United States v. Jolivet

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
February 27, 2008
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
Nos. 07-4251, 07-4252
v. (D.C. Nos. 2:07-CV-386-JTG and
2:07-CV-399-JTG;
DAVID R. JOLIVET, 2:94-CR-205-JTG)
(D. Utah)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *
Before O’BRIEN, EBEL, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
David R. Jolivet, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, seeks to challenge
the administration of his sentence in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas petition. Because
Mr. Jolivet is incarcerated, by his own request, in Canada, the district court
dismissed the petition for want of jurisdiction. Mr. Jolivet now seeks before us a
certificate of appealability (“COA”) to appeal the district court’s order. Because
the law is clear that the execution of sentences served in Canada is a matter of
*
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Canadian law over which we have no jurisdiction, we deny the application for a
COA.
* * *
In 1985, Mr. Jolivet, a Canadian who had escaped from a Canadian prison
in November 1984, began serving a life sentence in Utah for a variety of offenses,
including aggravated kidnapping. In 1994, Mr. Jolivet was convicted in federal
court of attempting to escape custody in Utah, and sentenced to 36 months
imprisonment. In 1995, Mr. Jolivet was convicted of threatening a federal
judicial officer, and sentenced to 41 months imprisonment. Both federal
sentences were to run consecutively to Mr. Jolivet’s state sentence.
In 2003, Mr. Jolivet, who was apparently serving his state life sentence in a
federal prison as a contract boarder, was transferred from the United States to
Canada to serve out the remainder of his sentences. The transfer was made at Mr.
Jolivet’s request and pursuant to a treaty between the United States and Canada.
On his arrival in Canada, the Canadian authorities converted Mr. Jolivet’s
consecutive federal sentences into concurrent sentences because under Canadian
law nothing may run consecutive to a life sentence. However, the Utah state
court subsequently modified Mr. Jolivet’s life sentence to a determinate sentence
of 25 years. As Canadian law no longer forbade giving effect to the American
federal judgment, the 36- and 41-month sentences were once again set to run
consecutively to the Utah state court sentence. The Canadian authorities then
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calculated Mr. Jolivet’s release date based on those sentences. Mr. Jolivet
challenged the release date they came up with, arguing that he should have
received 54 days of “statutory good time credit” per year served in American
federal prison. When the Canadian authorities denied this request, Mr. Jolivet,
claiming that his due process rights were being denied, petitioned the district
court for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which the district
court denied for want of jurisdiction.
We may issue a COA only if the petitioner makes “a substantial showing of
the denial of a constitutional right.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Where the
district court dismisses a habeas petition on procedural grounds, as it did here, a
COA may be issued only when “the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason
would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a
constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the
district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S.
473, 484 (2000); see also Omar-Muhammad v. Williams, 484 F.3d 1262, 1264
(10th Cir. 2007). In this case, we have no doubt that the district court ruled
correctly in dismissing Mr. Jolivet’s Section 2255 petition for lack of jurisdiction.
The Treaty between the United States of America and Canada on the
Execution of Penal Sentences provides, in relevant part, that
[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this Treaty, the completion of a
transferred Offender’s sentence shall be carried out according to the
laws and procedures of the Receiving State, including the application
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of any provisions for reduction of the term of confinement by parole,
conditional release, or otherwise.
Art. IV, § 1, U.S.-Can., March 2, 1977, 30 U.S.T. 6263 (“Transfer Treaty”). We
have construed this same provision in a similar treaty to mean that a prisoner’s
accrual of good time credits is governed by the law of the state to which he is
transferred, effective on the date of the transfer. Kass v. Reno, 83 F.3d 1186,
1192 (10th Cir. 1996). Thus, from 2003 onward the administration of Mr.
Jolivet’s good time credits is a matter that he must take up with the Canadian
authorities. Having voluntarily submitted himself to Canadian custody, the treaty
requires that Mr. Jolivet abide by Canadian laws on this subject. And while it is
true that the treaty requires the Sending State to apprise the Receiving State of
any good time credits earned while in the Sending State, see Transfer Treaty, art
III., § 8 30 U.S.T. 6263, Mr. Jolivet failed to earn any good time credits while he
was in the United States, see D. Ct. Op. at 3; Petition, Ex. 8. 1
1
Based on a letter from the district judge who sentenced him, Mr. Jolivet
also argues that his 41-month sentence should run concurrently with his other
sentences. However, Mr. Jolivet concedes that the sentencing order stated that
the 41-month sentence was to run consecutively to the Utah sentence. Op. Br. at
6. For its part, the letter was expressly a recommendation that “service of the
federal sentence imposed here should run concurrently with any sentence to be
imposed by that appropriate Canadian court” following extradition to Canada.
Mr. Jolivet was not extradited to Canada, but transferred, and is not incarcerated
pursuant to any sentence imposed by a Canadian court. Thus, even if we were
inclined to read the letter as amending the original sentence, it is by its own terms
inapplicable to Mr. Jolivet’s current situation.
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Mr. Jolivet concedes that the Bureau of Prisons had not awarded him any
good time credits as of the time he was transferred to Canada, Op. Br. at 7-8, but
argues that the reason it had not was because his federal sentences were
consecutive to a life sentence, and thus good time credits would not have been
meaningful. This, in Mr. Jolivet’s view, distinguishes his case from Kass. We
cannot agree. As the district court noted, 18 U.S.C § 3624(b)(1), which governs
the 54 days per year of good time credit, is permissive. It states that “a prisoner
who is serving a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year other than a term of
imprisonment for the duration of the prisoner’s life, may” receive the good time
credit. 18 U.S.C. § 3624(b)(1) (emphasis added). Section 3624(b)(1) also
explicitly states that “[c]redit that has not been earned may not later be granted.”
This language would seem to preclude Mr. Jolivet being awarded back credits
now that his Utah sentence is no longer a life sentence. However, even if the
change in Mr. Jolivet’s Utah sentence would have rendered him eligible for back
credits, our case law is clear that as of the date of his transfer, “it is irrelevant
that he might have obtained more favorable credits had he remained in [the
United States].” Kass, 83 F.3d at 1192. Mr. Jolivet had not been awarded any
good time credits as of the time of his transfer, and by treaty the subsequent
accrual of good time credits is governed by Canadian law. We may not order
Canadian authorities to alter their decision regarding Mr. Jolivet’s good time
credits.
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* * *
Because Mr. Jolivet has failed to show that the district court’s disposition
of his Section 2255 petition is debatable or incorrect, his request for a COA is
denied and this appeal is dismissed. The motion to proceed in forma pauperis is
also denied.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Neil M. Gorsuch
Circuit Judge
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