United States v. Timbers

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS
May 17, 2007
TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
U N ITED STA TES O F A M ER ICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 05-4229
v. D. Utah
TROY ANTH ONY TIM BERS, (D.C. No. 1:03-CR -97-TS)
Defendant - Appellant.
OR D ER AND JUDGM ENT *
Before H E N RY, BR ISC OE, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination
of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Troy Timbers, appeals from his sentence. Exercising jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
I. Background
In January 2003, a confidential informant provided information suggesting
Timbers was involved in the distribution of cocaine. The informant later
conducted two controlled-drug buys with Timbers. Based on this information, a
federal agent obtained and executed a search warrant for Timbers’ residence.
Officers found two firearms in the residence, as well as one in Timbers’ vehicle.
In addition, officers found more than $130,000 in cash throughout his residence,
including some bills bundled in bags behind the walls. Officers also found six .22
caliber bullets, a digital scale, and 4.2 grams of cocaine.
Subsequently, Timbers was indicted on two counts. Count one alleged
Timbers possessed three handguns and ammunition, while a user of and addicted
to a controlled substance, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(3). Count two
alleged Timbers possessed cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a).
Timbers pled guilty to count one. At sentencing, the district court
enhanced Timbers’ offense level by four levels, under §2K2.1(b)(5) of the federal
sentencing guidelines, after determining Timbers’ possession of the guns had the
potential to embolden his felony drug related activities. See USSG §2K2.1(b)(5)
(2004). 1 Timbers w as sentenced to 24 months imprisonment. Timbers timely
filed his notice of appeal.
1
Timbers was sentenced under the 2004 edition of the United States
Sentencing Guidelines M anual. All citations to the guidelines in this order &
judgment refer to the 2004 guidelines unless otherw ise indicated.
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II. Discussion
Timbers argues 1) the district court erred by applying the guidelines in a
mandatory fashion; 2) the guideline provisions under which he was sentenced
were ambiguous and therefore the rule of lenity requires imposing a sentence
without the §2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement; and 3) the district court erred in finding
the firearms had the potential to facilitate Timbers’ drug activities.
On appeal of an application of the advisory guidelines, we review the
district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.
United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1055 (10th Cir. 2006).
A. Application of the Guidelines
Timbers argues the district court erred, under United States v. Booker, by
applying the guidelines in a mandatory fashion. 543 U.S. 220 (2005). As this
Court has stated:
There are two types of error under Booker: non-constitutional error
and constitutional error. Non-constitutional error derives from the
so-called remedial portion of Booker, which severed the statutory
provision requiring mandatory application of the Sentencing
Guidelines in most cases. This severance has rendered the
Guidelines mainly advisory, although sentencing courts must still
consult the Guidelines and the factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Appellate courts will reverse a sentence if it is deemed unreasonable.
Constitutional Booker error, on the other hand, occurs in the context
of a mandatory sentencing regime when a judge-found fact (other
than the fact of a prior conviction) increases a defendant’s sentence
beyond the maximum authorized by a jury verdict or a guilty plea
through the court’s application of the mandatory guidelines.
United States v. Visinaiz, 428 F.3d 1300, 1315 (10th Cir. 2005) (citations
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omitted), cert. denied, 126 S.Ct. 1101 (2006); see also United States v. Delacruz-
Soto, 414 F.3d 1158, 1161-62 (10th Cir. 2005) (describing the two types of
Booker error). If the district court applies the guidelines as only advisory, there
can be no Booker error. Visinaiz, 428 F.3d at 1315 (“[B]ecause the district court
did not consider the guidelines mandatory, there was no Booker error,
constitutional or non-constitutional.”). Despite the fact the district court clearly
stated it was treating the guidelines as advisory, Timbers argues the court applied
the guidelines in a mandatory fashion. For support, Timbers points to the district
court’s statement that “the court, in reading the language [of comment four of
USSG §2K2.1] which says [‘]federal, state or local,[’] must find that if an offense
is a felony under state law, even if it is a misdemeanor under federal law , that it is
still a felony for the purposes of applying [§2K2.1(b)(5)].” (R. Vol. II at 39.)
Timbers also quotes the district court’s statement that “the court finds that the
government has met its burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that the firearm was possessed by the defendant in connection with another felony
offense, as is required by the Sentencing Guidelines . . . .” (Id.).
Even though w e have recently (and repeatedly) explained the process,
Timbers appears to be confused about post-Booker sentencing.
After [Booker] rendered the Sentencing Guidelines advisory, district
courts must use a two-step process at sentencing. In Step 1, the
district court must consult the Guidelines and apply any applicable
upward adjustments and downward departures. Through that
process, the district court establishes a total offense level and
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corresponding sentencing range under the Guidelines. In Step 2, the
district court may use its discretion to impose a sentence within the
Guidelines range or to vary either upward or downward from that
range.
United States v. Hernandez-C astillo, 449 F.3d 1127, 1129 (10th Cir. 2006), cert.
denied, 127 S.Ct. 936 (2007); see also Visinaiz, 428 F.3d at 1315 (“[S]entencing
courts must still consult the Guidelines . . . .”). Plainly, the district court is
required, as it did here, to consider the guidelines as a starting point from which it
may then exercise its discretion under step two. Timbers invites us to reverse the
district court for following the very procedures w e now require in post-Booker
sentencing. W e decline the invitation.
B. Application of the Rule of Lenity
Timbers argues the guideline provisions under which his sentence was
enhanced are ambiguous and therefore the doctrine of lenity should require the
district court to impose the lesser sentence. 2 It is true, when there are two
2
W e have previously stated:
Prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Booker, our conclusion that
a Guideline provision was ambiguous required us to remand with
instructions to follow the interpretation of the Guidelines that would
produce the lesser sentence. Post-Booker, . . ., the district courts are
“[r]elieved of the mandatory application of the guidelines” and “are
now permitted to give more sw ay in sentencing to the factors
enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).”
United States v. Weidner, 437 F.3d 1023, 1047 (10th Cir. 2006) (citations
omitted). An ambiguous guideline provision does not demand the lesser sentence
be imposed, given the district court’s discretion. After Booker, the touchstone is
whether the sentence is reasonable. Booker, 543 U.S. at 261.
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rational readings of the law, one harsher than the other, the courts are to choose
the harsher only when Congress has made its intentions clear. Scheidler v. Nat’l
Org. for Women, Inc., 537 U.S. 393, 409 (2003); see United States v. Bazile, 209
F.3d 1205, 1207 (10th Cir. 2000) (“Under the rule of lenity, we interpret
ambiguous statutes, as well as Sentencing Guidelines, in favor of the defendant
and impose the shorter sentence.”). Y et, the doctrine of lenity does not apply
where the guidelines are clear. United States v. M cGraw, 351 F.3d 443, 445 (10th
Cir. 2003).
W e first turn to the provisions Timbers claims are ambiguous. Section
2K2.1(b)(5) of the guidelines provides:
If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in
connection with another felony offense; or possessed or transferred
any firearm or ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason to
believe that it would be used or possessed in connection with another
felony offense, increase by 4 levels. If the resulting offense level is
less than level 18, increase to level 18.
USSG §2K2.1(b)(5). The phrase “felony offense, as used in subsection (b)(5),
means any offense (federal, state, or local) punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year, whether or not a criminal charge was brought, or conviction
obtained.” Id., comment. (n.4).
Timbers’ briefing on this point is less than clear. He appears to argue
Timbers suggests our approach in Weidner is not good enough. W e need not
address his argument that later Supreme Court lenity cases require imposing the
lesser sentence because the provisions at issue are not ambiguous; the lenity
doctrine does not apply.
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§2K2.1(b)(5) is ambiguous because possession of cocaine is a felony under state
law not federal law. W e agree with the government, the doctrine of lenity does
not apply here because these provisions are quite clear. If a firearm is used or
possessed in connection with any federal, state, or local felony offense, the
§2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement applies. Thus, the district court’s determination that a
state felony statute could support the §2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement was correct.
C. Findings of Fact
Timbers also argues the district court erred in concluding the firearms
found in his residence had the potential to facilitate his felony drug activities.
The factual findings of the district court will be upheld unless clearly erroneous.
Kristl, 437 F.3d at 1055. The district court correctly noted, for §2K1(b)(5) to
apply, “the firearm must have some purpose or effect with respect to the . . .
crime; its presence or involvement cannot be the result of accident or
coincidence.” (R. Vol. II at 38 (quoting United States v. Constantine, 263 F.3d
1122, 1126 (10th Cir. 2001).) In addition, “a weapon’s proximity to narcotics
may be sufficient to provide the nexus necessary to enhance a defendant’s
sentence under § 2K2.1(b)(5).” United States v. Bunner, 134 F.3d 1000, 1006
(10th Cir. 1998).
The district court considered the evidence and found: 1) Timbers
participated in two controlled buys; 2) bills from the controlled buys were found
commingled with the approximately $137,000 dollars; 3) six .22 caliber bullets
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were found near the narcotics; 4) two firearms, one w ith two loaded clips, were
found with a small safe containing $1,700 in cash; and 5) scales were found. The
court focused on several bills from the controlled buys intermingled with the
other funds, “demonstrat[ing] a damning link to drug distribution.” (R. Vol. II at
40.) The court also noted the presence of a set of scales is “consistent with drug
distribution activity.” (Id.) It then determined the government had “established a
link between the guns, the money and the drugs, which is only strengthened by
the proximity of these items and the overall conduct of defendant in conducting
his drug related affairs.” (Id.) The court concluded Timbers’ possession of the
guns “had the potential to embolden Timbers in his drug related activities.” (Id.)
Timbers argues the possession of the guns were “for his self-protection,”
and the possession was “coincidental and unrelated to the possession of [the]
cocaine or to the alleged drug distributions.” (Appellant’s Br. at 14-15.) Such a
view of the evidence was apparently rejected by the district court. Simply
offering an alternative view of the evidence on appeal is not sufficient to show
the district court’s finding of fact is clearly erroneous. M anning v. United States,
146 F.3d 808, 813 (10th Cir. 1998) (“‘[w]here there are two permissible views of
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the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.”)
(quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985)).
A FFIR ME D.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Terrence L. O’Brien
Circuit Judge
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