United States v. Martinez-Legarda

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 12 2004
TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 03-2283
v.
(D.C. No. CR-03-433-BB)
(New Mexico)
MARIA ROSARIO MARTINEZ-
LEGARDA,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge, HOLLOWAY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
Maria Rosario Martinez-Legarda pled guilty to transporting illegal aliens,
in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), § 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(II), and §
1324(a)(1)(B)(i), reserving her right to appeal the district court’s prior denial of a
*
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the
determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2) and 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and
judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, or collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of
orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the
terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
suppression motion. She contends the stop of her vehicle was not supported by
reasonable suspicion and violated her rights under the Fourth Amendment. We
disagree, and therefore affirm.
The district court found the following relevant facts:
On Monday, December the 16th, 2002, United States Border Patrol
Agent Michael Fiorita and Agent Lisa Crouse were on duty patrolling
New Mexico Highway 26. Earlier, before beginning patrol that
evening, they [received] look out reports [from investigators in the
field], [specifically] two agents reporting that aliens were being
smuggled around the checkpoint on Interstate 10 to the west of . . .
Las Cruces, New Mexico, and that large sports utility vehicles
bearing Texas license plates registered to the El Paso, Texas area
were being used to smuggle the aliens avoiding the checkpoint on
Interstate 10 west of Las Cruces.
....
At around 3:00 a.m. . . . , Agent Fiorita was driving a marked
border patrol vehicle which was a sports utility-vehicle type in an
easterly or northerly direction on State Highway 26 with Lisa Crouse
as his passenger. Around 3:00 a.m. the traffic was very light. At
approximately mile marker 16, Agent Fiorita observed a Suburban,
which is a large sports utility vehicle, westbound or headed in the
opposite direction in somewhat of a southwesterly direction. It had
Texas license plates both on the front of the vehicle and on the rear
of the vehicle, and as he passed it, Agent Fiorita estimated that it was
traveling at a normal rate of speed in an area where the speed limit
was 65 miles per hour . . . .
As the vehicles passed each other, Agent Fiorita observed that
a female was driving the Suburban and . . . immediately as they
passed, . . . the brake lights came on briefly on the Suburban, but
there was nothing in the roadway that would indicate a reason for
applying the breaks . . . . In addition, as Agent Fiorita passed the
Suburban, it appeared to him that the Suburban was riding low at the
rear . . . .
Agent Fiorita immediately made a U-turn and proceeded
westerly or southwesterly on Highway 26 trying to catch up with the
Suburban, but observed that it had significantly increased its speed to
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approximately 80 miles an hour. By driving in excess of 80 miles per
hour, Agent Fiorita was able to catch up with the Suburban and
follow it at a speed of 80 miles an hour for some distance. While
following the Suburban, he was able to determine the information on
the license plate, which he called in, and received back a report that
the license was registered to a person residing in the area of San
Elizario, Texas, which is in the El Paso, Texas area.
He also received information that according to a 72-hour lane
check, the vehicle had not crossed the border from the Republic of
Mexico within the preceding 72 hours. In Agent Fiorita’s
experience, it would be unusual for a vehicle whose travel originated
in the El Paso, Texas area to travel north on Interstate 25, and then
head back west on Highway 26 instead of simply turning onto
Interstate 10 at its junction with Interstate 25, which is just south of
Las Cruces because it would take approximately an hour and a half
longer to reach the same point on Interstate 10 by going north on
Interstate 25 and then down Highway 26 to its junction with
Interstate 10, as opposed to simply going directly onto Interstate 10.
In addition, it seemed unusual to Agent Fiorita that a vehicle
originating in the El Paso area would take the route north on
[Interstate] 25 and then west on Highway 26 in the early morning
hours around 3:00 a.m. because there were essentially no services on
Highway 26, whereas, there were a number of services on [Interstate]
10 . . . if needed. Also, in Agent Fiorita’s experience, most people
drive Interstate 10 westbound from trips originating in the El Paso,
Texas area instead of taking the more circuitous route of going north
and then back down southwestward to Interstate 10.
....
Agent Fiorita pulled around to the . . . left side of the
Suburban and traveled adjacent to it for approximately a quarter of a
mile or 15 seconds . . . . [H]e observed that the driver was a female,
who did not look at him throughout the time that the vehicles were
side by side for about 15 seconds. This is contrary to his experience
in that normally when he is passing people in that fashion, they turn
and look at his vehicle. Instead, the driver had a rigid, fixed forward
orientation of her head and never turned to look at him. In addition,
the driver would not make eye contact with him, as in his experience,
he would expect of drivers who he was passing or who he was
driving beside for some distance. . . . As Agent Fiorita pulled beside
the Suburban, it slowed from the speed of approximately 80 miles per
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hour to a speed within the speed limit. Agent Fiorita then . . .
stopped the vehicle.
Rec., vol. III, at 99-104. 1
“Reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we accept the trial court’s
findings of fact unless clearly erroneous, . . . [but the] ultimate determination of
reasonableness under the fourth amendment is . . . a conclusion of law that we
review de novo.” United States v. Venzor-Castillo, 991 F.2d 634, 636 (10th Cir.
1993) (citations and quotations omitted). Ms. Martinez-Legarda only takes issue
with the district court’s legal conclusion of reasonableness. Aplt. Br. at 7.
Whether an officer had reasonable suspicion sufficient to justify a stop
depends upon the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Guillen-Cazares,
989 F.2d 380, 383 (10th Cir. 1993). The Supreme Court has outlined a
nonexhautive list of factors relevant to the reasonableness of stops:
In determining whether there is reasonable suspicion to stop a car in
the border area, officers may consider any number of factors,
including: (1) characteristics of the area in which the vehicle is
encountered; (2) the proximity of the area to the border; (3) the usual
patterns of traffic on the particular road; (4) the previous experience
of the agent with alien traffic; (5) information about recent illegal
border crossings in the area; (6) the driver’s behavior, including any
obvious attempts to evade officers; (7) aspects of the vehicle, such as
a station wagon with concealed compartments; and (8) the
The court also noted there were two different routes drivers from the El
1
Paso, Texas area could take to avoid check points on Interstate 10. One of these
routes included heading north on Highway 25 and then southwest on Highway 26,
as Ms. Martinez-Legarda appeared to be doing. Rec., vol. III, at 98-100.
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appearance that the vehicle is heavily loaded. Additionally, an
“officer is entitled to assess the facts in light of his experience in
detecting illegal entry and smuggling.”
United States v. Monsisvais, 907 F.2d 987, 990 (10th Cir. 1990) (quoting United
States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 884-85 (1975)).
In relation to these factors, the district court found the route upon which
Ms. Martinez-Legarda was traveling to be one of two possible routes for avoiding
the border patrol checkpoint on Interstate 10. At 3:00 a.m., when Agent Fiorita
first encountered Ms. Martinez-Legarda’s vehicle, there were “essentially no
services” on the highway on which she was traveling, “whereas there were a
number of services available on [Interstate] 10.” Rec., Vol. III, at 102. The
encounter took place approximately fifty miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border.
Agent Fiorita was an experienced border patrol agent with specialized “training in
the detection of factors suggesting the transportation of concealed aliens or
contraband.” Id. at 103-04. Upon encountering Agent Fiorita, Ms. Martinez-
Legarda was traveling at approximately sixty-five miles per hour. As Agent
Fiorita passed, she tapped her breaks, although nothing in the road appeared to
cause this action. When Agent Fiorita made a U-turn to follow her, she increased
her speed to approximately eighty miles per hour. When Agent Fiorita drove next
to Ms. Martinez-Legarda for approximately fifteen seconds, she appeared stiff and
did not make eye contact with him or even glance in his direction. This behavior
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was “contrary to his experience in that normally when he is passing people in that
fashion, they turn to look at his vehicle.” Id. Most significantly, in the hours
prior to his interception of Ms. Martinez-Legarda, Agent Fiorita received reliable
information from his own agency that “large sports utility vehicles bearing Texas
license plates registered to the El Paso, Texas area were being used to smuggle
aliens avoiding the checkpoint on Interstate 10.” Id. at 99. Ms. Martinez-
Legarda’s vehicle and geographic location fit this profile. Finally, the district
court credited Agent Fiorita’s assessment that Ms. Martinez-Legarda’s vehicle
was riding low. These circumstances, viewed in their totality, gave rise to
reasonable suspicion justifying Agent Fiorita’s stop of Ms. Martinez-Legarda.
Ms. Martinez-Legarda recognizes the Supreme Court’s disapproval of a
“divide-and-conquer analysis” of facts supporting reasonableness. Aplt. Br. at 14
(citing United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 274 (2002)). She nevertheless
employs exactly this sort of attack on the district court’s denial of her motion to
suppress. Acknowledging that any one of the above facts alone would not be
sufficient to support the district court’s ruling, we decline Ms. Martinez-
Legarda’s invitation to assess each factor in isolation.
On the other hand, we do accept, and therefore address, Ms. Martinez-
Legarda’s argument that an officer’s reason to believe the vehicle subject to a
stop has come from the border is a “vital element” in the totality-of-the-
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circumstances analysis. Aplt. Br. at 14. According to Ms. Martinez-Legarda, her
location fifty miles north of the border and her traveling towards instead of away
from the border significantly undermine any suspicion that she had, in fact, come
from the border. However, a distance of fifty miles is not so far from the border
as to render unreasonable the notion that a vehicle originated at the border. See,
e.g., Venzor-Castillo, 991 F.2d 635, 638 (location 235 miles from border will not
support stop); 8 C.F.R. § 287.1(a)(2) (2003) (location within 100 air miles from
any external border is reasonable distance within which border patrol may make
warrantless stops). Ms. Martinez-Legarda’s southwest travel towards the border
is also relevant to the analysis. But this fact is undermined by the intelligence
report Agent Fiorita received. The indication that a vehicle much like Ms.
Martinez-Legarda’s was smuggling undocumented persons and attempting to
avoid the Interstate 10 checkpoint made her appearance at the location and in the
direction she was traveling far more suspicious than would ordinarily be the case.
Stops of the sort at issue here will be upheld “if they [are based on] specific
articulable facts, together with rational inferences from those facts, that
reasonably warrant suspicion that the vehicles contain aliens who may be illegally
in the country.” Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. at 884. Sufficient articulable facts
and rational inferences undergirded Agent Fiorita’s stop of Ms. Martinez-
Legarda.
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We AFFIRM.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephanie K. Seymour
Circuit Judge
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