United States v. Jacquez

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
February 11, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSElisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 10-2165
DOMINIC JACQUEZ, (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-01091-JB-LAM and
1:04-CR-01208-JB-1)
Defendant-Appellant. (D. N. Mex.)
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, TACHA, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner Dominic Jacquez seeks a Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 2253 in order to challenge the district court’s denial of his § 2255 petition
for a writ of habeas corpus. Because Jacquez has failed to satisfy the standards for the
issuance of a COA, we deny his request and dismiss this matter.
I
In April 2004, a confidential informant provided the San Juan County Police
Department with information that someone had driven a black Cadillac Escalade away
from a local residence that was known to be associated with drug activity. United States
*
This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
v. Jacquez, 284 Fed. App’x. 544, 545 (10th Cir. 2008). The informant provided the
license plate number of the vehicle. Id. The police department ran a computer search on
the license plate number and learned that it was registered to a Tommy Largo and that
there was an outstanding warrant for his arrest. Id. Later that afternoon, Deputy Brian
Dennis observed a car at a gas station in Farmington, New Mexico, which matched the
informant’s description. Id. After Deputy Dennis confirmed that the license plate
number matched the number provided by the informant, he pulled the car over as it was
leaving the gas station. Id.
“Unbeknownst to Deputy Dennis, the vehicle had two occupants, neither of whom
was Tommy Largo.” Id. Moreover, “Tommy Largo, the registered owner of the vehicle,
was an elderly man who had no outstanding warrants for his arrest.” Id. The Tommy
Largo for whom the warrant had issued “had no association with the vehicle or its
occupants.” Id.
Jacquez was the driver of the vehicle. Id. He informed Deputy Dennis that he did
not have his driver’s license with him and that he was not the owner of the car. Id.
Jacquez further stated “that he had borrowed [the car] from someone named ‘Mike’ and
had only been in possession of it for two hours.” Id. Deputy Dennis then ran a computer
search for Jacquez’s name and learned that his driver’s license had been suspended and
that there were two outstanding warrants for his arrest. Id. Deputy Dennis arrested
Jacquez and took him into police custody. Id.
“Pursuant to the San Juan County Sheriff’s written policy,” police conducted a
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inventory search of the Escalade and found two digital scales, a number of small plastic
bags, 83.5 grams of methamphetamine, documents bearing Jacquez’s name, and a
handgun under the driver’s seat. Id. at 545–46. In June 2004, a federal magistrate judge
issued a warrant for Jacquez’s arrest based on the evidence found in the car. Id. at 546.
The next day, police arrested Jacquez at his sister’s home. Id. He consented to a search
of the home, where officers found several guns, methamphetamine, numerous small
plastic bags, and scales. Id.
In September 2005, Jacquez pled guilty in a conditional plea agreement to
possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §
841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B); use of a firearm in connection with drug trafficking in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A); and use of a residence to distribute methamphetamine in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1) and (b). At the time Jacquez signed the plea
agreement, the district court had not yet ruled on his motion to suppress the evidence
found in the Escalade and in his sister’s house. The plea agreement stated that if the
district court granted the motion to suppress, Jacquez could withdraw his guilty plea. The
agreement also stated that if the district court denied the motion to suppress, Jacquez
could appeal the denial of the motion.
The district court subsequently denied Jacquez’s motion to suppress and sentenced
him to 157 months’ imprisonment. Jacquez timely filed a notice of appeal with this court.
We affirmed the district court’s denial of Jacquez’s motion to suppress in an unpublished
order and judgment. Jacquez, 284 Fed. App’x. at 544.
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In December 2009, Jacquez filed a pro se § 2255 petition1 in the district court,
alleging that his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated by
counsel’s “failing to properly research the law pertaining to traffic stops, and the Fourth
Amendment as it applies to operators of motor vehicles.” ROA, at 7. According to
Jacquez, had his attorney adequately researched and argued the law, “the district court
would have issued an order suppressing the fruits derived from the searches of [his]
vehicle, . . . person, . . . [and] residence.” Id. In April 2010, the magistrate judge
recommended that the district court deny Jacquez’s habeas petition. ROA, at 56. The
magistrate judge included a footnote in her recommendation stating that the parties had
fourteen days to serve and file written objections to the recommendation. Id. The
magistrate judge further stated that “[i]f no objections are filed, no appellate review will
be allowed.” Id. at 56 n.1.
Jacquez did not file written objections to the magistrate judge’s recommendation.2
1
This was actually an amended § 2255 petition. Jacquez filed his first § 2255
petition one month earlier. The amended petition and the original petition are identical.
2
By failing to object to the magistrate judge’s recommendation, Jacquez may have
waived his right to appellate review of his habeas petition. Under the “firm waiver rule, .
. . [t]he failure to timely object to a magistrate’s recommendations waives appellate
review of both factual and legal questions.” Duffield v. Jackson, 545 F.3d 1234, 1237
(10th Cir. 2008) (quotations, citation, and brackets omitted). The firm waiver rule applies
to pro se litigants who, like Jacquez, “were informed of the time period for objecting and
the consequences of failing to object.” Wardell v. Duncan, 470 F.3d 954, 958 (10th Cir.
2006).
We note, however, that we may disregard the firm waiver rule “in the interests of
justice.” Id. We have held that an important consideration in this analysis is the reason
the party failed to object to the recommendation. Duffield, 545 F.3d at 1238. Jacquez
(continued...)
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In May 2010, the district court adopted the recommendation, denied Jacquez’s § 2255
petition, and dismissed his case with prejudice. Jacquez then timely filed a notice of
appeal, a request for a COA, and a motion to proceed in forma pauperis.
II
A petitioner must obtain a COA in order to appeal a district court’s denial of a
habeas petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2253. A COA may be issued only upon a “substantial
showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). In order to make
this showing, a petitioner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district
court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel,
529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Jacquez alleges his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was
violated by counsel’s failing to adequately research the law regarding illegal searches and
seizures. To prevail on a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, a party must show
that counsel’s performance (1) “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness;” and
(2) “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
2
(...continued)
claims he never received a copy of the recommendation and therefore did not learn of it
until he was mailed a copy of the district court’s order. We are not entirely convinced by
this argument because Jacquez’s mailing address has remained the same for the duration
of the litigation and he appears to have received a copy of every other filing in this case.
Nonetheless, because the interests-of-justice exception applies when a party does not
receive a copy of the court’s ruling, see Wirsching v. Colorado, 360 F.3d 1191, 1197
(10th Cir. 2004), and giving Jacquez the benefit of the doubt, we decline to enforce the
firm waiver rule and proceed to address the merits of his application for a certificate of
appealability.
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result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984).
Specifically, Jacquez claims his attorney provided ineffective representation by
failing to cite four United States Supreme Court cases: Arizona v. Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781(2009); Arizona v. Gant, 129 S. Ct. 1710 (2009); Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249(2007); Florida v. Thomas, 532 U.S. 774 (2001). According to Jacquez, if his attorney
had argued the law based on these cases, the district court would have granted his motion
to suppress the evidence found in the car and at his sister’s house. ROA, at 7.
We conclude that reasonable jurists would agree that defense counsel’s
performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. Three of the four
cases Jacquez cites—Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781; Gant, 129 S. Ct. 1710; Brendlin, 551 U.S.
249—were decided after the district court ruled on his motion to suppress in September
2005. We have consistently rejected the argument that an attorney’s representation is
ineffective when he or she “fail[s] to predict future law.” Bullock v. Carver, 297 F.3d
1036, 1052 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation omitted); see also Sherrill v. Hargett, 184 F.3d
1172, 1175 (10th Cir. 1999) (holding that counsel is not ineffective for “failing to
anticipate arguments or appellate issues that only blossomed after defendant’s trial and
appeal have concluded”); United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 71 F.3d 1537, 1542 (10th
Cir. 1995) (holding that “clairvoyance is not a required attribute of effective
representation”). Accordingly, Jacquez’s counsel was not ineffective in failing to make
arguments based on Supreme Court decisions filed after the trial court had ruled on his
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motion to suppress.
In addition, reasonable jurists would agree that Jacquez has failed to establish that
counsel was ineffective for failing to cite the cases Jacquez has listed. The four cases
Jacquez cites address the reasonableness of searches incident to either a Terry stop or an
arrest. See Thomas, 532 U.S. at 780–81 (dismissing appeal for lack of appellate
jurisdiction where the defendant alleged a search of his vehicle incident to a lawful arrest
was improper); Johnson, 129 S. Ct. at 787 (holding that police may “stop and frisk” a
passenger in a motor vehicle as long as they have a reasonably grounded suspicion of
criminal activity); Gant, 129 S. Ct. at 1723 (holding that police may conduct a search
incident to arrest of the occupant’s vehicle “only if the arrestee is within reaching distance
of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the
vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest”); Brendlin, 551 U.S. at 263 (holding
that passengers seized in traffic stops have standing to bring Fourth Amendment
challenges). None of these cases address the legal issue which was presented to the trial
court: whether a traffic stop is supported by reasonable articulable suspicion when the
officer makes the stop pursuant to information obtained from a confidential informant and
an outstanding warrant in the name of the owner of the car. Because Jacquez cites cases
that do not address this issue to argue that his counsel was ineffective, reasonable jurists
would agree that he has not shown his attorney’s representation fell below constitutional
standards.
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III
Jacquez’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis is DENIED as moot because the
district court granted his motion to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal. His request for
a COA is DENIED, and his appeal is DISMISSED.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Chief Judge
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