United States v. Cortez-Villanueva

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
October 26, 2007
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 06-4023
v. (D. Utah)
ISA IA S C OR TEZ-V ILLA N U EVA, (D.C. No. 1:05-CR-49-DAK)
also known as Oracio C. Villanueva,
also know n as Orosio Cortez, also
known as Luis Corona Florez,
Defendant - Appellant.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before HA RTZ, M cCO NNELL, and TYM KOVICH, Circuit Judges.
Isaias Cortez-Villanueva pleaded guilty in the United States D istrict Court
for the District of Utah to one count of illegal reentry under 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The
court sentenced him to 57 months in prison and tw o years of supervised release.
He appeals his sentence. W e have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and
affirm.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
The calculation of M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s sentencing range under the
United States Sentencing G uidelines (USSG) was straightforward. The base
offense level for unlawfully entering or remaining in the United States is 8. See
USSG § 2L1.2. M r. Cortez-Villanueva received an increase of 16 levels for a
previous deportation following a conviction for a violent felony, see id.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), and a downward adjustment of 3 for accepting responsibility,
see id. § 3E1.1, for a total offense level of 21. Based on his prior convictions, his
status as a parolee, and his release from prison in the past two years, the
presentence report (PSR) calculated his criminal-history score as 9, see id.
§ 4A1.1, which established a criminal-history category of IV , see id. § 5A,
resulting in a Guidelines sentencing range of 57–71 months’ imprisonment. See
id.
In response to the PSR, M r. Cortez-Villanueva filed a position statement
arguing that he should receive a downward departure because his criminal-history
category overrepresented his dangerousness. He also argued that under United
States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), he should receive a downward variance
because he was not dangerous and because the government’s fast-track policy is
arbitrary and violates 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6) by favoring persons w ho happen to
be convicted in border states.
The district court denied M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s requests for a downward
departure and variance, ruling that there was no reason to impose a sentence
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below the Guidelines range and that the fast-track program did not violate the
Constitution. The court noted that M r. Cortez-Villanueva had been deported from
the country five times and had a prior conviction for burglary. (The PSR
reflected the correct offense, attempted burglary.) It sentenced M r. Cortez-
Villanueva to 57 months’ imprisonment, the lowest sentence within the
Guidelines range.
Post-Booker we review a sentence for reasonableness. See United States v.
Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053 (10th Cir. 2006). Any alleged legal errors in
calculating the Guidelines range are reviewed de novo, and the underlying factual
findings are reviewed for clear error. See id. at 1055. If the Guidelines range is
properly calculated, a sentence within the range is presumptively reasonable, but
the presumption can be rebutted by evidence that the sentence unreasonably fails
to take into account “other factors delineated in [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a).” Id. at
1054. See also Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2462 (2007) (appellate
courts may apply a presumption of reasonableness to sentences within the
Guidelines range).
In his opening brief on appeal, M r. Cortez-Villanueva contends that the
district court imposed an unreasonable sentence because it (1) failed to grant him
a downward variance based on the disparity caused by fast-track programs; (2)
counted his five prior deportations against him; and (3) gave disproportionate
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weight to his conviction for attempted burglary, misconstruing it as a conviction
for burglary. He does not challenge the court’s Guidelines calculations.
W e can summarily dispose of M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s contention that he
was entitled to a downward variance because the fast-track program violates
§ 3553(a)(6) by creating a sentencing disparity in favor of people w ho offend in
border states. W e rejected this argument in United States v. M artinez-Trujillo,
468 F.3d 1266, 1268 (10th Cir. 2006).
The second argument in M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s opening brief is that the
district court erred by considering prior deportations that had not resulted in
convictions for illegal reentry. But the court can properly consider prior
deportations as evidence that the defendant ignores the law and is likely to try to
reenter this country again. M r. Cortez-Villanueva conceded this point in the
following exchange at sentencing:
The Court: Are you saying I shouldn’t take into account
a deportation that wasn’t a conviction?
[Defense Counsel]: W ell, certainly, I think it’s relevant.
You certainly can consider that.
R. Vol. II at 6. The district court’s consideration of prior deportations was not
error.
M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s third ground for challenging his sentence is that
the district court gave disproportionate w eight to his attempted-burglary
conviction by mischaracterizing it as a burglary, which is a more serious felony.
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This argument was not presented to the court. W e therefore review it only for
plain error. See United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 732 (10th Cir.
2005). “Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3)
affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, there was error. The district court certainly misspoke. And the error was
plain. But M r. Cortez-V illanueva has not established the necessary prejudice.
The court referred only once to a burglary and the reference may have been short-
hand for M r. Cortez-Villanueva’s conviction for attempted burglary; the PSR
referred accurately to the conviction, as did the prosecution and the defense. The
court imposed the lowest possible G uidelines sentence. W e have no reason to
believe that the court’s mischaracterization of an attempted-burglary conviction
as a burglary conviction played any role in imposing sentence. M r. Cortez-
Villanueva is therefore not entitled to relief on this ground.
M r. Cortez-Villanueva has raised additional arguments since filing his
opening brief on appeal. In his reply brief he argues that fast-track sentencing in
other jurisdictions violates the Constitutional guarantees of due process and equal
protection. B ut because these arguments were not raised until the reply brief, we
will not consider them. See Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533 (10th Cir. 2000).
W e note that M r. Cortez-Villanueva does not cite to any case holding that the
fast-track program violates either due process or equal protection.
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Also, in a letter submitted under Fed. R. App. P. 28(j) and in a motion to
file a supplemental brief, he argues that the recent decision to adopt fast-track
sentencing in the District of Utah results in a violation of his rights under the Ex
Post Facto and Due Process Clauses. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 3; id.
amend. V. He bases his argument on the observation that because defendants
sentenced under the fast-track program receive more lenient sentences, his
sentence has become more severe by comparison. W e deny his motion to file a
supplemental brief because the argument clearly lacks merit. He cites M iller v.
Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 430 (1987), for the proposition that the implementation of
the fast-track program failed to give fair notice of a penalty change. But notice is
necessary only for increases in punishment. See id. at 429. Because adoption of
the fast-track program did not increase the punishment for a crime, his contention
under the Due Process and Ex Post Facto Clauses must fail.
M r. C ortez-V illanueva’s sentence is AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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