Kemmerly v. Hill

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 19, 2020
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
CHRISTOPHER DANIEL KEMMERLY,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v. No. 20-3028
(D.C. No. 5:19-CV-03086-SAC)
BRADEN HILL, Deputy, Sedgwick (D. Kan.)
County Sheriff’s Department; JAMES
ROBBINS, Deputy, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; BRIAN BALL,
Sergeant, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; BRIAN WHITE, Colonel,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
JEREMY WOODSON, Lieutenant,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
FABIOLA TORRES, Sergeant, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; MICHAEL
EBNER, JR., Corporal, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; TIMOTHY LINN,
Deputy, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; VINCENT BREIT, Deputy,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
BLAKE SWANSON, Deputy, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; TONY
LOSAVIO, Deputy, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; ALAN NYE,
Deputy, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; JEFF EASTER, Sheriff,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
JARED SCHECHTER, Captain, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; JEROME
HAYES, Sergeant, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; JAMES ROHR,
Sergeant, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; HENRY TONG, Deputy,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
JUSTIN WILLIAMS, Deputy, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; CODY
MALEY, Deputy, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; DAVID
MELENDEZ; VICTOR MAXIMER,
Deputy, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; STEVEN COOK, Deputy,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
HUNTER THISSEN, Deputy, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; TRAVIS
(LNU), Wellpath Medical; MICHELE
(LNU), Wellpath Mental Health; MONICA
(LNU); AUDREY CRAFT, Deputy,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
KAYLA DOWNS, Deputy, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; JAMES
HARROD, JR., Deputy, Sedgwick County
Sheriff’s Department; TONI PARKER,
Corporal, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department; PAULA SMITH, Lieutenant,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
(FNU) SUELLENTROP, Deputy,
Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department;
(FNU) FINLEY, Deputy, Sedgwick
County Sheriff’s Department; (FNU)
NICE, Deputy, Sedgwick County Sheriff’s
Department,
Defendants - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
2
Before MATHESON, KELLY, and EID, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Christopher Kemmerly, a Kansas pretrial detainee proceeding pro se, sued
several Sedgwick County Adult Detention Facility (“SCADF”) officials under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 for money damages in the United States District Court for the
District of Kansas. The district court dismissed his amended complaint under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e), concluding he did not state a claim for relief, and denied his
motion for reconsideration. It also denied his motion to appoint counsel.
Mr. Kemmerly appeals the district court’s dismissal of his amended complaint
and denial of his motion to appoint counsel. He does not appeal the denial of his
motion for reconsideration. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
In reviewing dismissal of a complaint, we accept the complaint’s allegations as
true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the claimant. See Mayfield v.
Bethards, 826 F.3d 1252, 1258 (10th Cir. 2016); Jamerson v. Heimgartner, 752 F.
App’x 557, 559 (10th Cir. 2018) (unpublished).1
1
Although not precedential, we find the reasoning of the unpublished opinions
cited in this order and judgment instructive. See 10th Cir. R. 32.1 (“Unpublished
decisions are not precedential, but may be cited for their persuasive value.”); see
also Fed. R. App. P. 32.1.
3
A. Factual Background2
Mr. Kemmerly is incarcerated in the SCADF in Wichita, Kansas. His claims
arise from events that began after a fellow inmate, Joshua Moore, committed suicide.
Mr. Moore’s Suicide
On March 15, 2019, Mr. Moore confided in Mr. Kemmerly that he was
“contemplating suicide.” ROA at 24 (quotations omitted). Mr. Kemmerly offered
Mr. Moore advice. After their conversation, Mr. Moore returned to his cell and
killed himself. Later that day, Mr. Kemmerly told Deputy Braden Hill to check on
Mr. Moore because “he was talking crazy earlier.” Id. at 25 (quotations omitted).
Deputy Hill told Mr. Kemmerly, “Both your neighbors are fine.” Id. Mr. Kemmerly
later found Mr. Moore dead in his cell doorway.
Aftermath of Mr. Moore’s Suicide
The next day, Deputy James Robbins suggested to Mr. Kemmerly that Mr.
Moore’s death was his fault because he had not alerted officers that Mr. Moore was
contemplating suicide. This prompted Mr. Kemmerly to write down the events that
2
For this factual background and to recount Mr. Kemmerly’s story, we draw
facts from Mr. Kemmerly’s original complaint that were not included in the amended
complaint, as the district court did. See ROA at 78; see also id. at 53-55. Our later
analysis of the district court’s dismissal is based on the amended complaint, which is
the operative complaint for this appeal.
4
led to Mr. Moore’s death in a 24-page events record (“the Record”). He also wrote to
his attorney, Stephen Monk, “on the matter.” Id. at 30.3
On March 20, officers searched Mr. Kemmerly’s cell, where he had hidden the
Record. When he attempted to exit his cell, he was “slammed onto [his] bunk by
defendant Deputy Justin Williams.” Id. at 31. Mr. Kemmerly was disciplined for
having “contraband.” Id. He contends he was disciplined for writing the Record and
“attempt[ing] to speak out to news media” about detention officers’ negligence. Id.4
On March 21 or 22, Mr. Kemmerly mailed the Record to the KAKE-TV news
station (“KAKE”), “outlining the events that lead [sic] up to Mr. Moore’s death,
about the negligence of Officer Hill.” Id. at 14; see also id. at 31, 76. He had inmate
Nathan Gibson hold up the letter so surveillance cameras would record that it was put
into SCADF’s mailbox. In the letter, Mr. Kemmerly asked KAKE to air a segment
on Mr. Moore’s suicide and the abuse at SCADF. KAKE did not do so. Mr.
Kemmerly believes KAKE never received the letter because officers seized it.
On March 25, attorney Monk attempted to visit Mr. Kemmerly, but was denied
access. Id. at 30; see id. at 76. Mr. Monk then visited Mr. Kemmerly on March 26.
Id. at 30. From April 8 to 18, officers did not allow Mr. Kemmerly to send a
message to Mr. Monk. Id. at 32.
3
Mr. Kemmerly alleged Mr. Monk was his attorney in a “Better Business
Bureau claim against [his] bank, and he is acting as a secondary on [his] criminal
charges.” ROA at 32.
4
It is not clear from the record if deputies found the Record.
5
On April 22, Deputies Audrey Craft and Tiffany Nice entered Mr. Kemmerly’s
cell. Deputy Craft read his legal documents. Id. at 31, 72, 77. Mr. Kemmerly
alleged he punched what he referred to as the “deputy . . . control booth” outside his
cell and broke his left hand. Id. at 14, 31. Deputy Williams then stepped toward him
and “proce[e]ded to push” Mr. Kemmerly. Id. at 31.
Allegations of Abusive Officers and Poor Living Conditions
Mr. Kemmerly alleged abuse and poor living conditions in SCADF. His
amended complaint described physical and psychological abuse, including officers
“yanking a man’s head around,” id. at 14, tasing inmates, id. at 15, and attacking
inmates for seeking mental health assistance, id. He further alleged that officers’
failure to perform required welfare checks allowed Mr. Moore to kill himself.
The alleged poor living conditions included overcrowding, no outdoor
recreation time, continuous lockdowns, standing water creating mildew and attracting
bugs in the shower, layers of food crusted on tables, no cleaning chemicals, piles of
mice excrements, excessively hot temperatures, watered down food, and torn up bed
mattresses. Id. at 16-20. Mr. Kemmerly noted that “harsh white/yellow fluorescent
lights” were left on all day, allowing only “6 hours and 45 minutes of sleep” at night.
Id. at 20.
B. Procedural History
Original Complaint
Mr. Kemmerly sued officials at SCADF under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming they
violated his (1) First Amendment right to a free press by seizing his letter to KAKE,
6
(2) Fourth Amendment rights by seizing his outgoing mail, (3) Eighth Amendment
rights by subjecting him and other inmates to cruel and unusual punishment, and
(4) Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process rights by denying his right to an
attorney and access to the courts. He also asserted generalized claims about officers’
abuse and the poor living conditions in SCADF. He sought $10 million from each
defendant for damages and reimbursement for expenses.
The district court ordered Mr. Kemmerly to show cause why his complaint
should not be dismissed under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e). It said Mr. Kemmerly failed to
state a claim regarding the alleged seizure of his outgoing mail because he made only
a “bald conclusion that his letter must have been seized.” Id. at 57. It also ruled that
Mr. Kemmerly’s allegations on behalf of other inmates and the general inmate
population must be dismissed for lack of standing.
The court further found Mr. Kemmerly failed to allege how each of the
defendants personally participated in the deprivation of his constitutional rights. It
noted 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) barred Mr. Kemmerly’s request for compensatory
damages because he failed to allege a physical injury. The court invited Mr.
Kemmerly to file an amended complaint to remedy these issues.
Amended Complaint and New Motions
Mr. Kemmerly filed an amended complaint, outlining similar claims and facts.
See ROA at 64-69. He attached affidavits from nine inmates, whom he described as
“co-plaintiffs,” id. at 70-75, an “Application for Appointment of Counsel,” Dist. Ct.
7
Doc. 10, a “Motion Outlining Facts and Showing Cause,” ROA at 76-77, and a
“Motion to Equally Dispense Filing Fee by Adding Co-Plaintiffs,” Dist. Ct. Doc. 12.
The district court dismissed Mr. Kemmerly’s amended complaint under
28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) for failure to address the deficiencies in his original complaint
and for failure to state a valid claim for relief. It also denied his motion to appoint
counsel.
Mr. Kemmerly filed a “Motion to Reconsider.” ROA at 85. The district court
denied it because he failed to “meet the exacting standard for relief under” Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). Id. at 97.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mr. Kemmerly argues the district court erred by (1) dismissing his
amended complaint for failure to state a claim, and (2) denying his motion to appoint
counsel.5
A. Failure to State a Claim6
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Kemmerly’s claims.
5
On appeal, Mr. Kemmerly does not address various motions he filed in
district court, including a “Motion to Equally Dispense Filing Fee by Adding Co-
Plaintiffs” and a “Motion to Reconsider” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
59(e). We therefore regard those matters as abandoned or waived. We consider his
“Motion Outlining Facts and Showing Cause” as part of his amended complaint, as
the district court did.
6
Mr. Kemmerly waived or abandoned several arguments on appeal.
First, although he briefly mentions in his appellate brief that his amended
complaint outlines a “Fourth Amendment illegal seizure violation” (Count II), Mr.
Kemmerly does not argue any facts or law to support this allegation on appeal, see
Aplt. Br. at 8, or in his amended complaint, see ROA at 67.
8
Standard of Review and Legal Background
“We review de novo a district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a complaint
under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e) for failure to state a claim, applying the same standard that
we employ for dismissal of a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6).” Jamerson, 752 F. App’x at 561-62; see Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214,
1217-18 (10th Cir. 2007).
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “A pleading that offers labels
and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not
do.” Id. (quotations omitted).
In assessing a complaint’s plausibility, “we accept the facts alleged in the
complaint as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.”
Second, Mr. Kemmerly mentions his “Fifth . . . and Fourteenth [Amendment]
due process [right] in a proper disciplinary hearing” in his appellate brief, but does
not provide any facts or arguments supporting this claim. See Aplt. Br. at 8.
Third, he also mentions a First and Sixth Amendment “right to access the
courts by and thru legal assistance.” Id. This argument is waived for failure to
provide any facts or arguments. See Stanley v. Vining, 602 F.3d 767, 770 (6th Cir.
2010) (noting prisoner must allege that a prison guard’s interference with his legal
mail “created a[] barrier to the prisoner’s relationship with counsel” to raise “a
cognizable claim under the Sixth Amendment”).
9
Mayfield, 826 F.3d at 1255. “Because Mr. [Kemmerly] is proceeding pro se, we
construe his filings liberally.” Jamerson, 752 F. App’x at 562; see Erickson v. Parus,
551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). “[T]his rule of liberal construction stops, however, at the
point at which we begin to serve as his advocate.” United States v. Pinson, 584 F.3d
972, 975 (10th Cir. 2009).
Analysis
a. Count I: First Amendment claim
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Kemmerly’s First Amendment
claim that SCADF officials violated his right to communicate with the media. He
suggests that KAKE never received the Record he sent because officers seized his
outgoing mail.
The district court determined that Mr. Kemmerly’s “bald conclusion that his
letter must have been seized is not supported by factual allegations.” ROA at 57; see
id. at 80. We agree. Mr. Kemmerly alleged no specific facts to show KAKE never
received the letter. Nor did he provide any facts showing SCADF officers prevented
the letter from reaching KAKE. He has not “state[d] a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotations omitted).
b. Count III: Eighth Amendment claims
Mr. Kemmerly attempted to allege Eighth Amendment claims for (a) excessive
use of force, and (b) cruel and unusual punishment. Although Mr. Kemmerly argues
his Eighth Amendment rights were violated, the Fourteenth Amendment, not Eighth
10
Amendment, applies to pretrial detainees. See Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 135 S. Ct.
2466, 2475 (2015); Blackmon v. Sutton, 734 F.3d 1237, 1241 (10th Cir. 2013).
i. Excessive use of force
The Fourteenth Amendment “Due Process Clause protects a pretrial detainee
from the use of excessive force that amounts to punishment.” Kingsley, 135 S. Ct.
at 2473 (quotations omitted). “[A] pretrial detainee must show only that the force
purposely or knowingly used against him was objectively unreasonable.” Id.Mr. Kemmerly attempted to assert two excessive force claims in his amended
complaint, alleging he “was battered on [March 20] and assaulted on [April 22].”
ROA at 67. The district court said Mr. Kemmerly “makes the bald allegation that he
was assaulted and battered on March 20, 2019[,] and April 22, 2019,” but “fails to
allege any facts in support of these allegations.” Id. at 80. The court determined Mr.
Kemmerly “failed to name a defendant responsible and has failed to state a plausible
claim for relief.” Id.
Although Mr. Kemmerly named Deputy Williams as assaulting him at least
once in his amended complaint, see id. at 77, he did not provide sufficient facts to
show “that the force purposefully or knowingly used against him was objectively
unreasonable.” Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 389. Mr. Kemmerly therefore failed to state a
claim for excessive use of force. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
11
ii. Cruel and unusual punishment
1) Allegations about Mr. Kemmerly
Mr. Kemmerly alleged that SCADF officers violated his rights by disregarding
his physical and mental well-being. ROA at 67. He also alleged that his “[f]inding a
fellow inmate dead has been psychologically torturous to [his] emotional/mental
peace of mind.” Id. The district court found Mr. Kemmerly “failed to allege how
each of the defendants personally participated in the deprivation of his constitutional
rights.” Id. at 58, 79. We agree.
Mr. Kemmerly’s amended complaint failed to show how any of the defendants
personally disregarded his physical and mental well-being at SCADF. See Trujillo v.
Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1227 (10th Cir. 2006) (“In order for liability to arise under
§ 1983, a defendant’s direct personal liability for the claimed deprivation of a
constitutional right must be established.”); Olson v. Stotts, 9 F.3d 1475, 1477 (10th
Cir. 1993) (noting a “defendant cannot be liable under § 1983 unless personally
involved in the deprivation”). We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of
this claim.7
7
Although Mr. Kemmerly named Deputy Robbins in his original complaint, he
failed to do so in his amended complaint. Even if we consider the original complaint,
it failed to show how Deputy Robbins’s alleged statements were “sufficiently
serious” to rise to an Eighth or Fourteenth Amendment violation. See Tafoya v.
Salazar, 516 F.3d 912, 916 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting “the alleged injury or deprivation
must be sufficiently serious” to “impose constitutional liability on prison officials”).
12
2) Allegations about other inmates
Mr. Kemmerly alleged that SCADF officers allowed an inmate to die and
subjected other pretrial detainees to physical and psychological abuse. The district
court held that Mr. Kemmerly lacked standing to pursue his “allegations about
experiences of other inmates and claims on behalf of the inmate population in
general.” ROA at 57-58.
We affirm the dismissal of Mr. Kemmerly’s generalized claims. As the district
court noted, Mr. Kemmerly “lacks standing to attempt to re-regulate the entire
[SCADF] system, or to sue directly or indirectly on behalf of anyone but himself.”
Whitington v. Ortiz, 307 F. App’x 179, 191 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished); see Lewis
v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 355 (1996).
c. Count IV: Fourteenth Amendment due process claim
Mr. Kemmerly alleged he was denied a visit with his attorney on March 25,
and that Deputies Craft and Nice violated his rights by reading his legal papers. He
claimed that these actions denied him access to the courts in violation of his due
process rights.
“[I]nmates must have a reasonable opportunity to seek and receive the
assistance of attorneys.” Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 419 (1974), overruled
in part on other grounds by Thornburgh v. Abbott, 490 U.S. 401 (1989). “The extent
to which that right is burdened by a particular regulation or practice must be weighed
against the legitimate interests of penal administration and the proper regard that
judges should give to the expertise and discretionary authority of correctional
13
officials.” Id. at 420. Moreover, “[t]o state a claim for denial of [the] right [of
access to courts], [Mr. Kemmerly] must show that any denial or delay of access to the
court prejudiced him in pursuing litigation.” Trujillo, 465 F.3d at 1226 (quotations
omitted).
The district court determined that Mr. Kemmerly “ha[d] failed to name a
defendant responsible and ha[d] failed to state a plausible claim for relief.” ROA
at 80. Although he alleged that he was not allowed to meet with his attorney at
SCADF on March 25, he noted in his original complaint that his attorney visited him
on March 26. See id. at 30.8 Further, he did not name a defendant in his amended
complaint who participated in this March 25 incident, see id. at 68, 76, nor has he
alleged facts to show that that incident or the actions of Deputies Craft and Nice
prejudiced his access to the courts.9
Mr. Kemmerly also has not sufficiently shown in his amended complaint how
any delays in accessing the courts prejudiced him in pursuing litigation. See ROA
8
In his original complaint, Mr. Kemmerly alleged officials denied him access
to his attorney in April, naming Captain Jared Schechter, Lieutenant Paula Smith, and
Corporals Michael Ebner, Jr., and Toni Parker. ROA at 32. His amended complaint
does not contain any allegations about April. Even if we consider the original
complaint, he failed to show prejudice.
9
Mr. Kemmerly also argues Deputies Craft and Nice violated the Freedom of
Information Act and his attorney-client privilege by reading his legal work. See Aplt.
Br. at 6-7. It is not clear how the Freedom of Information Act applies. Although Mr.
Kemmerly briefly mentions in his amended complaint a “Privacy Act” and attorney-
client privilege, ROA at 68, and notes that “Deputies Craft and Nice read [his] legal
work,” id. at 77, he failed to show how he suffered a violation of a federal right under
§ 1983 and therefore failed to state a claim.
14
at 68. We therefore affirm because Mr. Kemmerly failed to state a claim of denial of
access to his attorney or to the courts.10
B. Motion to Appoint Counsel
We affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Kemmerly’s motion to appoint
counsel. He sought counsel for a potential class action, suggesting in district court
“that nine other inmates signed a document to join as co-plaintiffs, each of them
suffering ‘psychological damage.’” Id. at 81. On appeal, Mr. Kemmerly reiterates
his desire to have appointed counsel investigate his claims. Aplt. Br. at 12.
We review the denial of a motion to appoint counsel for abuse of discretion.
Steffey v. Orman, 461 F.3d 1218, 1223 (10th Cir. 2006); Jamerson, 752 F. App’x
at 561. “We consider: (1) the merits of the claims, (2) the factual issues, (3) the
10
The district court determined that 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) barred Mr.
Kemmerly’s request for compensatory damages “because [he] has failed to allege a
physical injury.” Id. at 59; see id. at 81 (noting Mr. Kemmerly “failed to cure this
deficiency”). On appeal, Mr. Kemmerly reiterates that he seeks damages. Aplt. Br.
at 12; see ROA at 36.
Section 1997e(e) limits recovery for “a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or
other correctional facility.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). It provides that “[n]o federal civil
action may be brought by a prisoner . . . for mental or emotional injury suffered while
in custody without a prior showing of physical injury . . . .” Id.
As previously described, Mr. Kemmerly alleged two incidents where he may
have suffered a physical injury. If Mr. Kemmerly’s excessive use of force claims had
survived dismissal, he might have been able to seek damages. Because his excessive
use of force claims do not survive, we therefore affirm the district court.
On appeal, Mr. Kemmerly also seeks injunctive relief. See Aplt. Br. at 12.
Because he did not request injunctive relief in his amended complaint, he has waived
a request for such relief, and we do not consider it on appeal.
15
litigant’s ability to present the claims, and (4) the complexity of the legal issues.”
Jamerson, 752 F. App’x at 561; see Steffey, 461 F.3d at 1224.
Although the district court here did not address every factor, it “concluded that
[Mr. Kemmerly] has not asserted a colorable claim against a named defendant; this
action is not a class action; no other plaintiffs have moved to join this action; and
[he] is not entitled to the appointment of counsel in a civil case.” ROA at 81. We
have reviewed the record and find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s denial
of the motion.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Kemmerly’s amended
complaint and its denial of his motion to appoint counsel. We grant Mr. Kemmerly’s
request to proceed in forma pauperis and remind him of his obligation to make
payments toward his filing fee.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
16