United States v. McGirr

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
TENTH CIRCUIT September 28, 2016
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 15-8117
v. (D.C. No. 1:15-CR-0045-SWS-1)
(D. Wyo.)
BRADLEY LEE MCGIRR,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before LUCERO, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
Bradley Lee McGirr seeks to appeal his conviction for conspiracy to possess with
intent to distribute, and to distribute, methamphetamine. His appointed counsel on appeal
has submitted an Anders brief seeking to withdraw as counsel and stating that Mr.
McGirr cannot present a non-frivolous ground for reversal. Having carefully reviewed
the record, we agree. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we grant counsel’s
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may
be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and
10th Cir. R. 32.1.
motion to withdraw and dismiss the appeal.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Indictment
In March 2015, the United States indicted Mr. McGirr for conspiracy to possess
with intent to distribute, and to distribute, 500 grams or more of methamphetamine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), and 846.
B. The Trial
In October 2015, the question of Mr. McGirr’s guilt was presented to a jury. Four
parts of the trial are especially relevant to the pending motion.
First, the district court granted the Government’s motion in limine to exclude
certain impeachment evidence. Specifically, Mr. McGirr sought to impeach the
Government’s witness, Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation Agent Chris
McDonald, with evidence that he engaged in nefarious conduct while investigating Mr.
McGirr. The district court determined there was nothing more than “innuendo,
suggestion, [and] speculation” to support Mr. McGirr’s purported impeachment evidence.
Trial Transcript at 137. It precluded Mr. McGirr from cross-examining Agent McDonald
regarding any such conduct.
Second, the district court denied Mr. McGirr’s motion in limine to preclude Agent
McDonald from testifying as both a fact witness and expert witness regarding drug
investigations, street lingo, and costs and methods of selling drugs. To ensure the jury
gave appropriate weight to Agent McDonald’s testimony, the district court gave the
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following jury instruction:
Jury Instruction Number 8: You have heard the testimony of Mr.
McDonald, who testified as [to] both facts and opinions. Each of these
types of testimony should be given the proper weight. As to the testimony
on facts, consider the factors discussed earlier in these instructions for your
weighing the credibility of fact witnesses.
As to the testimony on opinions, you do not have to accept Mr.
McDonald’s opinions. In deciding how much weight to give it, you should
consider the witness’s qualifications and how he reached his conclusions
along with the other factors discussed in these instructions for weighing the
credibility of witnesses.
Trial Transcript at 734-35. The court gave a similar limiting instruction immediately
following Agent McDonald’s testimony.
Third, the court denied Mr. McGirr’s motion for a mistrial based on witnesses
allegedly violating the court’s sequestration order. The motion arose from certain
government witnesses talking to one another during trips to the courthouse together.
Fourth, during the cross-examination of one government witness, Mr. McGirr’s
attorney asked whether the witness had spoken with another witness about Mr. McGirr’s
case. The witness responded: “We did talk a little bit. We only talked about the case.
[The other witness] told me that Brad [McGirr] was offered a plea of 15 years and that he
was . . . .” Trial Transcript at 393. At that point, the court instructed the witness to stop
talking. The court struck the answer and held a sidebar conference with counsel to
discuss how to proceed. During the sidebar, defense counsel moved for a mistrial, which
the court took under submission.
After returning from the sidebar, the court gave the following jury instruction:
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Ladies and gentlemen, I’ll instruct you to disregard the witness’s response
to the last question. And I’ll also advise you that punishment provided by
law for offenses charged in this matter are exclusively within the province
of the court and should not be considered by the jury in any way in arriving
at the verdict in this case.
Trial Transcript at 394. The court later denied Mr. McGirr’s motion for a mistrial.
C. The Conviction and Sentence
The jury convicted Mr. McGirr of the conspiracy charge.
Before trial and sentencing, the prosecution notified Mr. McGirr that it would seek
an enhanced sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 851 based on Mr. McGirr’s prior felony drug
convictions. At sentencing, the district court determined Mr. McGirr’s offense level was
37 and his criminal history category was VI. That produced a United States Sentencing
Guidelines (“Guidelines”) range of 360 months to life. Mr. McGirr requested a variance
from the Guidelines range, arguing that a lower sentence would serve punitive and
rehabilitative goals. The district court sentenced Mr. McGirr to 300 months in prison and
10 months of supervised release.
D. The Anders Brief
On January 18, 2016, Mr. McGirr filed a notice of appeal. On June 15, 2016, Mr.
McGirr’s appointed counsel filed the opening brief under Anders v. California, 386 U.S.
738 (1967), which
authorizes counsel to request permission to withdraw where counsel
conscientiously examines a case and determines that any appeal would be
wholly frivolous. Under Anders, counsel must submit a brief to the client
and the appellate court indicating any potential appealable issues based on
the record. The client may then choose to submit arguments to the court.
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The Court must then conduct a full examination of the record to determine
whether defendant’s claims are wholly frivolous. If the court concludes
after such an examination that the appeal is frivolous, it may grant
counsel’s motion to withdraw and may dismiss the appeal.
United States v. Calderon, 428 F.3d 928, 930 (10th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted).
In the brief, counsel identifies eight potential grounds for appeal: (1) the district
court’s exclusion of the impeachment evidence of Agent McDonald’s purported nefarious
conduct; (2) the court’s denial of the motion in limine to preclude Agent McDonald from
testifying as both a fact and expert witness; (3) the court’s denial of the motion for a
mistrial based on witnesses’ violating the court’s sequestration order; (4) the court’s
denial of the motion for a mistrial after a government witness referenced Mr. McGirr’s
plea deal; (5) Mr. McGirr’s trial attorney’s failure to impeach Agent McDonald with
evidence of his purported nefarious conduct; (6) his attorney’s failure to appeal or
challenge Mr. McGirr’s request for pretrial release; (7) his attorney’s failure to call
certain witnesses on Mr. McGirr’s behalf; and (8) the length of the district court’s
sentence.
Because counsel concludes each ground is frivolous, he seeks to withdraw as Mr.
McGirr’s counsel on appeal. In a letter to this court in response to the Anders brief, the
Government agrees there are no non-frivolous arguments to challenge Mr. McGirr’s
conviction or sentence. Doc. 10398356.
E. Mr. McGirr’s Response
Of the eight potential grounds identified by his counsel, Mr. McGirr focuses on
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only one in his response to the Anders brief: the district court’s failure to grant a mistrial
based on a witness’s reference to Mr. McGirr’s plea deal. Although Mr. McGirr
identifies three purported grounds to appeal, each ground involves the district court’s
handling of the witness’s statement.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Denial of Impeachment Evidence
1. Standard of Review
We review evidentiary rulings, including rulings on impeachment evidence, for
abuse of discretion. United States v. Smalls, 752 F.3d 1227, 1236 (10th Cir. 2014).
Under this standard, we “will not reverse a district court’s decision if it falls within the
bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Id. (quotation omitted). “Nor will
we reverse that decision absent a distinct showing it was based on a clearly erroneous
finding of fact or an erroneous conclusion of law or manifests a clear error of judgment.”
Id. (quotation omitted).
2. Legal Standard
“[C]ourts require a ‘good faith’ basis before permitting a party to cross examine
regarding prior bad acts.” United States v. Ruiz-Castro, 92 F.3d 1519, 1528–29 (10th
Cir. 1996), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Flowers, 441 F.3d 990 (10th
Cir. 2006). “[T]he basis for the impeachment cannot be speculation and innuendo with
no evidentiary foundation. [Instead,] . . . the questioner must be in possession of some
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facts which support a genuine belief that the witness committed the offense or the
degrading act to which the questioning relates.” Id. (citation and quotations omitted).
3. Analysis
We agree with the district court that Mr. McGirr lacked a good-faith basis to
impeach Agent McDonald. Mr. McGirr relied on a Government witness’s letter. At trial,
the Government proffered that the witness had written a letter that repeated accusations
made by a third party about Agent McDonald. The accusations were therefore not based
on the witness’s personal knowledge. The Government also proffered that the witness
had (1) apologized to Agent McDonald for writing the letter, (2) said that everything in
the letter was “completely untrue,” and (3) explained that he wrote the letter while high
on methamphetamine. Mr. McGirr’s attorney provided no evidence refuting the
Government’s proffer.
Our independent review of the record confirms the district court’s view that the
impeachment evidence was founded on nothing more than innuendo, suggestion, and
speculation. As such, Mr. McGirr lacked a good-faith basis to offer the letter as evidence
of Agent McDonald’s bad conduct. Because the court did not abuse its discretion in
excluding this impeachment evidence, we agree with appellate counsel that Mr. McGirr
cannot present a non-frivolous argument to appeal his conviction on this ground.
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B. Denial of Motion in Limine to Exclude Fact and Expert Witness
1. Standard of Review
“The district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence generally, including
expert testimony, is typically reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. . . . A trial
court’s decision will not be disturbed unless this Court has a definite and firm conviction
that the trial court has made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of
permissible choice in the circumstances.” Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275
F.3d 965, 968–69 (10th Cir. 2001) (brackets, citations, and quotation omitted).
2. Legal Standard
Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence addresses expert opinion testimony. A
law enforcement witness who qualifies to testify as an expert under Rule 702 may also
testify as a fact witness. See United States v. Vann, 776 F.3d 746, 757-58 (10th Cir.
2015) (finding no abuse of discretion when an agent served as both a fact and expert
witness, and stating “[a]t bottom, it is this circuit’s longstanding view that police officers
can acquire specialized knowledge of criminal practices and thus the expertise to opine
on such matters” (quotation omitted)); United States v. Simpson, 152 F.3d 1241, 1250-51
(10th Cir. 1998) (finding no error when an agent served as both a fact and expert witness,
especially because the jury was informed of the agent’s dual roles and the agent was
subject to cross-examination).
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3. Analysis
In a motion in limine, Mr. McGirr objected to Agent McDonald’s providing expert
testimony. He argued that, because Agent McDonald was the Government’s primary
investigative agent, the jury might give undue weight to his expert testimony. But, as
noted, a witness may testify as both a fact and expert witness. See Vann, 776 F.3d at 757-
58. At trial, Mr. McGirr did not challenge that Agent McDonald was qualified to do so.
Indeed, Mr. McGirr conceded that law enforcement can assist the jury to understand the
evidence with expert testimony in narcotics cases such as his. Dist. Ct. Doc. 66 at 2
(citing United States v. Quintana, 70 F.3d 1167 (10th Cir. 1995)).
The district court also mitigated any risk the jury would give undue weight to the
expert evidence by giving an instruction on appropriate consideration of Agent
McDonald’s testimony. The court followed the Sixth Circuit, which requires such
instructions when law enforcement provides both fact and expert testimony. Trial
Transcript at 5 (giving the cautionary instruction based on United States v. Lopez-
Medina, 461 F.3d 724 (6th Cir. 2006)).
We therefore agree with counsel that there are no non-frivolous arguments that the
district court abused its discretion by allowing Agent McDonald to testify as both a fact
and expert witness.
C. Motion for a Mistrial for Violation of Witness Sequestration
1. Standard of Review
“Whether to grant a mistrial . . . is within the sound discretion of the district
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court.” United States v. Wells, 739 F.3d 511, 533 (10th Cir. 2014).
2. Legal Standard
“The district court has discretion to grant a mistrial only when a defendant’s right
to a fair and impartial trial has been impaired.” United States v. Meridyth, 364 F.3d
1181, 1183 (10th Cir. 2004). That evaluation “call[s] for an examination of the
prejudicial impact of an error or errors when viewed in the context of an entire case.” Id.
Under Rule 615 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, a court may order “witnesses
excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ testimony.” “This rule requires not
only that prospective witnesses be excluded from the courtroom, but also that they be
prohibited from discussing the case with other witnesses.” United States v. Samuels, 493
F.3d 1187, 1190 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). “The purpose of the rule is to
prevent one witness from shaping his testimony to match that given by other witnesses at
the trial.” Tasty Baking Co. v. N.L.R.B., 254 F.3d 114, 122-23 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
(quotation omitted).
A violation of a court’s sequestration order “alone does not render the witness’s
testimony inadmissible.” United States v. Washington, 653 F.3d 1251, 1268 (10th Cir.
2011) (brackets and quotation omitted). Instead, it remains “within the district court’s
discretion to admit or exclude the witness’s testimony” when a violation has occurred.
Id. (quotation omitted). Courts look to the culpability of the party presenting the
evidence and probable prejudice before excluding a witness’s testimony based on a
violation of a sequestration order. Id. at 1269.
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3. Analysis
We agree with counsel that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
the motion for a mistrial, which was based on an alleged violation of the court’s
sequestration order. First, each of the witnesses who spoke with one another did so
before they testified, so they could not have recounted their trial testimony. See United
States v. Collins, 340 F.3d 672, 681 (8th Cir. 2003) (upholding the district court’s denial
of a motion for a mistrial based on a violation of a sequestration order because “[n]either
[witness] could tell the other about the nature of his testimony because neither had
testified prior to the time they were in the holding cell”).
Second, the district court stated “there’s no indication[] that there was any
discussion regarding the testimony that they were going to give in this matter.” Trial
Transcript at 704. Our independent review of the record supports that finding. Mr.
McGirr therefore cannot show the witnesses sought to circumvent the purpose of Rule
615 by shaping their trial testimony to match one another’s. See Tasty Baking Co., 254
F.3d at 122-23.
We agree with counsel that Mr. McGirr cannot present a non-frivolous argument
to appeal his conviction on this ground.
D. Motion for a Mistrial for Reference to Mr. McGirr’s Plea Deal
1. Standard of Review
As noted above, “Whether to grant a mistrial . . . is within the sound discretion of
the district court.” Wells, 739 F.3d at 533.
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2. Legal Standard
When a witness has made a potentially prejudicial statement at trial, courts
evaluate whether to grant a mistrial by looking at “(1) whether the prosecutor acted in
bad faith, (2) whether the district court limited the effect of the improper statement
through its instructions to the jury, and (3) whether the improper remark was
inconsequential in light of other evidence of the defendant’s guilt.” United States v.
Meridyth, 364 F.3d at 1183.
3. Analysis
Using the Meridyth factors as a guide, and after reviewing the record, we conclude
there is no meritorious argument that the district court abused its discretion in denying
Mr. McGirr’s motion for a mistrial.
First, there is no indication the prosecutor acted in bad faith. Meridyth, 364 F.3d
at 1183. Indeed, defense counsel—not the prosecutor—asked the question that led to the
witness’s reference to Mr. McGirr’s plea deal. And the district court specifically found
that the answer was “unintentionally elicited through cross-examination.” Trial
Transcript at 488.
Second, the district court limited the potential prejudice of the improper statement
through its swift and carefully tailored jury instruction. Meridyth, 364 F.3d at 1183.
Before instructing the jury, the court drafted its instruction to avoid drawing undue
attention to the witness’s statement. See Trial Transcript at 393-94 (asking counsel
whether the court should say the word “negotiations” in the instruction); id. at 488 (“I’m
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always concerned about re-ringing bells and re-emphasizing something . . . that [the jury]
shouldn’t be considering.”). And, contrary to Mr. McGirr’s argument that the court
failed to instruct the jury not to consider the statement when deciding his guilt, the court
explicitly stated that the witness’s answer “should not be considered by the jury in any
way in arriving at the verdict in this case.” Id. at 394. The jurors are also presumed to
have followed the court’s instructions. See Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 540
(1993).1
Third, our careful review of the entire trial record supports that the remark was
inconsequential in light of other evidence of Mr. McGirr’s guilt, which included seven
confidential informants connected to the conspiracy whose testimony supported each
element of Mr. McGirr’s conviction for conspiracy.
Finally, when it denied the motion for a mistrial, the district court appropriately
relied on United States v. Wells, 739 F.3d 511, 533 (10th Cir. 2014). There, a witness
referenced the defendant’s plea deal in response to a prosecutor’s question. 739 F.3d at
532. The district court instructed the jury to “disregard” the answer and stated, “We’re
getting into an area that’s not proper for jury consideration.” Id. On appeal, we
determined, based on the three Meridyth factors, that the district court did not abuse its
1
Mr. McGirr relies on United States v. Davis, 60 F.3d 1479 (10th Cir. 1995) to
argue he is entitled to a “presumption of prejudice.” That case recognized a presumption
of prejudice “whenever a jury is exposed to external information in contravention of a
district court’s instructions.” 60 F.3d at 1484-85. Here, there is no allegation that the
jury was presented with external prejudicial information, but only inadmissible evidence
during the course of trial. Mr. McGirr’s reliance on Davis therefore fails.
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discretion by denying a motion for a mistrial. Id. at 533-34.
The Wells facts are similar to what happened here—the witnesses in both cases
unexpectedly mentioned the defendants’ plea deal. Indeed, the district court stands on
even stronger footing here than in Wells because its instruction was more specific in
stating that the defendant’s potential sentence is not relevant to Mr. McGirr’s guilt. Also,
in Wells the prosecutor asked the question leading to the witness’s response. Here, the
defense counsel elicited the testimony. Wells forecloses any argument that the district
court abused its discretion in denying the motion for a mistrial. Mr. McGirr therefore
cannot raise a non-frivolous argument to appeal his conviction on this ground.
E. Ineffective Assistance Claims
Mr. McGirr’s appellate counsel identifies three potential ineffective-assistance-of-
trial-counsel grounds to appeal: Mr. McGirr’s trial attorney (1) did not challenge the
denial of his pretrial release; (2) failed to impeach Agent McDonald with evidence of his
purported “bad conduct”; and (3) failed to call witnesses on his behalf.
“Ineffective assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral
proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on direct appeal are
presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.” United States v.
Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995). We recognize only “rare instances”
when “an ineffectiveness of counsel claim may need no further development prior to
review on direct appeal.” Id. This is not one of them. The record here is not developed
enough to facilitate review on direct appeal of Mr. McGirr’s ineffective assistance claims.
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He must raise any ineffective assistance arguments in a collateral proceeding. See United
States v. Delecruz-Soto, 414 F.3d 1158, 1168 (10th Cir. 2005) (declining, in considering
an Anders brief, to consider an ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct appeal).
F. Sentence
1. Standard of Review
“We review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential abuse of discretion
standard.” United States v. Haley, 529 F.3d 1308, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).
2. Legal Standard
“Reasonableness review is comprised of a procedural component and a substantive
component.” Id. “A sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court
incorrectly calculates or fails to calculate the Guidelines sentence, treats the Guidelines as
mandatory, fails to consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, relies on clearly erroneous
facts, or inadequately explains the sentence.” Id.
“A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the length of the sentence is
unreasonable given the totality of the circumstances in light of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
factors.” Id. “Sentences imposed within the correctly calculated Guidelines range . . .
may be presumed reasonable on appeal.” Id. (citing Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 597; Rita v. United
States, 551 U.S. 338 (2007)). It follows that a sentence below the Guidelines range “is
presumed to be reasonable.” United States v. Damato, 672 F.3d 832, 848 (10th Cir.
2012). A defendant “may rebut that presumption by showing that the § 3553(a) factors
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justify a lower sentence.” Haley, 529 F.3d at 1311.
3. Analysis
In his Anders brief, counsel identifies a substantive reasonableness challenge to
Mr. McGirr’s sentence as a possible ground for appeal but then rejects it as frivolous.
We agree.
A thorough review of the record shows any substantive challenge to the length of
Mr. McGirr’s sentence—which fell 60 months below the Guidelines range—lacks merit.
At sentencing, Mr. McGirr’s attorney agreed that the career-offender guideline applied,
placing Mr. McGirr’s offense level at 37 and his criminal history category at VI. Instead
of challenging the Guidelines range, his trial attorney argued 20 years in prison was
sufficient to accomplish both punitive and rehabilitative goals. Due to the lack of any
objection to the guideline range that produced a low end of 360 months, we cannot say
the court abused its discretion in sentencing Mr. McGirr to 60 months below the
Guidelines range. Our own review of the record does not uncover any other evidence
that would give rise to a non-frivolous argument that the court imposed an unreasonably
high sentence or that Mr. McGirr could rebut its presumptive reasonableness. Nor have
we identified any ground to challenge Mr. McGirr’s sentence on procedural grounds.
* * *
In addition to our independent review of the record to analyze the potential
grounds for appeal identified in appellate counsel’s Anders brief, we also reviewed the
record to determine whether a non-frivolous argument would support any other ground
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for appeal. We found none.
III. CONCLUSION
Our independent review of the record uncovered no potentially meritorious
arguments for a direct appeal challenging Mr. McGirr’s conviction or sentence. We
therefore grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismiss the appeal. Mr. McGirr’s
request for transcripts, discovery, and other information related to his appeal is therefore
denied as moot. Doc. 10387387.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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