applicant Gregory Bushyhead was driving a truck in Tulsa, Oklahoma, when he
was involved in an intersection collision that killed the passenger in the other vehicle. He
was convicted of driving-under-the-influence (DUI) manslaughter and leaving the scene
of an accident. His direct appeal to the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA)
was unsuccessful, as was his later appeal to the OCCA of the trial court’s denial of his
motion for postconviction relief. On December 14, 2010, he filed an application for
relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the Northern District
of Oklahoma. The district court denied relief and Applicant now seeks from us a
certificate of appealability (COA) to raise a number of challenges to his conviction.1 See
28 U.S.C. §2253(c)(1)(A) (requiring a COA to appeal denial of §2254 application). We
deny a COA and dismiss the appeal.
I. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
A COA will issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard requires “a
demonstration that . . . includes showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or,
for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or
that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.”
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other
words, the applicant must show that the district court’s resolution of the constitutional
claim was either “debatable or wrong.” Id.
If the application was denied on procedural grounds, the applicant faces a double
hurdle. Not only must the applicant make a substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right, but he must also show “that jurists of reason would find it debatable
whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Id. “Where a plain
procedural bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to dispose of the
case, a reasonable jurist could not conclude either that the district court erred in
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Applicant raised two issues in district court that he does not pursue here: that he was
convicted under a different statute from what he was charged under and cumulative error.
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dismissing the petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed further.” Id.
One procedural ground for denying a § 2254 application is that the claim was
procedurally barred in state court. “Claims that are defaulted in state court on adequate
and independent state procedural grounds will not be considered by a habeas court, unless
the petitioner can demonstrate cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of
justice.” Smith v. Workman, 550 F.3d 1258, 1274 (10th Cir. 2008).
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) provides
that when a claim has been adjudicated on the merits in a state court, a federal court can
grant habeas relief only if the applicant establishes that the state-court decision was
“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,
as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). As we have explained:
Under the “contrary to” clause, we grant relief only if the state court arrives
at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question
of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the Court has on a
set of materially indistinguishable facts.
Gipson v. Jordan, 376 F.3d 1193, 1196 (10th Cir. 2004) (brackets and internal quotation
marks omitted). Relief is provided under the “unreasonable application” clause “only if
the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s
decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id.
(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, a federal court may not issue a
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habeas writ simply because it concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant
state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly.
See id. Rather, that application must have been unreasonable. Therefore, for those of
Defendant’s claims that the OCCA adjudicated on the merits, “AEDPA’s deferential
treatment of state court decisions must be incorporated into our consideration of [his]
request for [a] COA.” Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004).
B. Grounds Raised on Direct Appeal with the OCCA
Two of Applicant’s claims were presented to and rejected by the OCCA on direct
appeal.
We first address Applicant’s argument that the manslaughter instruction
incorrectly set forth the elements of driving while impaired (DWI), omitting the
requirement that he was driving “with impaired ability.” Aplt. Pet. at 10 (internal
quotation marks omitted). The OCCA rejected the claim, noting that a separate
instruction properly laid out the elements of DWI. No reasonable jurist could debate the
district court’s determination that the OCCA’s decision was not contrary to or an
unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent. See United States v. Park, 421
U.S. 658, 674 (1975) (“[A] single instruction to a jury may not be judged in artificial
isolation, but must be viewed in the context of the overall charge.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Applicant’s other argument that was raised on direct appeal is that he was denied
due process because the trial court refused to give his theory-of-defense instructions on
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proximate cause. He argues that it was contested at trial whether he or the other driver
was responsible for the accident and that the jury should have been informed that even if
he was intoxicated, he still had to have caused the accident in order to be guilty of
manslaughter. The OCCA stated that a proximate-cause instruction was not supported by
the law or evidence. An instruction at trial “required the jury to find that the death of a
human occurred as the ‘direct result of an act or event which happened in the commission
of a misdemeanor.’” Bushyhead v. Wade, No. 10-CV-0797-CVE-FHM, 2014 WL
585355, at *7 (N. D. Okla. Feb. 13 2014). And another instruction stated that “‘no
person may be convicted of manslaughter in the first degree unless both the fact of the
death of the person allegedly killed and the fact that his death was caused by the conduct
of another person are established as independent facts and beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
Id. (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). The district court concluded that the
instructions as a whole informed the jury that Applicant had to be the direct cause of the
victim’s death. No reasonable jurist could debate the district court’s conclusion that the
refusal to give Applicant’s requested proximate-cause instructions was not a deprivation
of his due-process rights.
C. The Remaining Claims
The other grounds presented to this court were deemed waived by the OCCA
when it considered Applicant’s postconviction motion because they could have been
raised on direct appeal and were not. Applicant’s sole challenge to the OCCA’s waiver
ruling is that his counsel on direct appeal was ineffective in not raising the claims.
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Although the OCCA ruled in Applicant’s postconviction appeal that his counsel on direct
appeal was not ineffective, the district court did not defer to that ruling because, in its
view, the OCCA had applied an incorrect test for assessing ineffectiveness. But
addressing the issue de novo, it ruled that there was no ineffectiveness, upholding the
procedural bar. We agree with the district court’s analysis of ineffectiveness, so we need
not consider whether the OCCA applied the wrong test. We now turn to the merits of the
ineffectiveness claim.
To establish ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, the applicant “must show
both (1) constitutionally deficient performance, by demonstrating that his appellate
counsel’s conduct was objectively unreasonable, and (2) resulting prejudice, by
demonstrating a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error(s), the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” McGee v. Higgins, 568 F.3d 832,
838 (10th Cir. 2009) (ellipses and internal quotation marks omitted). Our analysis of
whether appellate counsel’s omission of an issue on appeal constituted ineffective
assistance of counsel ordinarily begins with an examination of the merits of the issue.
See Malicoat v. Mullin, 426 F.3d 1241, 1249 (10th Cir. 2005). “If the omitted issue is so
plainly meritorious that it would have been unreasonable to winnow it out even from an
otherwise strong appeal, its omission may directly establish deficient performance.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). “On the other hand, if the omitted issue has merit but
is not so compelling, we must examine the issue in relation to the rest of the appeal.” Id.
“[O]f course, if the issue is meritless, its omission will not constitute deficient
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performance.” Cargle v. Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196, 1202 (10th Cir. 2008) (footnote
omitted). And “[h]abeas relief is warranted only if the petitioner establishes a reasonable
probability of a favorable result had his appellate counsel raised the omitted issue.” Id.
The district court determined that Applicant’s waived claims lack merit. We
summarize the district court’s responses to each claim.
Applicant raises several challenges to the testimony by the state’s accident
reconstructionist. The district court ruled (1) that the testimony satisfied the standards of
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), did not invade the
province of the jury, and did not incorrectly instruct the jury on the law; and (2) that
Applicant was not denied materials necessary to cross-examine the expert.
Applicant argues that the jury was inflamed against him when one of the jurors
told the rest of the jury that he had been involved in a traffic accident with a drunk driver.
The accident occurred on the evening before the last day of trial. The district court ruled
the claim meritless, noting that the juror involved in the accident was excused and that
the remaining jurors said that their knowledge of the accident would not impact their
ability to reach a fair verdict.
Applicant argues that four of his statements at the scene of the accident and while
being booked were admitted into evidence in violation of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.
436 (1966). The district court ruled that three statements were properly admitted: one
statement was made during an exchange initiated by Applicant and two were responses to
questions meant to facilitate the completion of paperwork, not to elicit incriminating
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responses. The court did rule that the fourth statement—“Yeah, I had a couple of
drinks,” Bushyhead, 2014 WL 585355, at *19 (internal quotation marks omitted)—was
elicited in violation of Miranda. But it held that the error was harmless in light of
Applicant’s trial testimony, his blood-alcohol level of 0.24, and the testimony of
witnesses at the scene of the accident and in the hospital.
Applicant argues that the test results on his blood-alcohol sample should not have
been admitted because they were unreliable due to flaws in testing and in the chain of
custody. The district court ruled that questions about the chain of custody and handling
of the sample went to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.
Applicant argues that the test results also should be excluded because he was not
told about the results until three months after the test had been completed, when time for
the sample to be independently tested had expired. The district court ruled that there was
no impediment to his having arranged for a timely independent test: He did not have to
await the results of the state’s blood test, he knew that blood had been drawn the night of
the accident, and he had hired trial counsel within 46 days of the accident.
Finally, Applicant argues that he was denied due process because the state failed
to provide him recordings of police interviews with himself and the other driver on the
night of the accident and the blood-alcohol test of the other driver. But the district court
found that Applicant received a copy of the police-interview recordings on the second
day of trial, that there is no evidence that the other driver’s blood was tested, and that
there is no evidence of police bad faith in the failure to conduct a blood-alcohol test on
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the other driver, see Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1988) (“[U]nless a criminal
defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially
useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.”).
Perhaps another attorney would have raised one or more of these challenges on
direct appeal. But the challenges are, at best, quite weak. No reasonable jurist would
debate the district court’s conclusion that failure to present these arguments on direct
appeal was not ineffective assistance of counsel.
II. CONCLUSION
We DENY the application for a COA and DISMISS the appeal.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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