United States v. Robertson

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
October 22, 2008
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 07-6231
(D.C. No. 5:07-cr-00056-C-1)
CURTIS LEROY ROBERTSON, (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge, BRORBY, Senior Circuit Judge, and
McCONNELL, Circuit Judge.
Curtis Leroy Robertson appeals his convictions for drug-trafficking and
firearm possession. He argues that (1) the district court erred in failing to
suppress evidence found in his pockets and in the motel room in which he was
arrested; (2) the district court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of his
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
prior drug and gun convictions; and (3) the prosecutor committed misconduct
during closing arguments. We affirm.
B ACKGROUND
On February 10, 2007, at roughly 8:00 p.m., Oklahoma City Police Officer
Shawn Lindsey was patrolling a local hotel known for drug activity and
prostitution. While in a hallway, Officer Lindsey saw a man he recognized as
“Graveyard” exit one of the suites. R., Tr. of Jury Trial, Vol. I at 83. Officer
Lindsey asked to speak with Graveyard, who appeared more nervous than usual.
Graveyard pointed toward the back of the suite and said, “You can talk to my
brother,” apparently referring to Robertson, who was on the bed in the suite’s
bedroom. Id. at 84. As Graveyard began backing up into the suite, Officer
Lindsey saw him slip his hand around the suite’s door, and he heard Graveyard
toss an object into a corner of the living room. From the doorway, Officer
Lindsey then saw that Robertson was entering the living room and that there was
a small bag of marijuana in the middle of the room. Believing that “some kind of
crime [was] going on,” Officer Lindsey entered the room, handcuffed Graveyard
and Robertson, and discovered that the object thrown by Graveyard into the
corner was a sack of twenty-six crack-cocaine rocks, individually packaged for
sale. Id. at 86, 87-88.
After another officer arrived on the scene, Officer Lindsey entered the
bedroom and found a woman he recognized as a local crack addict and prostitute.
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On a nightstand next to the bed there was a white powder residue and a razor
blade covered in the residue. Officer Lindsey also saw in an open shoe box a
baggie of marijuana, a set of digital scales, a baggie containing a large “crack
cookie,” a baggie of crack-cocaine crumbs, two vials of PCP, and plastic gloves.
Id. at 100-01.
Officer Lindsey then placed Robertson, Graveyard, and the prostitute under
arrest. While searching Robertson, Officer Lindsey found ninety-seven
twenty-dollar bills and numerous bills of smaller denominations. A subsequent
search of the suite, which was registered to a “Ricky Smith,” id. at 121, revealed
seven cell phones, baking powder next to a microwave oven, two handguns in the
bedroom nightstand, Pyrex measuring cups, and a wire whisk. When Robertson
was later booked into jail, the intake officer found among his property items a
bullet that matched some of the ammunition present in one of the nightstand guns.
The government indicted Robertson and Graveyard, whose real name is
Jupiter Rogers, on one count of possessing more than fifty grams of cocaine base
with the intent to distribute, one count of conspiring to possess more than fifty
grams of cocaine base with the intent to distribute, one count of possessing a
firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, and one count of being a felon
in possession of a firearm and ammunition. The government also gave notice
under Fed. R. Evid. 404(b) that it intended to offer at trial evidence of
Robertson’s prior drug and gun convictions.
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Robertson moved to suppress all the evidence discovered on his person and
in the hotel suite. The district court denied the motion, ruling that Robertson had
no reasonable expectation of privacy in the suite.
Robertson and Rogers were tried together. During opening statements,
Robertson’s counsel announced that his theory of the case was simply that
Robertson “was in the wrong place at the wrong time.” Id., Vol. I at 68.
In the government’s case-in-chief, Officer Lindsey testified as to the
significance of the various items found in the hotel suite. Regarding the
numerous twenty-dollar bills in Robertson’s possession, Officer Lindsey
explained that “[c]rack cocaine is usually sold in twenty-dollar increments or
twenty-dollar rocks.” Id. at 112. As for the baking powder and oven, he
indicated that they are typically used to make crack-cocaine out of powder
cocaine. And he explained that individuals involved in the drug trade commonly
have multiple cell phones to communicate with their drug runners and buyers.
Afterward, over Robertson’s objection, the district court admitted evidence
of Robertson’s prior state-court drug and firearm convictions, finding that they
tended to refute Robertson’s defense theory. Accordingly, the jury was informed
that (1) Robertson had pleaded guilty and was convicted in 1995 for drug-
trafficking; and (2) Robertson had pleaded guilty and was convicted in 1998 for
possessing a controlled dangerous substance, pointing a firearm at another person,
and possessing a firearm after a felony conviction. The district court cautioned
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the jury, however, that the evidence did “not mean that a defendant necessarily
committed the acts charged in this case,” and that the evidence could be
considered only as it related to “intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, absence of mistake or accident, and to corroborate” other testimony.
Id., Vol. II at 251. 1
After the government rested its case-in-chief, Robertson offered a witness
to support his defense theory and to explain the cash found on his person.
Specifically, Robertson’s uncle testified that he had loaned Robertson $1,140 in
cash eight days before he was arrested to buy a car. On cross-examination,
however, the uncle acknowledged that the loaned cash, which consisted of eleven
one-hundred dollar bills and only two twenty-dollar bills, did not match the
currency denominations found on Robertson. Robertson did not testify and did
not call any other witnesses.
1
“[A]s a general rule it is preferable to delay the admission of 404(b)
evidence until after the defense rests because it places the trial court in the best
position to determine whether the issue sought to be proved by the extrinsic act
evidence is really in dispute, and if so, to assess its probative worth and possible
prejudicial effect.” United States v. Estabrook, 774 F.2d 284, 289 (8th Cir.
1985); accord United States v. Colon, 880 F.2d 650, 660 (2d Cir. 1989). But
where, as here, “it is obvious that an appropriate consequential fact will be in
issue, the trial court does not err by admitting other-crimes evidence as part of the
government’s case-in-chief.” 2 Weinstein’s Federal Evidence § 404.23[3] (2d ed.
2008) (collecting cases); see, e.g., United States v. Morales-Quinones, 812 F.2d
604, 611-12 (10th Cir. 1987) (holding that district court did not err in admitting
defendant’s prior conviction during government’s case-in-chief “to rebut
defendant’s expected defense [announced in opening statements] that he was not
involved in the offense”).
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The jury returned guilty verdicts on all counts, prompting the instant
appeal.
D ISCUSSION
I. Fourth Amendment Suppression Issues
“In reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we review
the court’s factual findings for clear error and view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the government.” United States v. Worthon, 520 F.3d 1173, 1178
(10th Cir. 2008), petition for cert. filed (U.S. June 30, 2008) (No. 08-6063).
As for issues of law, we apply de novo review. United States v. Andrus,
483 F.3d. 711, 716 (10th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1738 (2008).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits searches
and seizures that are unreasonable. U.S. Const. amend. IV. 2 A person who
claims that a warrantless search is unreasonable must, however, demonstrate a
legitimate expectation of privacy in the place searched. See Minnesota v. Olson,
495 U.S. 91, 95 (1990). Such an expectation requires the manifestation of a
subjective expectation of privacy in the searched place that society is prepared to
recognize as reasonable. See United States v. Barrows, 481 F.3d 1246, 1248
(10th Cir. 2007).
2
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause extends the Fourth
Amendment’s reach to the conduct of state actors. Jones v. Hunt, 410 F.3d 1221,
1225 (10th Cir. 2005).
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To the extent that Robertson challenges the warrantless search of the motel
suite, we recognize that “[o]vernight guests and joint occupants of motel rooms
possess reasonable expectations of privacy in the property on which they are
staying.” United States v. Kimoana, 383 F.3d 1215, 1221 (10th Cir. 2004). But
persons who are not registered occupants and who are in the room for a limited
period in pursuit of a commercial transaction, such as distributing illegal drugs,
do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the room. See Minnesota v.
Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 91 (1998); United States v. Gordon, 168 F.3d 1222, 1227
(10th Cir. 1999).
As noted by the district court, the suite was not registered to any of the
occupants, and no personal items indicating an overnight stay were present.
All the evidence indicated that the suite was used only to manufacture and
distribute illegal drugs. Accordingly, the district court properly concluded that
Robertson lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy in the motel suite and that
he could not challenge the search of the suite.
The district court did not, however, address Robertson’s challenge to the
search of his person, which revealed the cash proceeds of crack-cocaine sales.
Nevertheless, we may uphold the denial of a suppression motion if “any
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reasonable view of the evidence” supports denying the motion. United States v.
Austin, 66 F.3d 1115, 1118 (10th Cir. 1995). 3
Police “officers may perform searches incident to constitutionally
permissible arrests in order to ensure their safety and safeguard evidence.”
Virginia v. Moore, 128 S. Ct. 1598, 1607 (2008). A permissible warrantless
arrest is one based on probable cause, which exists if the facts and circumstances
are based on reasonably trustworthy information and would cause a person of
reasonable caution to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being
committed. United States v. Zamudio-Carrillo, 499 F.3d 1206, 1209 (10th Cir.
2007). Here, Officer Lindsey arrested and searched Robertson after seeing
throughout the suite various illegal drugs and the means with which to
manufacture and distribute them. At that point there was probable cause to arrest
Robertson, given that Officer Lindsey had seen him in the suite’s bedroom, where
much of the drugs and manufacturing/distribution items were found.
That Robertson was handcuffed upon Officer Lindsey’s initial entry into
the suite does not warrant a contrary conclusion. Officer Lindsey was justified in
3
While the district court did not discuss the constitutionality of the search of
Robertson’s person, its findings of fact are sufficient for us to resolve the issue
without remand. See United States v. Rubio-Rivera, 917 F.2d 1271, 1275
(10th Cir. 1990) (declining to remand for further findings on the defendant’s
privacy expectation “because the legally operative facts” were undisputed);
cf. United States v. Fields, 371 F.3d 910, 917 (7th Cir. 2004) (remanding for
further factual findings because the appellate court could not “review the record
in a meaningful manner”).
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detaining Robertson, given Graveyard’s nervous behavior and toss of an object
into the room, the baggie of marijuana lying in plain view on the living-room
floor, and the reputation of the hotel as a hotbed of illegal drug activity. “[T]he
police can stop and briefly detain a person for investigative purposes if the officer
has a reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that criminal activity
may be afoot, even if the officer lacks probable cause.” United States v. Sokolow,
490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989) (quotation omitted). Further, handcuffs can be employed
without converting the detention into an arrest if “there is a reasonable,
articulable ground for fearing danger from a particular individual.” United States
v. Carter, 360 F.3d 1235, 1240 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). Given that
Officer Lindsey was alone and outnumbered by at least two individuals apparently
engaged in some sort of illegal drug activity, the use of handcuffs was consistent
with a brief investigatory detention.
The district court did not err in denying Robertson’s motion to suppress the
evidence of drug trafficking found in the hotel suite and on his person.
II. Evidence of Prior Convictions
“We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion.”
United States v. Cherry, 433 F.3d 698, 700 (10th Cir. 2005). Under Federal Rule
of Evidence “404(b), evidence of a defendant’s prior crimes, wrongs, or acts is
not admissible to prove character and that he acted in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be offered to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
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knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Such evidence is properly admitted when (1) it was offered for a proper purpose;
(2) it was relevant; (3) its probative value was not substantially outweighed by its
potential for unfair prejudice; and (4) the district court, upon request, instructed
the jury to consider the evidence only for the purpose for which it was admitted.
United States v. Becker, 230 F.3d 1224, 1232 (10th Cir. 2000).
Robertson argues that his prior convictions should not have been admitted
because they were too remote in time to be relevant. In calculating the time span
between his offenses and the instant crimes, we do not count any periods of
incarceration. See Cherry, 433 F.3d at 702 n.4. As far as we can tell from the
appellate record, Robertson was incarcerated from 1998 to 2004, before
committing the instant crimes in 2007. Consequently, the applicable time
between Robertson’s 1995 conviction and the instant crimes is six years; and the
applicable time between his 1998 convictions and the instant crimes is three
years.
“There is no absolute rule regarding the number of years that can separate
offenses.” United States v. Cuch, 842 F.2d 1173, 1178 (10th Cir. 1988)
(quotation omitted). Rather, we apply a reasonableness standard based on “the
facts and circumstances of each case.” Id. (quotation omitted). Nevertheless, in
Becker, this court stated that a six-year time span between drug offenses is too
great to be relevant. 230 F.3d at 1232. We do not view that statement as a per se
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temporal rule, however, as the court in that case went on to assess other factors
bearing on relevance: the probative value and the similarity of the offenses. See
id. at 1232-33; see also United States v. Burse, 150 F. App’x 829, 831 (10th Cir.
2005) (unpublished) (affirming the use of an eight-year old drug conviction, and
noting that Becker “relied heavily on a fact-specific analysis of the relevance of
the prior crimes”). Indeed, other Courts of Appeal routinely uphold the admission
of prior drug convictions older than the ones in this case. See, e.g., United States
v. Gaddy, 532 F.3d 783, 789 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding that prior drug convictions
that were four, ten and eleven years old were not so remote from the charged drug
offenses as to render them inadmissible); United States v. Matthews, 431 F.3d
1296, 1312 (11th Cir. 2005) (affirming the use of an eight-year-old drug
conviction).
Considering the other factors bearing on relevance—similarity and
probativeness—we conclude that Robertson’s 1995 conviction for trafficking in
cocaine base is relevant. Specifically, Robertson’s 1995 conviction mirrors the
instant crime of possessing cocaine base with intent to distribute, and that
conviction was highly probative given Robertson’s defense that his presence in
the hotel suite was simply bad timing.
Robertson’s three-year old conviction for possessing a controlled dangerous
substance (cocaine base) is likewise relevant, as it involved the same drug at issue
here. See United States v. Mendoza, 341 F.3d 687, 692 (8th Cir. 2003) (affirming
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the admission of a three-year old conviction for possessing methamphetamine
because it was probative of the “defendant’s knowledge and intent concerning
current charges of conspiracy to distribute that same drug”). The same holds true
for his prior convictions for pointing a firearm at another person and possessing a
firearm after a felony conviction. By claiming as a defense that he was in the
wrong place at the wrong time, Robertson placed his state of mind at issue for the
charged firearms offenses. See United States v. Moran, 503 F.3d 1135, 1144
(10th Cir. 2007) (affirming the admission of an eleven year-old conviction for
being a felon in possession of a firearm to show “knowing possession of the
firearm,” where the defendant denied knowledge of the gun’s presence),
cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 2424 (2008); cf. United States v. Woodard, 531 F.3d
1352, 1362 (11th Cir. 2008) (listing “knowing[ ] . . . possess[ion]” as an essential
element of the crime of possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug trafficking).
In addition to contesting relevance, Robertson contends that his prior
convictions should not have been admitted because they were too prejudicial, as
they suggested that “he acted in conformity with his character by possessing guns
and drugs in this case.” Aplt. Br. at 14. The district court instructed the jury,
however, as to the proper uses of this evidence. Moreover, relevant evidence
“may be excluded only if its prejudicial value substantially outweighs its
probative value.” United States v. Smith, 534 F.3d 1211, 1218 (10th Cir. 2008)
(emphasis added) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 403). This means that the evidence will
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likely “provoke[ ] an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tend[ ] to affect
adversely the jury’s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment
as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged.” Smith, 534 F.3d at 1219(quotation omitted). We conclude that the prior convictions’ probative value was
not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Accordingly, the
district court did not abuse its broad discretion in admitting Robertson’s prior
convictions.
III. Closing Arguments
During closing argument, the prosecutor urged the jury to hold Robertson
accountable and “[c]omplete the circle.” R., Tr. of Jury Trial, Vol. II at 375.
Specifically, the prosecutor stated:
A case arises most times because the community cries out and says to
law enforcement, “We need help. We’ve got a problem and we feel
helpless to do anything about it. We need you to come in and help
us.” And an officer, like Shawn Lindsey [and two other officers who
testified at trial] answer the call. They arrive and they say, “People
of the community, we will do everything we can to hold these people
responsible, we’ll do everything we can to give you piece of mind,”
and they do the job and they make the arrest and they catch the guys.
Id. at 373. At that point, Roger’s counsel objected, arguing that the prosecutor
was attempting to inflame the passions of the jury and to “align[ ] the prestige and
power of [the prosecutor’s] office behind the officers.” Id. at 374. Robertson’s
counsel joined in the objection. The district court overruled the objection, and
the prosecutor resumed the line of argument:
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[Law enforcement officers] can make an arrest but that’s all they can
do. So they come to offices like mine and say, “Please help us.
Please help us hold these men accountable.”
....
But I know I can’t hold them accountable. I don’t have that
power. And this courthouse doesn’t have that power. And that’s the
beauty of our system, because the people that have the power are you
[the jury]. That’s how the circle operates. It goes from citizens who
felt helpless right back to citizens who are given the ultimate power
to make the decision and . . . hold them accountable for their actions
and no longer be helpless.
Ladies and gentlemen, that’s all we ask you to do in this case,
is exercise your power, exercise your power in a fair and just way.
Complete the circle. Hold [the defendants] accountable of every
count of this indictment and find them guilty of all counts.
Id. at 375. In his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor again urged the jury to
“complet[e] the circle”:
And as I told you before, your decision is completing the
circle. Your decision is one that’s empowered to make something
happen, to hold men accountable for their actions, hold men
accountable for spreading poison throughout our communities, to
hold men accountable for fear with firearms, to hold men accountable
for what they choose to do instead of working legitimate jobs, what
they choose to do to get by without having to do what each of us do,
and what they choose to do to the detriment of everyone around
them. And when you’re completing that circle and when you’re
holding them accountable, all the law asks is just use that good
reason and good common sense each of you are blessed with.
Id. at 396-97.
Robertson contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct by
encouraging the jury to believe that its duty was to convict rather than to find
guilt or innocence. “It is improper for a prosecutor to suggest that a jury has a
civic duty to convict.” Wilson v. Sirmons, 536 F.3d 1064, 1120 (10th Cir. 2008)
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(quotation omitted). We believe that the prosecutor’s exhortation to “[c]omplete
the circle” and hold Robertson accountable was tantamount to imploring the jury
to convict as part of its civic duty. Essentially, the prosecutor gave the jury a
simplified characterization of the justice system, i.e., the “circle,” in which its
only role was to convict in order to safeguard the community. This was improper.
Compare United States v. Taylor, 514 F.3d 1092, 1095 (10th Cir. 2008)
(indicating that the prosecutor committed misconduct in urging the jury to “end
the cycle of violence out there”), with Malicoat v. Mullin, 426 F.3d 1241, 1256
(10th Cir. 2005) (finding no misconduct where the prosecutor described the jury’s
duty as a “double-pronged sword,” under which the jury had to turn the defendant
loose if the elements of the crime were not met, but convict him if the elements
were met).
But Robertson did not object on the basis of a civic-duty argument. Rather,
the objection concerned inflaming the jurors’ passions and vouching for the police
witnesses. Indeed, the prosecutor did not develop his argument into a civic-duty
appeal until after there was an objection. And there was no objection once it was
clear where the argument was headed. Consequently, we review Robertson’s
challenge to the prosecutor’s civic-duty arguments for plain error. See United
States v. Hall, 473 F.3d 1295, 1305 (10th Cir. 2007); cf. United States v. Ramirez,
348 F.3d 1175, 1181 (10th Cir. 2003) (“The specific ground for reversal of an
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evidentiary ruling on appeal must be the same as that raised at trial.” (quotation
omitted)).
“Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which
(3) affects the defendant’s substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Taylor, 514 F.3d
at 1100. Given the overwhelming evidence of Robertson’s guilt on each of the
charged offenses, we conclude that there is no reasonable probability that the
prosecutor’s civic-duty arguments affected Robertson’s substantial rights, i.e., the
outcome of his trial. See United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 632 (2002);
United States v. Hasan, 526 F.3d 653, 664-65 (10th Cir. 2008). Specifically,
Robertson was found in the hotel suite, which contained drugs and the equipment
necessary to manufacture and distribute crack cocaine, he was seen on the bed
near the nightstand in which the guns were found, and he was carrying a bullet
matching one of those guns and the cash proceeds of crack cocaine sales. Further,
the jury instructions properly described the jury’s duty as determining the facts
and “whether the prosecution has proved the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.” R., Pleadings, Doc. 98 at 2. We presume that Robertson’s jury followed
its instructions. See United States v. Almaraz, 306 F.3d 1031, 1037 (10th Cir.
2002). Finally, Robertson’s defense theory was not supported by any evidence,
including the testimony of his only witness.
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C ONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Terrence L. O’Brien
Circuit Judge
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