United States v. Reed

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
December 22, 2010
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff!Appellee,
No. 10-6049
v. (D.C. No. 5:92-CR-00005-W-3)
(W.D. Okla.)
LE SON REED,
Defendant!Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, ANDERSON, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-appellant Le Son Reed, appearing pro se, appeals two orders of
the district court denying him a reduction of his criminal sentence under
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). We have jurisdiction to review such denials. See
28 U.S.C. § 1291; United States v. Trujeque, 100 F.3d 869, 870-71 (10th Cir.
1996) (“Our appellate jurisdiction over final decisions extends as far as to
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
consider the district court’s denial of [a defendant’s] § 3582(c)(2) motion.”).
Further, as Mr. Reed is proceeding pro se, we liberally construe his pleadings.
See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972) (per curiam). In his first
motion Mr. Reed argued that application of Amendment 505 to the United States
Sentencing Guidelines (Sentencing Guidelines), when considered with application
of Amendment 706, would have resulted in a reduced sentence. In his second
motion, Mr. Reed urged the district court to apply the provisions of unenacted
legislation to his sentence. The district court denied both motions, and we affirm
those denials.
I.
Mr. Reed was convicted on March 17, 1992, of a number of felonies
concerning the possession and distribution of cocaine base. The Presentence
Investigation Report (PSR) recommended that Mr. Reed be held accountable for
216.5 grams of cocaine base, resulting in a base offense level of 34. The report
also recommended a two-level enhancement due to possession of weapons and a
four-level enhancement because Mr. Reed was an organizer or leader. Thus,
Mr. Reed’s total offense level was 40. He had a criminal history category of VI.
The district court overruled Mr. Reed’s objections to the PSR, adopted the
factual findings and guideline application in the PSR, and sentenced Mr. Reed to
a term of imprisonment of 360 months, plus concurrent one- and five-year terms
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of supervised release. See United States v. Reed, 1 F.3d 1105-07, 1112 (10th Cir.
1993) (upholding Mr. Reed’s convictions and sentence).
On March 15, 2005, Mr. Reed filed a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)
seeking the reduction of his sentence based on United States v. Booker, 543 U.S.
220 (2005). Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), the district court is authorized to
modify a sentence or reduce the term of imprisonment “in the case of a defendant
who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing range
that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 994(o) . . . if such a reduction is consistent with the applicable policy
statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.” The district court denied his
motion, and this court dismissed his appeal as untimely. We subsequently
affirmed the district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion Mr. Reed filed in the
district court that attacked the dismissal of his appeal by this court. We noted
that Mr. Reed would have had no success on the merits either, in that “Booker
does not provide a basis for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)[(2)].” United
States v. Reed, 176 F. App’x 944, 947 (10th Cir. 2006) (alteration in original)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
On December 14, 2007, Mr. Reed filed another Motion for Reduction of
Sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), seeking a reduction of his sentence in
light of Amendment 706 of the Sentencing Guidelines. Amendment 706 became
effective November 1, 2007, and reduced the base offense level associated with
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any given crack cocaine quantity by two levels. The district court denied
Mr. Reed’s motion on the ground that the retroactive application of Amendment
706 would not take effect until March 3, 2008.
On February 25, 2008, Mr. Reed filed a third Motion for Reduction of
Sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), again seeking reduction based on
Amendment 706. Following a hearing, the district court again denied Mr. Reed’s
motion on September 8, 2008. The parties agreed that Amendment 706 would
lower Mr. Reed’s base offense level from 34 to 32, and therefore lower his total
offense level from 40 to 38. But the court held that, under the revised sentencing
guidelines, Mr. Reed’s total offense level of 38, combined with a criminal history
category of VI, resulted in the same sentencing range as that originally applied to
Mr. Reed, i.e., 360 months to life. Mr. Reed appealed this decision, but that
appeal was dismissed by this court for failure to prosecute on January 16, 2009.
United States v. Reed, No. 08-6207 (10th Cir. Sept. 16, 2009) (order dismissing
for failure to prosecute).
A little over a year later, on January 28, 2010, Mr. Reed filed the first of
the motions presently at issue. He denominated it: “MOTION TO REOPEN
AND RESEND [sic] THE ORDER DENYING § 3582(c)(2)” (Motion to Reopen)
R., Doc 379, at 1. Therein, he asked the court to modify his sentence based on
application of Amendment 505 to the Sentencing Guidelines. On February 4,
2010, the district court denied the Motion to Reopen, finding that “no grounds
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have been advanced and no events have occurred that warrant reconsideration
and/or vacatur of the Court’s Order entered on September 8, 2008.” Id., Doc.
381, at 1.
On February 11, 2010, Mr. Reed filed what he called a “SUPPLEMENT
TO PETITIONER’S MOTION TO REOPEN AND TO RESEND THE
ORDER DENYING HIS § 3582(c)(2) MOTION” (Supplement). Id., Doc. 382,
at 1. Mr. Reed argued that his sentence should be reduced under the “Cocaine
Sentencing Act of H.R. 3245 and Senate Bill 1789” id., which had not yet been
enacted. On February 17, 2010, the district court denied the Supplement on the
ground that, because the legislation at issue had not been enacted, Mr. Reed’s
request for relief was premature. On February 23, 2010, Mr. Reed filed his notice
of appeal with this court, appealing (1) the district court’s February 3, 2010, order
denying his Motion to Reopen, and (2) the court’s February 17, 2010, order
denying the Supplement.
II.
We note first that the district court likely treated these motions as,
essentially, new § 3582(c)(2) motions, because the grounds asserted in each were
different than the subject matter of the motion that they purportedly sought to
“reopen.” We shall do the same. Generally, “[w]e review for an abuse of
discretion a district court’s decision to deny a reduction in sentence under
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).” United States v. Sharkey, 543 F.3d 1236, 1238
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(10th Cir. 2008). But, here, the district court never reached the point were it
exercised that discretion in that it held that it did not have the power to reduce his
sentence. Where “the key issue on appeal is the scope of a district court’s
authority in a proceeding under § 3582, we conduct de novo review.” United
States v. Cobb, 584 F.3d 979, 982 (10th Cir. 2009).
We note first that Mr. Reed raises a number of issues in his appellate brief
which appear to attack earlier district court rulings. Those issues will not be
addressed because, among other reasons, his notice of appeal is not timely as to
those rulings. See Vanderwerf v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 603 F.3d 842,
845-46 (10th Cir. 2010) (holding this court has no jurisdiction without a timely
filed notice of appeal). We thus address only his claim that the district court
erred in not reducing his sentence pursuant to (1) Amendment 505, or (2) the
unenacted legislation.
Amendment 505
Mr. Reed first appeals the district court’s refusal to reduce his sentence due
to Amendment 505 on the ground that the amendment did not reduce his
sentencing range. He argues on appeal that “[t]he retroactive application of
amendment 505 and 706 benefits this appellant by lowering his drug base offense
level from 40 to 36, thus lowering his sentencing guideline range from a term of
360 months to life to 324 months to 405 months.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 14. This
is incorrect because Mr. Reed’s base offense level was 34.
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“On November 1, 1994, the Sentencing Commission adopted Amendment
505, which reduced the upper level for all drug sentences to 38. A year later the
Commission made the new limit retroactive by enacting Amendment 536.”
United States v. Pedraza, 550 F.3d 1218, 1219 (10th Cir. 2008), cert. denied,
129 S. Ct. 2406 (2009) (citation omitted). Amendment 505 would therefore not
impact Mr. Reed, as his base offense level was already less than the amended
upper level of 38.
As to Amendment 706, it “provided a 2-level reduction in base offense
levels for crack cocaine-related offenses.” United States v. Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833,
835 (10th Cir. 2008). As noted above, the district court recognized, in its denial
of Mr. Reed’s February 25, 2008, Motion for Reduction of Sentence, that
application of Amendment 706 would lower Mr. Reed’s base offense level from
34 to 32, and therefore lower his total offense level from 40 to 38. But
Mr. Reed’s new total offense level of 38, combined with a criminal history
category of VI, would result in the same sentencing range as that originally
applied to Mr. Reed, i.e., 360 months to life. This ruling is not at issue on appeal.
Because neither Amendment 505 nor Amendment 706 would lower
Mr. Reed’s sentencing guideline range, the district court did not err in its
February 4, 2010, denial of Mr. Reed’s Motion to Reopen. 1
1
We note that Mr. Reed also makes an argument that, under United States v.
Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), the district court had the power when reducing his
(continued...)
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H.R. 3245/S. 1789
Mr. Reed also appeals the district court’s refusal to reduce his sentence
based on the Fairness in Cocaine Sentencing Act of 2009, H.R. 3245, 111th
Cong., and the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, S. 1789, 111th Cong. The court
denied the Supplement because those statutes had yet to be enacted. On
August 3, after Mr. Reed had filed his opening appellate brief and the government
had filed its response, President Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010
into law. See Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372. In his reply brief, Mr. Reed
urges us to apply the new law to his sentence and remand to the district court for
new sentencing.
It is clear the district court did not err in refusing to apply an unenacted
House bill and an unenacted Senate bill. Mr. Reed nevertheless urges us to
remand because Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 is now law. See Aplt. Reply Br. at
3-5. We may not do so. “The ‘general savings statute,’ 1 U.S.C. § 109, requires
us to apply the penalties in place at the time the crime was committed, unless the
1
(...continued)
sentence under § 3582(c)(2), to not only reduce his sentence based on amended
guidelines, but to reduce it to whatever the court felt appropriate, after
considering the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). He cites to United States
v. Hicks, 472 F.3d 1167 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that when a defendant’s sentence
qualifies for reconsideration pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), the resentencing must be
conducted in conformity with Booker), as support for his position. We note that
both this court, see United States v. Rhodes, 549 F.3d 833, 840-41 (10th Cir.
2008), and the Supreme Court, see Dillon v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2693
(2010), have specifically rejected the reasoning in Hicks.
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new enactment expressly provides for its own retroactive application.” United
States v. Carradine, 621 F.3d 575, 580 (6th Cir. 2010). 2 There is no provision for
retroactivity in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010. Id.Mr. Reed urges that, under the plain language of the general savings
statute, it cannot be applied to his case because the statute was amended, not
repealed. But we ruled long ago that the general savings statute applies to
amendments. See Moorehead v. Hunter, 198 F.2d 52, 53 (10th Cir. 1952)
(“Whether an existing statute is specifically repealed and a new and different one
is passed to replace it, or whether the existing statute is modified by amendment,
is in our view immaterial. In either event, a new statute comes into being and the
old one ceases to exist.”). Thus the district court did not err in its February 17,
2010, denial of the Supplement, and we need not remand for the district court to
apply the newly enacted Fair Sentencing Act of 2010.
Finally, we note that Mr. Reed also urges that, “in light of a substantive
change in law,” this court should “liberally construe[] his 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)
2
The general savings statute, 1 U.S.C. § 109, provides in part:
The repeal of any statute shall not have the effect to release or
extinguish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such
statute, unless the repealing Act shall so expressly provide, and such
statute shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of
sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of
such penalty, forfeiture, or liability.
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motion for resentencing as a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 petition, and affirm the district
court’s exercise of jurisdiction, under § 2255.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 8. We cannot
“affirm” the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction under § 2255 because the
district court did not exercise jurisdiction under § 2255. This is because
Mr. Reed did not file a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, although he appears to be
well aware of the procedure. See United States v. Reed, No. 97-6316, 1998 WL
817750 (10th Cir. Nov. 27, 1998) (unpublished) (denying certificate of
appealability from the denial of § 2255 motion).
III.
The district court’s denials of Mr. Reed’s Motion to Reopen and
Supplement are AFFIRMED. Mr. Reed’s motion for leave to proceed in forma
pauperis on appeal is GRANTED. His “Motion to Stay the Judgment Pending
Appeal Under 28 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)” is DENIED.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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