United States v. Jardine

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
June 13, 2006
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 05-8069
(D. Ct. No. 02-CR-38-ABJ)
ANDY JARDINE, (D. Wyo.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, BARRETT, Senior Circuit Judge, and O’BRIEN,
Circuit Judge.
This is a direct appeal following resentencing in light of United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220 (2005). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
On July 26, 2002, a jury convicted Defendant-Appellant Andy Jardine of two
counts of unlawfully possessing firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and
(g)(9). At the first sentencing hearing, the District Court applied United States
Sentencing Guidelines Manual (“U.S.S.G.”) § 2K2.1 to determine Mr. Jardine’s base
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
offense level. Because the court found that Mr. Jardine had possessed a firearm in
connection with a separate drug trafficking offense it applied § 2K2.1(c)(1)(A)’s cross-
reference to § 2X1.1. That Guidelines section instructs a district court to apply the base
offense level of the other offense if it is higher than the base level under § 2K2.1. In this
case, the drug trafficking offense did result in a higher offense level, and Mr. Jardine was
ultimately sentenced to 108 months’ imprisonment on November 7, 2002. This Court
affirmed Mr. Jardine’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal on April 20, 2004. See
United States v. Jardine, 364 F.3d 1200 (10th Cir. 2004).
While Mr. Jardine’s petition for a writ of certiorari was pending, the Supreme
Court decided United States v. Booker. The import of that decision is now well-known:
under a mandatory sentencing scheme, the Sixth Amendment requires that “[a]ny fact
(other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the
maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be
admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Booker, 543
U.S. at 244. In light of that decision, the Supreme Court granted Mr. Jardine’s petition
and remanded his case to this Court for further reconsideration. See Jardine v. United
States, 543 U.S. 1102 (2005). The Government conceded that Booker mandated
resentencing, which this Court ordered on May 12, 2005. See United States v. Jardine,
406 F.3d 1261 (10th Cir. 2005). Resentencing took place on July 6, 2005. The District
Court found the same facts, applied § 2K2.1 and § 2X1.1 in the same way, and again
sentenced Mr. Jardine to 108 months’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Sixth Amendment Error
Mr. Jardine first argues that after Booker, the Sixth Amendment requires that a
jury—rather than a judge—determine whether he possessed a firearm in connection with
drug trafficking in order to apply the cross-reference to § 2X1.1 contained in § 2K2.1.
Reviewing de novo, see United States v. Angelos, 433 F.3d 738, 753 (10th Cir. 2006), we
disagree.
To remedy the Sixth Amendment infirmity inherent in the pre-Booker Guidelines,
the Court struck down the statutory provisions that made the Guidelines mandatory.
Booker, 543 U.S. at 244. Accordingly, acting under an advisory scheme, “it is
permissible to enhance a sentence on the basis of judge-found facts.” United States v.
Rockey, — F.3d — at n.2 (10th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Lawrence, 405 F.3d
888, 907 (10th Cir. 2005) (“the Supreme Court’s holding in Booker would not have
prohibited the district court from making the same factual findings and applying the same
enhancements and adjustments to [the defendant’s] sentence as long as it did not apply
the Guidelines in a mandatory fashion”). In this case, the District Court clearly sentenced
Mr. Jardine under an advisory scheme; therefore, the court did not engage in judicial fact-
finding of the sort prohibited by Booker.
B. Fifth Amendment Error
Mr. Jardine also contends that application of § 2X1.1 violates his due process
rights after Booker because he was sentenced for a drug trafficking offense that he was
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never charged with or convicted of. To begin, we have previously rejected a similar
argument made prior to Booker. See United States v. O’Flanagan, 339 F.3d 1229,1234
(10th Cir. 2003) (“§ 2X1.1, when cross-referenced by § 2K2.1(c), does not require a
conviction before a district court may use the guideline provision applicable to the
conduct underlying the firearm offense.”). Moreover, 18 U.S.C. § 3661 instructs that
“[n]o limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the background, character,
and conduct of a person convicted of an offense which a court of the United States may
receive and consider for the purpose of imposing an appropriate sentence,” and this
statutory provision regarding sentencing remains in full effect even after Booker. See
United States v. Magallanez, 408 F.3d 672, 684 (10th Cir. 2005); see also United States v.
Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 156 (1997) (concluding that a district court has discretion under
§ 3661 to consider crimes for which the defendant was not convicted, and noting that
“application of the preponderance standard at sentencing generally satisfies due
process.”). In this case, the court received a significant amount of testimony from a
number of different sources pertaining to Mr. Jardine’s simultaneous involvement with
guns and drug trafficking. Applying the preponderance standard, this evidence was
clearly sufficient to establish his drug trafficking activity as conduct underlying the
firearm offense. We therefore conclude that Mr. Jardine’s sentence was not imposed in
violation of his right to due process.
C. Reasonableness of Sentence
Finally, Mr. Jardine makes a cursory argument that the District Court failed to
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account for the sentencing factors set forth at 28 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and that his 108-month
sentence is unreasonable. We find no merit to either contention.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT,
Deanell Reece Tacha
Chief Circuit Judge
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