Jennings v. Yates

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT November 15, 2019
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
ISAIAH JENNINGS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 19-6029
(D.C. No. 5:18-CV-01126-R)
JAMES YATES, Warden; KEITH (W.D. Okla.)
BROWN, Chief of Security,
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, McHUGH, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Isaiah Jennings, an Oklahoma inmate appearing pro se, appeals the district
court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims for alleged violations of his
constitutional rights in connection with a prison disciplinary action. Exercising
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. Background
Jennings alleges that on July 17, 2017, a guard found a cell phone and two cell
phone chargers in the prison cell he shared with Lamonn Blanner.1 As a result, a
disciplinary officer found Jennings guilty of possession of a cell phone, a Class X
misconduct offense, and sentenced him to 30 days in administrative segregation. The
misconduct conviction abrogated Jennings’s good-time credits and his level-4 inmate
status. Prison officials placed Jennings in “High Max” facilities for two years
following these events. R. at 8.
Jennings cries foul because Blanner later admitted in a sworn statement that he
owned the cell phone and chargers. Jennings filed this case in forma pauperis under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 for alleged violations of his Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendment rights. He seeks damages and restoration of his good-time credits and
level-4 inmate status.
The district court screened Jennings’s complaint under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(a). The court found that Jennings’s complaint failed to
allege a cognizable Fifth Amendment violation, that his claim for recoupment of
good-time credits should have been brought in a habeas corpus action under
28 U.S.C. § 2241, and that his remaining § 1983 claims were premature because they
were predicated on invalidation of Jennings’s disciplinary conviction. The court
1
For purposes of this appeal, we assume that Jennings’s factual allegations are
true.
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further noted that Jennings had filed in the wrong venue and dismissed the action
without prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
On appeal to this court, Jennings argues that the district court erred by failing
to order a special report from the Oklahoma Department of Corrections. He also
renews the claims presented in his complaint, arguing that the disciplinary hearing
and punishment violated his rights under the Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
Amendments.
II. Discussion
A. Appellate Jurisdiction
At the outset, we must determine whether we have jurisdiction to consider this
appeal. Our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 extends to appeals taken from final
decisions, which are those that “‘end[] the litigation on the merits and leave[] nothing
for the court to do but execute the judgment.’” Alexander v. U.S. Parole
Comm’n, 514 F.3d 1083, 1087 (10th Cir. 2008) (alterations in original)
(quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)). But a district court’s
decision to dismiss claims without prejudice may signal, instead, that the district
court’s decision is not yet final. See Moya v. Schollenbarger, 465 F.3d 444, 448
(10th Cir. 2006). “[W]hether an order of dismissal is appealable generally depends
on whether the district court dismissed the complaint or the action. A dismissal of
the complaint is ordinarily a non-final, nonappealable order (since amendment would
generally be available), while a dismissal of the entire action is ordinarily final.”
Id. at 449 (internal quotation marks omitted). “In evaluating finality, . . . we look to
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the substance and objective intent of the district court’s order, not just its
terminology.” Id. And we apply a practical approach. See id. at 449–50.
The district court’s order described its dismissal as a dismissal of the “action”
and the “case.” R. at 68. The court also denied various pending motions as moot due
to the dismissal and noted that “should Mr. Jennings wish to proceed anew, he should
do so in the Eastern District of Oklahoma because venue is improper in this Court.”
Id. at 67. The court ended the action by entering a judgment in favor of the
defendants. These statements and rulings lead us to conclude that the district court
intended to dismiss Jennings’s entire action. We therefore have appellate jurisdiction
to consider this appeal.
B. Standard of Review
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of an action under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) or 1915A(b) for failure to state a claim, applying the same standards
we employ to review dismissals under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). See Young v. Davis,
554 F.3d 1254, 1256 (10th Cir. 2009); Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1217 (10th Cir.
2007). Because Jennings appears pro se, we construe his filings liberally but do not
serve as his advocate. See Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836,
840 (10th Cir. 2005).
C. Failure to Order a Martinez Report
Jennings argues on appeal that the district court erred by failing to order a
report from the Oklahoma Department of Corrections regarding the disciplinary
proceedings. In Martinez v. Aaron, 570 F.2d 317, 319–20 (10th Cir. 1978) (en banc)
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(per curiam), we authorized district courts to order reports from prison officials “to
develop a basis for determining whether a prisoner plaintiff has a possibly
meritorious claim.” Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1112 (10th Cir. 1991). District
courts order Martinez reports to aid in identifying and clarifying the issues pro se
plaintiffs raise in their complaints, to assist in the court’s broad reading of pro se
litigants’ pleadings, and to supplement plaintiffs’ descriptions of the practices they
contend are unconstitutional. See id. at 1112–13.
But district courts are not required to order a Martinez report to evaluate under
28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) or 1915A(b) whether a complaint fails, on its face, to state
a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Stengel v. N.M. Corr. Dep’t, 640 F. App’x
701, 703 n.4 (10th Cir. 2016) (“This court’s precedent permitting the use of Martinez
reports from prison authorities does not somehow create a procedural entitlement on
behalf of prisoners seeking to avoid dismissal of deficient pleadings under Rule
12(b)(6).” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Christensen v. Big Horn Cty. Bd. of Cty.
Comm’rs, 374 F. App’x 821, 825–26 (10th Cir. 2010) (“Where, as here, the complaint
clearly fails to state a claim, the district court does not commit reversible error in
forgoing a Martinez report.”). “The court’s function [in determining whether a complaint
states a claim] is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but
to assess whether the plaintiff’s complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for
which relief may be granted.” Swoboda v. Dubach, 992 F.2d 286, 290 (10th Cir. 1993)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (applying Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)). The district court
reviewed Jennings’s complaint and found it legally insufficient. And Jennings does not
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identify any fact or clarification a Martinez report might have provided that would
salvage his case. Cf. Swoboda, 992 F.2d at 290 (“In determining whether a plaintiff has
stated a claim, the district court may not look to the Martinez report, or any other
pleading outside the complaint itself, to refute facts specifically pled by a plaintiff, or to
resolve factual disputes.”). The district court did not err in failing to order a Martinez
report.
D. Other Arguments
Jennings’s remaining arguments on appeal rehash the grievances from his
complaint about the procedure and outcome of the prison disciplinary hearing. He
does not identify any other alleged errors made by the district court in dismissing his
case without prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
“A court of appeals is not required to manufacture an appellant’s argument on appeal
when [he] has failed in [his] burden to draw our attention to the error below.” Dodds
v. Richardson, 614 F.3d 1185, 1205 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We therefore will not consider any other arguments for reversal.
III. Conclusion
Jennings’s motion to proceed without prepayment of costs and fees is granted.
The district court’s dismissal of this case is affirmed.
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid
Circuit Judge
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