Pioneer Craft House, Inc. v. City of South Salt Lake

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT January 13, 2017
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
THE PIONEER CRAFT HOUSE, INC., a
Utah nonprofit corporation in good
standing,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 16-4038
(D.C. No. 2:13-CV-00705-DN)
CITY OF SOUTH SALT LAKE, a Utah (D. Utah)
municipal corporation; SOUTH SALT
LAKE CITY ATTORNEY LYN
CRESWELL, an individual acting in his
individual capacity,
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HOLMES, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
The Pioneer Craft House, Inc., (“Pioneer”) sued the City of South Salt Lake
and City Attorney Lyn Creswell, asserting civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
In response to defendants’ motion to dismiss Pioneer’s second amended complaint
for failure to state a claim, Pioneer moved for leave to file a third amended
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
complaint. The district court dismissed the second amended complaint, denied leave
to amend, and entered judgment in defendants’ favor. Pioneer argues on appeal that
its proposed third amended complaint alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for
relief under § 1983 and the district court therefore erred in denying its motion for
leave to amend as futile. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
I. Background
As alleged by Pioneer, in 2007 the City and Salt Lake County purchased real
property commonly known as Pioneer Craft House (“Craft House”). In 2008, the
City and Pioneer entered into a lease agreement under which Pioneer paid the City
$1.00 per year for non-exclusive use of the Craft House premises (“2008 Lease”). In
April 2012, defendants locked Pioneer out of the Craft House and terminated the
2008 Lease. Three months later, in July 2012, Pioneer entered into a new, one-year
agreement with the City under which it agreed to pay a substantially higher monthly
fee for the use of dedicated space in the Craft House. After the City notified Pioneer
that it would not renew the 2012 one-year agreement, Pioneer filed this action
challenging the April 2012 lockout and termination of the 2008 Lease as violating
Pioneer’s right to due process.
Defendants moved to dismiss Pioneer’s second amended complaint for failure
to state a claim. They argued that the 2008 Lease was ultra vires and unenforceable
because it was entered into without a public hearing, as required by state law;
consequently, Pioneer had no vested property interest in the Craft House and its
§ 1983 claim failed as a matter of law. Pioneer responded by seeking leave to amend
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its complaint once again. It also filed a response to defendants’ motion to dismiss the
second amended complaint, arguing that its proposed third amended complaint stated
a claim upon which relief could be granted.
The district court held that Pioneer never had a protected property interest in
the Craft House because the 2008 Lease was void. It therefore dismissed Pioneer’s
second amended complaint for failure to state a claim under § 1983. The court also
denied Pioneer leave to file its proposed third amended complaint, holding that
amendment would be futile.
II. Discussion
On appeal, Pioneer challenges only the district court’s denial of leave to file its
proposed third amended complaint.1 “We ordinarily review a denial of a motion to
amend a pleading for abuse of discretion. However, when denial is based on a
determination that amendment would be futile, our review for abuse of discretion
includes de novo review of the legal basis for the finding of futility.” Miller ex rel.
S.M. v. Bd. of Educ. of Albuquerque Pub. Sch., 565 F.3d 1232, 1249 (10th Cir. 2009)
(citations omitted).
To state a claim for relief under § 1983, Pioneer had to allege the deprivation
of a federal right, action under color of state law—and in this case, a property interest
sufficient to invoke procedural protections. See Buckley Constr., Inc. v. Shawnee
1
The only issues Pioneer presents for review in its opening brief are
(1) whether the proposed third amended complaint alleged sufficient facts to state a
claim for relief and (2) whether the district court erred in holding that amendment
was futile. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 7-8.
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Civic & Cultural Dev. Auth., 933 F.2d 853, 857 (10th Cir. 1991). Pioneer alleged
that defendants locked it out of the Craft House and terminated the 2008 Lease
without due process. In dismissing Pioneer’s second amended complaint, however,
the district court held that Pioneer lacked a protected property interest in the Craft
House because the City entered into the 2008 Lease without holding a public hearing,
making the lease void under Utah law. The court then concluded that Pioneer’s new
facts alleged in its proposed third amended complaint—that an attorney had
determined and advised the mayor and city council that a public hearing was not
required—were insufficient to establish a protected property interest. Thus, because
the proposed third amended complaint would also be subject to dismissal, the court
denied Pioneer’s motion to amend as futile. See Watson ex rel. Watson v. Beckel,
242 F.3d 1237, 1239-40 (10th Cir. 2001).
Pioneer has not demonstrated error in the district court’s determination that
amendment of its complaint would be futile. Section 10-8-2 of the Utah Code “deals
with the authority of municipalities to dispose of property.” Salt Lake Cty. Comm’n
v. Salt Lake Cty. Att’y, 985 P.2d 899, 909 (Utah 1999). A municipality may lease
real property “for the benefit of the municipality . . . if the action is in the public
interest and complies with other law.” Utah Code Ann. § 10-8-2(1)(a)(iii). The Utah
Supreme Court has construed this statute as requiring adequate consideration.
See Sears v. Ogden City, 533 P.2d 118, 119 (Utah 1975). This is so because “[t]he
property owned by a city is held by the city in trust for the use and benefit of its
inhabitants and cannot be disposed of by gift without specific legislative authority.”
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Id. “[A]dequate consideration” is that which “provide[s] present benefit that reflects
the fair market value.” Salt Lake Cty. Comm’n, 985 P.2d at 910 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
A different subsection of § 10-8-2 provides that a municipality may “authorize
municipal services or other nonmonetary assistance to be provided to or waive fees
required to be paid by a nonprofit entity, whether or not the municipality receives
consideration in return.” Id. § 10-8-2(1)(a)(v). Importantly, this section states that a
municipality may take these actions “after first holding a public hearing.” Id. The
district court held that this statute required the City to hold a public hearing before
entering into the 2008 Lease, under which Pioneer—a non-profit entity—paid only
$1.00 per year to use the Craft House premises. Pioneer does not dispute that the
City failed to hold a public hearing on the 2008 Lease.
Because the City did not comply with § 10-8-2(1)(a)(v)’s hearing requirement,
the district court held that the 2008 Lease was ultra vires and unenforceable.
See First Equity Corp. of Fla. v. Utah State Univ., 544 P.2d 887, 892-93 (Utah 1975)
(holding that “municipal corporations are not bound by contracts made without
authority or in excess of the [municipality’s] power” and “the party actually dealing
with the public entity is charged with the knowledge that the contract is ultra vires
and unenforceable”). The district court reasoned that, because the 2008 Lease was
void from the beginning, Pioneer never had a constitutionally protected right to
5
occupy the Craft House and consequently could not state a claim under § 1983 for
deprivation of property.2
In seeking leave to amend to cure this deficiency, Pioneer pointed to
allegations in its proposed third amended complaint regarding a former City
Attorney’s determination that a public hearing on the 2008 Lease was unnecessary.
Pioneer quoted from the attorney’s memo advising the mayor and city council
regarding the proposed 2008 Lease:
Usually, before the City can pay costs, provide free services or waive fees
for another entity, state law requires a study of the benefits to be derived by
the City, findings that the benefits meet specific criteria established in state
law and a public hearing. That is not the case with this particular
transaction. The legislature has predetermined that it is appropriate to
spend public funds in support of the arts.
Aplt. App., Vol. 1 at 16 (internal quotation marks omitted). According to the
proposed third amended complaint, the former City Attorney relied on Utah Code
Ann. § 10-7-85 for this proposition. See id. That section provides:
The governing body of any municipality may provide for and appropriate
funds for the support of the arts, including music, dance, theatre, crafts and
visual, folk and literary art, for the purpose of enriching the lives of its
residents and may establish guidelines for the support of the arts.
In its motion for leave to amend, Pioneer argued these new allegations demonstrated
that the City “intended to disregard” § 10-8-2. Aplt. App., Vol. 2 at 188. And in
response to defendants’ motion to dismiss, Pioneer argued that its new allegations
2
The district court did not explain its holding that, in the absence of statutory
authority, the 2008 Lease was void from the beginning as opposed to being voidable.
See Ockey v. Lehmer, 189 P.3d 51, 56-57 (Utah 2008) (explaining the difference
between void and voidable contracts). We need not determine whether the district
court correctly decided this question because Pioneer does not challenge the district
court’s determination of this issue on appeal.
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showed that, after determining that the 2008 Lease complied with § 10-7-85, the
former City Attorney advised the City that state law did not require a public hearing.
As alleged by Pioneer, the City then acted on the advice of counsel in approving and
executing the 2008 Lease without a public hearing. See id. at 199-200.3
The district court concluded that Pioneer’s new allegations were insufficient to
establish it had a protected property interest in the Craft House. The court reasoned
that the former City Attorney’s “misguided advice is irrelevant as he, like the City,
cannot abrogate the requirements of Utah Code § 10-8-2.” Id. at 241. We agree. A
lease entered into by the City without the requisite statutory authority is not
otherwise enforceable by virtue of the City’s reliance on counsel’s faulty advice.
Rather, “[n]o estoppel can be created by the acts of [a city’s] agents or officers in
excess of their statutory or constitutional powers.” First Equity Corp. of Fla.,
544 P.2d at 892 (internal quotation marks omitted).
On appeal, Pioneer takes a different tack. It argues that, as alleged in the
proposed third amended complaint, the 2008 Lease, together with the agreement
under which the City and Salt Lake County purchased the Craft House property,
constituted a complicated public-interest transaction that met and supplanted the
requirements of § 10-8-2(1)(a)(v) “regarding ‘municipal services or other
nonmonetary assistance to be provided to or (waiver of) [sic] fees required to be paid
3
In responding to defendants’ motion to dismiss, Pioneer also asserted that the
lease agreement complied with § 10-7-85, which gave the City clear legislative
authority to support arts and crafts, such as those taught at the Craft House. See Aplt.
App., Vol. 2 at 200-01. But Pioneer did not develop a legal argument that § 10-7-85
authorized the City to enter into the 2008 Lease without a public hearing.
7
by a nonprofit entity . . .’” Aplt. Opening Br. at 20-21 (quoting Utah Code Ann.
§ 10-8-2(1)(a)(v)). Pioneer contends that the alleged combination of transactions
satisfied § 10-8-2(1)(a)(v) because it involved consideration from the county,
municipal services provided by the City, and nonmonetary assistance to Pioneer via
the $1.00-per-year lease of the Craft House premises (which, according to Pioneer,
also resulted in no waiver of fees by the City). See Aplt. Opening Br. at 20-21. It
then argues, without further elaboration, that Ҥ 10-8-2(1)(a)(v) simply did not apply
to this complicated public interest . . . transaction.” Id. at 22. In addition, Pioneer
asserts that neither the Utah Supreme Court nor the state legislature mandates that a
public transaction of this kind be preceded by a public hearing. For this proposition,
Pioneer cites a Utah Supreme Court case that did not involve application of
§ 10-8-2(1)(a)(v), and in which a public hearing was held, see Price Dev. Co. v.
Orem City, 995 P.2d 1237, 1240 (Utah 2000), and several state statutes other than
§ 10-8-2(1)(a)(v).
The immediate problem with these contentions is that Pioneer did not raise
them in the district court. As noted, Pioneer argued below that the City intended to
disregard § 10-8-2, as evidenced by a former City Attorney’s determination that the
2008 Lease complied with a different statute and the City’s reliance on the advice of
its counsel in entering into the lease without a public hearing. The district court
considered and rejected this argument as failing to demonstrate that the allegations in
the proposed third amended complaint showed that Pioneer had a protected property
8
interest based on the 2008 Lease. Pioneer does not repeat its district-court
contentions in its opening brief, electing to assert a different legal theory on appeal.
“Where, as here, a plaintiff pursues a new legal theory for the first time on
appeal, that new theory suffers the distinct disadvantage of starting at least a few
paces back from the block. . . . [I]f the theory simply wasn’t raised before the district
court, we usually hold it forfeited.” Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123,
1127-28 (10th Cir. 2011). “[W]e will entertain forfeited theories on appeal, but we
will reverse a district court’s judgment on the basis of a forfeited theory only if
failing to do so would entrench a plainly erroneous result.” Id. at 1128. We need not
recite and apply the standard for demonstrating plain error because Pioneer makes no
attempt to satisfy it, having failed even to acknowledge that its contentions are raised
for the first time on appeal. “[T]he failure to argue for plain error and its application
on appeal [] marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first presented
to the district court.” Id. at 1131. Consequently, Pioneer has not demonstrated error
in the district court’s denial of its motion for leave to amend its complaint.
III. Conclusion
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
Entered for the Court
Jerome A. Holmes
Circuit Judge
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