United States v. Thomas

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
March 17, 2006
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 05-3237
v. (D. Kansas)
MATTHEW J. THOMAS, (D.C. No. 04-CR-20046-CM)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA , Chief Circuit Judge, ANDERSON , and BALDOCK , Circuit
Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
*
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Matthew J. Thomas was charged in an indictment with one count of being a
felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Thomas
filed a motion to dismiss his indictment, arguing that his prior conviction for
burglary and theft under Kansas state law did not qualify as a felony for purposes
of § 922(g)(1). The district court denied this motion. Thomas then pled guilty,
reserving his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss,
and was sentenced to twenty-one months’ imprisonment, followed by two years of
supervised release, and a $100 special assessment. He now appeals the district
court’s ruling on his motion to dismiss. We reverse.
The statutory provision governing Thomas’s current conviction, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), states: “It shall be unlawful for any person . . . who has been
convicted in any court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year . . . to . . . possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or
ammunition.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The issue of what constitutes “a crime
punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” for purposes of
§ 922(g)(1), is governed by “the law of the jurisdiction in which the proceedings
were held.” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20).
In this case, the arrest that led to Thomas’s prior conviction occurred in
Lawrence, Kansas, in February 2000, when Thomas was sixteen years old.
Thomas was given adult status for purposes of his prosecution. On April 6, 2000,
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Thomas pled guilty in Kansas state court to charges of auto burglary and theft.
On July 6, 2000, he was sentenced to eight months’ imprisonment, suspended, and
twelve months’ probation.
Under Kansas law, a sentencing judge “shall impose the presumptive
sentence provided by the sentencing guidelines” unless the judge determines that
a departure is warranted. Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-4716(a). A “presumptive
sentence” is defined as “the sentence provided in a grid block for an offender
classified in that grid block by the combined effect of the crime severity ranking
of the current crime of conviction and the offender’s criminal history.” Id.§ 21-4703(q). Here, the Kansas statute governing Thomas’s auto burglary
conviction, Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-3715, classified Thomas’s offense as “severity
level 9, nonperson felony.” Id. § 21-3715(c). Under the Kansas sentencing
guidelines grid, Thomas, with a criminal history score of “G,” was therefore
eligible for a “presumptive sentence” of seven to nine months. Id. § 21-4704(a).
We have previously held that the possibility of upward departures qualified
Kansas offenses as crimes punishable by more than a year’s imprisonment even
where the maximum presumptive sentence was less than a year. United States v.
Norris , 319 F.3d 1278, 1282 (10th Cir. 2003); United States v. Arnold , 113 F.3d
1146, 1148 (10th Cir. 1997). However, in United States v. Plakio , 433 F.3d 692(10th Cir. 2005), this court recently held that such was not the case where a
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Kansas conviction became final during the period “from June 26, 2000, until
June 6, 2002.” Id. at 695. Rather, we held that “sentences in Kansas [during that
period] were limited to the maximum presumptive sentence.” Id. This was
because no upward departures could constitutionally be imposed in Kansas
between June 26, 2000, the date Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 (2000),
was decided, and June 6, 2002, the date Kansas implemented a new sentencing
scheme that repaired the constitutional defects identified in Apprendi . See
Plakio , 433 F.3d at 695. In reaching this conclusion, we relied on the Kansas
Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Gould , 23 P.3d 801 (Kan. 2001), which
retroactively invalidated all upward departures in cases that were pending on
direct appeal or were not yet final as of June 26, 2000. Id. at 814; see also State
v. Hood , 744 P.2d 816, 819 (Kan. 1987) (holding that new constitutional rules
“must be applied retroactively to cases which are pending upon direct appellate
review, or which were not final, at the time the new rule was established”).
Although in Plakio the court was considering what constituted a qualifying
prior conviction for purposes of a sentencing guideline rather than § 922(g)(1),
the guideline language at issue was identical to the language of § 922(g)(1). See
Plakio , 433 F.3d at 694 (quoting guideline language as an “offense . . . punishable
by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” (internal quotation omitted)).
Moreover, in reaching its decision, the court in Plakio primarily relied on two
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prior Tenth Circuit cases that did specifically concern § 922(g)(1). See Norris ,
319 F.3d at 1281; Arnold , 113 F.3d at 1148; see also Plakio , 433 F.3d at 695(stating that the court’s holding was “giv[ing] effect to the logic of Norris ”).
Thus, Plakio would seem to resolve the issue in this case in Thomas’s favor.
Because Plakio was published after the parties’ initial briefs were filed, we
requested supplemental briefing on its impact on the present case. However, the
government’s three-page response merely urges us to follow other jurisdictions
rather than our own prior precedent. This we cannot do. United States v. Meyers ,
200 F.3d 715, 720 (10th Cir. 2000) (“The precedent of prior panels which this
court must follow includes not only the very narrow holdings of those prior cases,
but also the reasoning underlying those holdings, particularly when such
reasoning articulates a point of law.”). The only other argument that the
government offered in its initial response brief was that the relevant date for
determining Thomas’s maximum sentence was the date he pled guilty rather than
the date he was sentenced. However, as mentioned, the relevant date is in fact the
date Thomas’s conviction became final, which was when the time to withdraw his
guilty plea or to appeal had expired. 1
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 22-3210(d) (indicating
There is no indication in the record whether Thomas’s plea agreement
1
contained a waiver of his right to appeal his conviction, nor does the government
argue that such a waiver would be relevant to determining when a conviction
becomes final.
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that a guilty plea may be withdrawn “at any time before sentence is adjudged”);
id. § 22-3608(c) (indicating appeals must be filed within ten days of sentencing).
The date of sentencing is thus the earliest date that Thomas’s conviction could be
considered final, and this case therefore falls under our prior holding in Plakio .
Accordingly, because Thomas does not have a qualifying prior conviction for
purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), his conviction under that provision must be
overturned.
For the foregoing reasons, the case is remanded to the district court, and the
court is directed to vacate its previous order denying Thomas’s motion to dismiss
his indictment, and then dismiss the indictment.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge
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