United States v. Ferman

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
April 28, 2020
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-2078
(D.C. No. 2:18-CR-02739-KG-1)
EMANUEL FERMAN, (D.N.M.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Emanuel Ferman appeals the district court’s order denying his motion to dismiss
the indictment against him. For the reasons explained below, we affirm.
Background
Ferman became a lawful permanent resident of the United States in 1980. In 2004,
Ferman pleaded guilty to sexual assault under Texas Penal Code § 22.011. As a result of
that conviction, Ferman appeared before an immigration judge, who entered a removal
order. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(ii)–(iii) (stating that being convicted of aggravated
felony or two or more crimes of moral turpitude are removable offenses). He was
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive
value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
removed to Mexico on the same day. In 2012, Ferman reentered the United States and
was convicted of illegal reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). After
serving a prison term for illegal reentry, Ferman was removed again in 2016.
In 2018, Ferman again reentered the United States. A grand jury indicted Ferman
for illegal reentry. See § 1326(a), (b). In response, Ferman moved to dismiss the
indictment, arguing that the 2004 removal order was defective. The district court,
adopting the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation with modifications,
concluded that Ferman failed to exhaust available administrative remedies in connection
with his 2004 removal order. Accordingly, the district court concluded that Ferman could
not collaterally attack the 2004 removal order and thus denied Ferman’s motion to
dismiss. Ferman then entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving his right to appeal the
denial of his motion to dismiss. Ferman now appeals.
Analysis
We review de novo the legal sufficiency of a prior removal order. See United
States v. Almanza-Vigil, 912 F.3d 1310, 1316 (10th Cir. 2019). “When the government
prosecutes a noncitizen for illegal reentry, it typically must prove two things: (1) that the
noncitizen left the United States with an outstanding order of removal against him and
(2) that afterward, the noncitizen entered, tried to enter, or was found in the United
States.” Id. A prior removal order is evidence of the first element. 1 Id. A defendant may
1
Although Ferman challenges the 2004 removal order, the 2018 indictment is
predicated on Ferman’s 2016 removal and does not explicitly reference the 2004 order.
Because the basis of the challenged indictment is the 2016 removal, it is unclear whether
Ferman’s attack on the 2004 removal order, even if successful, would have any bearing
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collaterally attack that prior removal order only in limited circumstances. See § 1326(d);
Almanza-Vigil, 912 F.3d at 1316. Specifically, § 1326(d) outlines three elements
necessary to raise a collateral attack. The first element requires that a defendant
“exhaust[] any administrative remedies that may have been available to seek relief
against the order.” § 1326(d)(1). The second element requires a defendant to demonstrate
that the prior removal proceeding “improperly deprived [him or her] of the opportunity
for judicial review.” § 1326(d)(2). And the third element requires a defendant to
demonstrate that the removal “order was fundamentally unfair.” § 1326(d)(3). The
defendant “must prove each of § 1326(d)’s elements to overcome the presumed legality
of the earlier deportation order.” United States. v. Adame-Orozco, 607 F.3d 647, 651
(10th Cir. 2010); see also id. at 649 n.1 (explaining that deportation orders are now
generally called removal orders).
On appeal, Ferman argues that the 2004 removal order “deprived [him] of the
opportunity for judicial review” and “was fundamentally unfair” under the latter two
elements of § 1326(d) because (1) procedural deficiencies in the removal proceedings
constituted due-process violations; (2) the Texas sexual-assault conviction is not an
aggravated felony; (3) the immigration judge lacked authority; and (4) his attorney in
those proceedings was ineffective. § 1326(d)(2)–(3). As for the first element of
on the 2018 indictment. But when questioned at oral argument about the indictment’s
reliance on the 2016 removal, both parties asserted that the 2016 removal was premised
on the 2004 removal order. Oral Argument at 14:18–36 (counsel for Ferman), 24:30–36
(government). Further, the 2004 removal order is the only removal order in the record
before us. In any event, because the parties address only the 2004 removal order, we
consider only that order and do not address the 2016 removal.
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§ 1326(d), Ferman argues that the circumstances of his case excuse his failure to exhaust
his administrative remedies. But even if exhaustion could be excused, Ferman does not
persuade us that we should excuse exhaustion where, as here, Ferman knowingly waived
his right to appeal the immigration judge’s order. See United States v. Chavez-Alonso,
431 F.3d 726, 728 (10th Cir. 2005) (finding noncitizen knowingly waived right to appeal
deportation order and declining to apply particular exception to exhaustion requirement
not at issue here).2
A noncitizen “who knowingly waives the right to appeal an immigration judge’s
order of deportation fails to exhaust administrative remedies under § 1326(d)(1)” as a
matter of law. Id. at 728. Ferman concedes that, acting through his attorney, he waived
his right to appeal during his 2004 removal proceedings. But Ferman now asserts in a
declaration that he did not do so knowingly. Specifically, he contends that he did not
consent to be represented by this attorney and that the attorney failed to explain the
consequences of the waiver to him. Thus, Ferman argues that his prior waiver was
invalid.
2
Moreover, there is no uniform approach to exhaustion exceptions. Although
some circuits recognize certain exhaustion exceptions, others reject those exceptions.
Compare United States v. Lopez-Chavez, 757 F.3d 1033, 1044 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding
that ineffective assistance of counsel excuses exhaustion requirement), and United States
v. Johnson, 391 F.3d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting that exhaustion may be excused if
immigration judge provided misleading information regarding defendant’s eligibility for
discretionary relief), with United States v. Parrales-Guzman, 922 F.3d 706, 707–08 (5th
Cir. 2019) (rejecting exceptions to exhaustion requirement), and United States v.
Hernandez-Perdomo, 948 F.3d 807, 811 (7th Cir. 2020) (concluding that even if futility
exception to exhaustion exists, it would not apply where noncitizen failed to move to
reopen immigration case).
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The district court weighed Ferman’s declaration against the transcript and audio
recording of the hearing and found that Ferman “failed to adduce persuasive evidence
that his waiver was not knowing and voluntary.” R. vol. 2, 64. We agree. The hearing
transcript and corresponding audio demonstrate that Ferman voiced no objection to his
attorney’s overall representation of him—even after the immigration judge gave Ferman
an opportunity to go off the record and confer with the attorney before continuing with
the hearing. Further, when the hearing continued and the attorney waived Ferman’s right
to an appeal, Ferman raised no objection to the waiver. Additionally, the written removal
order confirmed Ferman’s waiver; Ferman received a copy of this order on the same day
as the hearing and again raised no objection. Ferman’s failure to object
contemporaneously either to his attorney’s overall representation of him or more
specifically to the waiver of his right to appeal demonstrates that Ferman “knowingly
waive[d] the right to appeal” and therefore “fail[ed] to exhaust [his] administrative
remedies.” Chavez-Alonso, 431 F.3d at 728.
Because Ferman’s appeal waiver definitively establishes that he failed to exhaust
his administrative remedies, we need not determine which other specific steps Ferman
should have taken to exhaust his claims. But we note that Ferman also failed to exhaust
other “administrative remedies that may have been available” to him. § 1326(d)(1). For
example, Ferman never sought discretionary relief from removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(4). He also never appealed the removal order to the Board of Immigration
Appeals to contest his allegedly invalid waiver. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3); In re
Compean, 25 I. & N. Dec. 1, 3 (Att’y Gen. 2009) (recognizing that Board can reopen
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removal proceedings to consider claims of ineffective assistance of counsel). Finally,
Ferman never asked the immigration court to reopen his immigration proceeding and
address the same arguments he now makes before us. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7).
In sum, because Ferman failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, we need not
reach his remaining arguments seeking to collaterally challenge his removal order under
§ 1326(d).
Conclusion
Ferman failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. He therefore cannot
collaterally attack his prior removal order. Thus, we affirm the district court’s order
declining to dismiss the indictment.
Entered for the Court
Nancy L. Moritz
Circuit Judge
6