In re: Robinson

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT November 6, 2017
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
In re: HENRY ROBINSON,
No. 17-1329
Petitioner. (D.C. No. 1:17-CR-00134-CMA-21)
(D. Colo.)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 17-1330
(D.C. No. 1:17-CR-00134-CMA-21)
HENRY ROBINSON, (D. Colo.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
_________________________________
Before LUCERO, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Henry Robinson is one of 22 codefendants who have been indicted for their
roles in an alleged drug conspiracy. No trial date has been set. Robinson has been
detained pending trial for over five months based on a detention order issued under
the Bail Reform Act. Although most of his codefendants have been released on
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
bond, Robinson faces prolonged detention because the district court granted the
government’s motion for an ends-of-justice continuance, with a corresponding
180-day exclusion for speedy trial purposes under 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A).
Robinson seeks pretrial release through two separate filings: (1) an appeal of
the district court’s September 5, 2017, order denying his motion for a speedy trial and
for severance of defendants or, in the alternative, for release from detention under
18 U.S.C. § 3164(c) (“September 5th order”); and (2) a petition for writ of
mandamus. The appeal is authorized by Fed. R. Crim. P. 9(a), and we have
jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3145(c) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We remand for the
district court to conduct further proceedings in accordance with this order. We deny
the mandamus petition as moot. We grant Robinson’s motion for leave to file a reply
brief.
I. Background
After Robinson was indicted, the magistrate judge conducted a detention
hearing under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f). Robinson did not contest detention because his
newly retained counsel “was not in a position to present evidence to rebut the
statutory presumption of detention.” Aplt. App. at 16. The magistrate judge
considered and weighed the statutory factors listed in § 3142(g) as required. He
concluded that no release conditions would reasonably assure Robinson’s appearance
and the safety of others and the community and therefore ordered pretrial detention.
See Aplt. App. at 14-15 (citing Robinson’s “past failures to comply with court orders
and conditions of probation, his decision not to contest pretrial detention, [his]
2
admitted drug use, his prior convictions for drug and weapons offenses, and the
substantial penalties” facing him, i.e., a minimum mandatory of ten years and a
maximum of life imprisonment). Days later, Robinson moved to reopen his detention
hearing, but his motion was denied.
Shortly thereafter, the government moved for a 180-day ends-of-justice
continuance and a corresponding exclusion of the continuance time for speedy trial
purposes under § 3161(h)(7)(A) and (B)(ii). Robinson opposed the motion 1 and
demanded a trial or release by August 3, 2017—the 90-day deadline in § 3164. The
district court granted the motion and extended the speedy trial clock for all
defendants to January 30, 2018.
Robinson next moved for a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment and for
severance of defendants under Fed. R. Crim. P. 14(a) or, in the alternative, for release
from detention under § 3164(c). In the September 5th order, the district court
construed the motion as a request to reverse the 180-day exclusion from Robinson’s
speedy trial clock, denied the motion, and reaffirmed the continuance and the
exclusion of time. It then found that the length of Robinson’s pretrial detention did
not violate § 3164, implicate due process concerns, or necessitate release under
United States v. Theron, 782 F.2d 1510 (10th Cir. 1986). In addition, the court
1
Two of Robinson’s codefendants also objected. Sixteen did not object, and
three had not made an appearance at the time of the motion.
3
deemed severance unnecessary because Robinson did not establish that joinder of the
defendants would compromise or prejudice his trial. 2
II. Analysis
A. The Speedy Trial Act
Under the Speedy Trial Act, a defendant must be tried within 70 days from the
filing date of the information or indictment or the date of the defendant’s first
appearance, whichever is later. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). There is a separate clock for
pretrial detention—90 days—that applies in this case. Id. § 3164(b). The Act
prioritizes the trial of “a detained person who is being held in detention solely
because he is awaiting trial.” Id. § 3164(a)(1). “Failure to commence trial of a
detainee as [required], through no fault of the accused or his counsel . . . shall result
in the automatic review by the court of the conditions of release. No detainee, as
defined in [§ 3161(a)], shall be held in custody pending trial after the expiration of
such [90]-day period required for the commencement of his trial.” Id. § 3164(c).
See, e.g., Theron, 782 F.2d at 1516-17 (finding a violation of § 3164 and ordering
that the defendant be released on bond with appropriate restrictions or tried within 30
days).
Section 3161(h) enumerates periods of delay that shall be excluded in
computing the statutory deadline for trial. Under § 3164(b), time that is excludable
2
The district court also denied Robinson’s request for pretrial release to the
extent it challenged the detention order issued under § 3142. But Robinson does not
challenge that ruling on appeal.
4
for purposes of a defendant’s 70-day speedy trial clock is also excludable against the
90-day pretrial detention clock. Relevant here, there is an exclusion for “[a]ny period
of delay resulting from a continuance . . . if the judge granted such continuance on
the basis of his findings that the ends of justice served by taking such action
outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.”
18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7). There is also an exclusion for “[a] reasonable period of
delay when the defendant is joined for trial with a codefendant as to whom the time
for trial has not run and no motion for severance has been granted.” Id. § 3161(h)(6).
On appeal, Robinson argues that the district court’s refusal to release him from
custody pending trial violates § 3164 and his constitutional due process rights.
“[C]ompliance with the Speedy Trial Act’s legal requirements is subject to de novo
review.” United States v. Zar, 790 F.3d 1036, 1043 (10th Cir. 2015); accord United
States v. Spring, 80 F.3d 1450, 1456 (10th Cir. 1996) (“We review de novo the trial
court’s application of the legal standards of the Speedy Trial Act . . . and we review
for clear error its factual findings.”).
To evaluate Robinson’s claim, we need to ascertain whether an exclusion of
time is appropriate under § 3161(h) and, if so, how much time should be excluded.
We are unable to make that determination based on the record before us for two
reasons. First, the district court extended Robinson’s speedy trial clock under
§ 3161(h)(7) without considering his individual interest in a speedy trial, as required
5
by the language of the statute and Theron. 3 Second, the district court did not
determine what constitutes “[a] reasonable period of delay” under § 3161(h)(6), even
though that provision clearly applies here. We address each deficiency in turn and
remand for appropriate findings.
B. Exclusion of Time Based on § 3161(h)(7)
The district court granted a 180-day ends-of-justice continuance under
§ 3161(h)(7) and extended the speedy trial clock accordingly for all defendants,
despite Robinson’s objection; it then reaffirmed that ruling in the order under review
here. The basis for the ruling is set forth in the transcript for the May 26, 2017,
status conference. 4 The district court considered the complexity of the case, the
existence of many codefendants and their interests as a whole, the vast amount of
discovery, and other factors listed in § 3161(h)(7)(B)(ii), without taking into account
Robinson’s individual interest in a speedy trial.
“[I]t must be clear from the record that the trial court struck the proper balance
when it granted the continuance” under § 3161(h)(7). Spring, 80 F.3d at 1456(internal quotation marks omitted). Here, it is not. The district court’s analysis is
3
When we issued Theron, the ends-of-justice provision was set forth in
18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(8). The statute has since been amended, and this provision is
now codified at § 3161(h)(7). Likewise, former § 3167(h)(7) is now codified at
§ 3161(h)(6). Because the language in both provisions remains the same, we refer to
the subsections as currently numbered when discussing Theron to avoid confusion.
4
Because the minute entry for the status conference is part of the record but
the transcript is not, we take judicial notice of the transcript. See Barnes v. United
States, 776 F.3d 1134, 1137 n.1 (10th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1155(2016).
6
flawed for the same reasons we identified in Theron, where the district court granted
an ends-of-justice continuance based on “(1) the codefendants’ need for preparation
time; (2) the complexity of the case; and (3) the desirability of trying all defendants
at once.” Theron, 782 F.2d at 1512.
For the first factor, we emphasized that the district court should have
considered Theron’s interests, not merely those of his codefendants. A continuance
is appropriate under § 3161(h)(7) only where the ends of justice “outweigh the best
interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.” Id. at 1513 (internal
quotation marks omitted). The provision “does not say that the court may weigh the
interests of codefendants,” as does § 3161(h)(6). Id. If a defendant “used all means
available to him to secure an immediate trial[,] his desire and his position as a
defendant who is not out on bail must weigh strongly in favor of applying” the
Speedy Trial Act’s limitation. Id.
For the second factor, we emphasized that “the complexity of a case does not
automatically justify an ends-of-justice continuance.” Id.
For the third factor, we stated that “the coincidence of a complex case and
multiple defendants, without more,” does not outweigh a particular defendant’s
interest in a prompt trial. Id. Stated otherwise, an ends-of-justice continuance is not
appropriate where an “incarcerated defendant’s only contribution to the need for
delay is his alleged participation with the codefendants in a complex scheme alleged
to be illegal.” Id.
7
We then unequivocally stated that these factors were “either improper or
insufficient . . . to justify an ends-of-justice continuance,” where there was no
consideration given to the individual defendant’s interest in a speedy trial. Id. at
1512-13.
We remand for the district court to consider Robinson’s interests as an
individual defendant for purposes of § 3161(h)(7). 5 Though our case law does not
require a remand (in Theron, for instance, we simply found that the district court
committed an error and that no tolling had occurred), a remand is necessary and
appropriate here because of a second gap in the district court’s analysis.
C. Exclusion of Time Based on § 3161(h)(6)
The government did not invoke—nor did the district court consider—
§ 3161(h)(6), even though it clearly applies. See id. § 3161(h)(6) (“The following
periods of delay shall be excluded . . . in computing the time within which the trial . .
. must commence: . . . A reasonable period of delay when the defendant is joined for
trial with a codefendant as to whom the time for trial has not run and no motion for
severance has been granted.” (emphasis added)). “An exclusion for delay
attributable to one defendant is applicable to all co-defendants.” United States v.
Vogl, 374 F.3d 976, 983 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The “obvious purpose” of § 3161(h)(6) is “to accommodate the efficient use of
prosecutorial and judicial resources in trying multiple defendants in a single trial.”
5
Our conclusion that the district court’s analysis under § 3161(h)(7) was
insufficient as to Robinson does not carry over to his codefendants, most of whom
did not oppose the motion.
8
Theron, 782 F.2d at 1514. To effectuate this purpose, our case law recognizes a
“strong presumption favoring trying properly joined defendants together.” Zar,
790 F.3d at 1043. For example, “where . . . a conspiracy is charged, individual
conspirators should be tried together.” United States v. Wright, 826 F.2d 938, 945
(10th Cir. 1987). Likewise, “[w]here the government will recite a single factual
history, put on a single array of evidence, and call a single group of witnesses, a
single trial is preferred.” Vogl, 374 F.3d at 984 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Applying these principles, this court has found that “a delay in the prosecution of [a
single defendant]” may be appropriate. United States v. Mobile Materials, Inc.,
871 F.2d 902, 917 (10th Cir. 1989), abrogated on other grounds by Bloate v. United
States, 559 U.S. 196 (2010).
Robinson has multiple codefendants, no severance has been granted, and the
time for trial has not run because the district court granted a 180-day ends-of-justice
continuance based in part on the existence of those codefendants. Therefore,
§ 3161(h)(6) extends Robinson’s 90-day deadline under § 3164 by some amount of
time. But for how long?
In Theron, we did not need to determine what constitutes a reasonable delay
under § 3161(h)(6) because we found that § 3164 required bail or immediate trial.
782 F.2d at 1514. And while we declined to establish a “bright line” as to what
constitutes a reasonable delay for purposes of § 3164, we had “no hesitancy” in
saying that four months additional incarceration before trial was “too long” under the
circumstances present in that case. Id. at 1516.
9
We have since provided more guidance on “reasonableness” under
§ 3161(h)(6). Based on the legislative history of the Speedy Trial Act, we have
instructed: “[I]n the application of the reasonableness standard under [§ 3161(h)(6)],
judicial efficiency in the trial of multiple defendants is to be preferred to an inflexible
adherence to the letter of the Speedy Trial Act.” Vogl, 374 F.3d at 983 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In addition, we have identified three factors that are
relevant to a reasonable determination: “(1) whether the defendant is free on bond,
(2) whether the defendant zealously pursued a speedy trial, and (3) whether the
circumstances further the purpose behind the exclusion to accommodate the efficient
use of prosecutorial and judicial resources in trying multiple defendants in a single
trial.” Id. at 984 (internal quotation marks omitted). This inquiry is “heavily
factual.” Id. On remand, the district court should apply these standards and
determine “a reasonable period of delay” for purposes of § 3161(h)(6).
On remand, the district court should revisit whether the length of Robinson’s
pretrial detention violates § 3164 and implicates due process concerns under Theron.
Even though the district court did not decide what constitutes “a reasonable period of
delay” for purposes of § 3161(h)(6) in the September 5th order, it briefly assessed
Robinson’s pretrial detention with respect to § 3164 and due process and concluded
that “neither [§ 3164] nor Theron mandates [Robinson’s] release.” Aplt. App. at 68.
In reaching this conclusion, the district court relied heavily on an unpublished
opinion, United States v. Taylor, 602 F. App’x 713, 716 (10th Cir. 2015), and a
district court order, United States v. Lacallo, No. 09-CR-00055-PAB-2,
10
4511079, at *1 (D. Colo. Nov. 1, 2010). Both are distinguishable because in each
case the defendants’ behavior contributed to trial delays and prolonged their pretrial
detention. In contrast, Robinson has consistently asserted his right to a speedy trial
and has not contributed to any delays.
III. Conclusion
We remand for the district court to conduct further proceedings in accordance
with this order. We deny the mandamus petition as moot.
Entered for the Court
Per Curiam
11