United States v. Barrett

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS January 19, 2021
Christopher M. Wolpert
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
_________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-7049
KENNETH EUGENE BARRETT,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Oklahoma
(D.C. Nos. 6:09-CV-00105-RAW and 6:04-CR-00115-JHP-1)
_________________________________
David B. Autry, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, (Heather E. Williams, Federal Defender;
Joan M. Fisher and Carrie L. Ward, Assistant Federal Defenders, with him on the briefs),
Office of the Federal Public Defender, Eastern District of California, Sacramento,
California, for Defendant - Appellant.
Jeffrey B. Kahan, Deputy Chief, Capital Case Section, (Brian A. Benczkowski, Assistant
Attorney General, with him on the brief), Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.;
(Brian J. Kuester, U.S. Attorney General, Christopher J. Wilson and Linda Epperly,
Assistant U.S. Attorneys, with him on the brief), U.S. Department of Justice, Muskogee,
Oklahoma, for Plaintiff - Appellee.
_________________________________
Before HARTZ, MATHESON, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
MATHESON, Circuit Judge.
_________________________________
Table of Contents
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
II. Background .................................................................................................................... 3
A. Factual Background................................................................................................. 3
Police Obtained a Warrant to Search Mr. Barrett’s House ................................. 3
Police Surveilled Mr. Barrett’s House ................................................................ 4
Police Attempted to Execute the Warrant........................................................... 4
Mr. Barrett Killed Trooper David Eales ............................................................. 5
B. Procedural Background ........................................................................................... 6
Trials and § 2255 Petition ................................................................................... 6
a. State trial proceedings and sentencing ........................................................... 6
b. Federal trial ..................................................................................................... 6
c. Federal sentencing .......................................................................................... 7
d. Direct Appeal – Tenth Circuit (Barrett I) ..................................................... 11
e. 28 U.S.C § 2255 motion – District Court ..................................................... 12
f. 28 U.S.C § 2255 appeal – Tenth Circuit (Barrett II) .................................... 12
Evidentiary Hearing .......................................................................................... 13
a. Mr. Barrett’s evidence .................................................................................. 14
i. Dr. George Woods ..................................................................................... 14
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett ...................................................... 14
2) Cross-examination by the Government ............................................... 18
ii. Dr. Deborah Miora .................................................................................... 18
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett ...................................................... 19
2) Cross-examination by the Government ............................................... 20
3) Redirect examination by Mr. Barrett ................................................... 21
iii. Dr. Jeanne Russell .................................................................................... 21
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett ...................................................... 21
2) Cross-examination by the Government ............................................... 22
iv. Dr. Bill Sharp’s report.............................................................................. 22
v. Family witnesses ....................................................................................... 23
i
b. Government’s evidence ................................................................................ 23
i. Dr. Steven Pitt ........................................................................................... 23
1) Direct examination by the Government .............................................. 24
2) Cross-examination by Mr. Barrett ....................................................... 25
ii. Dr. J. Randall Price .................................................................................... 26
1) Direct examination by the Government .............................................. 26
2) Cross-examination by Mr. Barrett ....................................................... 27
Magistrate Judge’s and District Judge’s Decisions .......................................... 27
a. Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation .......................................... 27
i. Deficient performance ............................................................................... 28
ii. Prejudice .................................................................................................... 28
b. Objections to the report and recommendation ............................................. 29
c. District court’s decision................................................................................ 30
i. Deficient performance ............................................................................... 30
ii. Prejudice .................................................................................................... 30
III. Discussion .................................................................................................................... 31
A. Standard of Review ............................................................................................... 31
B. Legal Background ................................................................................................. 32
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel..................................................................... 32
Mental Health Evidence.................................................................................... 33
a. Nature of the impairments ............................................................................ 33
b. Connection to the offense ............................................................................. 35
Abusive Background Evidence ......................................................................... 37
C. Analysis ................................................................................................................. 37
Aggravating Evidence....................................................................................... 38
Postconviction Mitigating Evidence ................................................................. 39
a. Evidence of mental impairments .................................................................. 39
i. Evidence of brain damage ......................................................................... 40
1) Mr. Barrett’s evidence ......................................................................... 40
2) Government’s response ....................................................................... 40
ii. Evidence of mental illnesses ..................................................................... 42
1) Bipolar disorder ................................................................................... 42
ii
a) Mr. Barrett’s evidence..................................................................... 42
b) Government’s response ................................................................... 42
2) PTSD ................................................................................................... 45
iii. Connection to the offense ........................................................................ 46
b. Evidence of an abusive upbringing .............................................................. 50
Balancing the Aggravating and Mitigating Evidence ....................................... 50
a. Strengthened mitigation case........................................................................ 51
b. Weakened aggravation case ......................................................................... 53
c. Minimal post-sentencing aggravation evidence ........................................... 55
IV. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 59
iii
I. INTRODUCTION
Kenneth Eugene Barrett moved under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate his death
sentence based on ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment
to the Constitution. 1 The district court denied relief. On appeal, this court remanded for
an evidentiary hearing to determine whether defense counsel’s performance at sentencing
was deficient and prejudicial. Following the hearing, the district court found deficient
performance but no prejudice, and again denied relief. Mr. Barrett has appealed.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse.
Mr. Barrett’s death sentence was based on his intentionally killing a state trooper
when drug task force officers attempted to execute a warrant at his home. The evidence
at trial and at the sentencing hearing depicted him as having planned a lethal attack on
police officers. In mitigation, defense counsel introduced testimony that he was a loved
family member and good person who was sorry for his crime. But his counsel did not
introduce evidence that he experienced abuse as a child; suffered from brain-damage,
bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”); and struggled to exercise
judgment in pressured situations. The jury recommended, and the court imposed, the
death penalty.
1
Section 2255 provides that a federal prisoner “claiming the right to be released
upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of
the United States, . . . may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set
aside or correct the sentence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a).
1
After filing his § 2255 motion in district court, Mr. Barrett presented declarations
and assessments from experts describing his abusive upbringing and mental impairments,
information his trial counsel failed to present at sentencing. The district court denied
relief. On appeal, we remanded for the district court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to
determine (1) whether defense counsel was deficient in failing to develop and present
mitigating evidence and, if so, (2) whether there was a reasonable probability the jury
would not have recommended a death sentence if counsel had introduced the mitigating
evidence.
The district court referred the evidentiary hearing to a magistrate judge, who
conducted the hearing over seven days. Fourteen witnesses testified, including experts on
both sides. After the hearing, the magistrate judge recommended the district court find
that Mr. Barrett’s counsel performed deficiently under the Sixth Amendment and that
such performance prejudiced Mr. Barrett at sentencing. The Government conceded
deficient performance but objected to the recommended finding of prejudice.
Without rehearing any testimony, the district court rejected the recommendation,
held Mr. Barrett could not establish prejudice, and denied relief. Although it found
counsel’s performance deficient, the court observed that “the jury would not have been
impressed by [Mr. Barrett’s] experts’ opinions.” Barrett v. United States, No. CIV-09-
105-RAW, 2019 WL 1406957, at *6 (E.D. Okla. Mar. 28, 2019).
2
The district court issued a certificate of appealability (“COA”), and Mr. Barrett
appealed to this court. After reviewing the evidence presented at trial, sentencing, and
the postconviction evidentiary hearing, we reverse.
II. BACKGROUND
We provide background on (A) the facts underlying Mr. Barrett’s conviction, and
(B) the procedural history of this case, including the evidence adduced at the evidentiary
hearing on Mr. Barrett’s family history and mental health.
A. Factual Background
We take the following facts from our previous opinions in this case. See United
States v. Barrett, 496 F.3d 1079 (10th Cir. 2007) (Barrett I) (direct appeal); United States
v. Barrett, 797 F.3d 1207 (10th Cir. 2015) (Barrett II) (first § 2255 appeal).
Police Obtained a Warrant to Search Mr. Barrett’s House
In 1999, the Oklahoma State Drug Task Force (“Task Force”) received a tip from
a confidential informant that Mr. Barrett was manufacturing and distributing
methamphetamine at his house. The confidential informant told the Task Force that Mr.
Barrett had promised to kill any officer who came to arrest him and that he was operating
his drug business at night because he believed law enforcement could not execute a
search warrant at night.
The Task Force obtained a no-knock, day-or-night search warrant for the house.
They planned to seize drugs and drug paraphernalia. The warrant allowed entry “without
the normally required knocking and announcing due to the violent and unstable nature of
3
[Mr. Barrett] and the danger posed to law enforcement personnel.” Barrett I, 496 F.3d at
1082-83 (quotations and alterations omitted). Given the perceived risk, the Task Force
obtained assistance from the Oklahoma Highway Patrol Tactical Team (“Tact Team”).
Police Surveilled Mr. Barrett’s House
Three state troopers surveilled Mr. Barrett’s house in a white, unmarked Ford
Bronco. Mr. Barrett’s cousin was with him at the time. According to the cousin, Mr.
Barrett saw the Bronco pass, recognized it as belonging to law enforcement, and said he
did not care and “was going out in a blaze of glory.” Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1211
(quotations omitted).
The Tact Team devised a plan to serve and execute the warrant. Under the plan,
two white Broncos and a marked patrol car with its emergency lights activated, each
containing two troopers, would approach Mr. Barrett’s house, single-file from the east,
while three troopers in another patrol car would approach the fence south of the house.
The six troopers approaching from the east would enter and secure the house. Of the
three troopers approaching from the south, one would stay at the fence to provide sniper
cover and the other two would apprehend anyone fleeing west.
Police Attempted to Execute the Warrant
Shortly after midnight, the Tact Team met with members of the Task Force, who
planned to follow two minutes behind the Tact Team as it approached Mr. Barrett’s
property. The Tact Team then executed its plan. The lead Bronco approached from the
east with its emergency lights off. The second Bronco and a patrol car followed. At least
4
one vehicle activated its emergency lights. As the vehicles neared the house, bullets
began hitting the lead Bronco’s windshield.
Meanwhile, the troopers coming from the south arrived at the fence. Two of them
scaled it and approached the house. They saw Mr. Barrett’s son outside and ordered him
to get on the ground. He eventually complied, and the officers handcuffed him as he
yelled for Mr. Barrett.
Mr. Barrett Killed Trooper David Eales
The lead Bronco continued to receive gunfire as it neared the house. The driver,
Oklahoma State Trooper John Hamilton, ducked between the seats. The passenger,
Trooper David Eales, exited. Mr. Barrett shot him three times.
Trooper Hamilton threw a “flash-bang” stun grenade out the window, which
temporarily stopped the gunfire. He exited the Bronco, and Mr. Barrett shot him in the
shoulder as he moved toward Trooper Eales, who was lying face-down. Trooper
Hamilton saw Mr. Barrett standing in his doorway holding a rifle. He shot at Mr. Barrett
but missed as Mr. Barrett went inside. Another officer shot at Mr. Barrett through a
window and hit his legs.
Officers dragged Mr. Barrett out to the front yard. He reached for a pistol in his
waistband, but the officers subdued him and took the gun.
Trooper Eales died. An autopsy revealed that one of the three bullets entered his
upper back, broke four ribs, and perforated his left lung and aorta.
5
B. Procedural Background
Unless otherwise noted, we take the following procedural history from our
previous opinions in this case.
Trials and § 2255 Petition
a. State trial proceedings and sentencing
Mr. Barrett was charged in state court with one count of first-degree murder, one
count of shooting with intent to kill, and two counts of discharging a firearm with intent
to kill. The case proceeded to trial but ended in a hung jury.
Mr. Barrett was retried almost two years later. The jury acquitted him on the first-
degree murder charge and found him guilty of the lesser-included crime of first-degree
manslaughter. The jury also acquitted on the charge of shooting with intent to kill and
instead found him guilty of the lesser-included offense of assault and battery with a
dangerous weapon. It acquitted him on the two charges of discharge of a firearm with
intent to kill.
The court sentenced Mr. Barrett to consecutive terms of 20 years in prison on the
manslaughter conviction and 10 years on the assault and battery conviction. He did not
appeal his convictions or sentences.
b. Federal trial
After the state trials, a federal grand jury indicted Mr. Barrett on three counts:
• Count 1 – using and carrying a firearm during and in
relation to drug trafficking crimes and possessing a
firearm in furtherance of such drug trafficking offenses,
6
resulting in death, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)
and (j).
• Count 2 – using and carrying a firearm in relation to a
crime of violence—the killing of a state law enforcement
officer engaged in or on account of the performance of
such officer’s official duties—and possessing a firearm in
furtherance of such crime of violence, in violation of
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) and (j).
• Count 3 – intentionally killing, during the commission of
a drug trafficking crime, a state law enforcement officer
engaged in the performance of his official duties, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(B).
See Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1086. The case went to trial, and the jury found Mr. Barrett
guilty of all three counts.
c. Federal sentencing
In 1994, Congress enacted the Federal Death Penalty Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3591-
3598. Under the Act, when a defendant is convicted of federal capital offenses, the
government may petition the court to hold a “separate sentencing hearing to determine
the punishment to be imposed.” 18 U.S.C. § 3593(b). At this hearing, the factfinder
“shall consider whether [the aggravating factors] sufficiently outweigh [the mitigating
factors] to justify a sentence of death.” Id. § 3593(e). 2
2
Statutory aggravating and mitigating factors are listed in § 3592, but the jury also
may consider “any other aggravating factor for which notice has been given,” and any
other mitigating factor. 18 U.S.C. § 3592(a), (d).
“The burden of establishing the existence of any aggravating factor is on the
government, and is not satisfied unless the existence of such a factor is established
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. § 3593(c). “A finding with respect to any aggravating
factor must be unanimous.” Id. § 3593(d).
7
When the court held the § 3593 sentencing hearing in this case, the Government
presented aggravating evidence, and Mr. Barrett presented mitigating evidence. The
Government also relied on the guilt phase evidence to support its aggravation case. 3
The Government pointed to evidence that Mr. Barrett created a grave risk to other
people in addition to Trooper Eales and planned and premeditated the shooting. In
Barrett I, we recounted the trial evidence:
[Mr.] Barrett had been aware for some time of the outstanding
warrant for his arrest, and anticipated that law enforcement
officials would come to his house to arrest him at some point.
Despite that awareness, or perhaps because of it, [Mr.] Barrett
exhibited a defiant attitude towards law enforcement officials.
On the front gate leading to his residence, [Mr.] Barrett had
installed a sign reading: “Keep Out. I don’t give a shit who
you are, if you cross my gate or come on my property, I’ll
shoot.” Further, in the months and weeks leading up to the
date of the shooting, [Mr.] Barrett regularly told friends and
family that if law enforcement officers came to his house,
“there was going to be a shootout,” “he would shoot the first
police that came through his door,” and “he was going to take
out as many law enforcement officers as he could before they
got him.” Indeed, on the evening of [the shooting], [Mr.]
Barrett observed three of the Tact Team members drive by his
residence in an unmarked vehicle, and subsequently stated to
his cousin, Travis Crawford, that he knew the vehicle
belonged to law enforcement officials, that he didn’t “give a
“The burden of establishing the existence of any mitigating factor is on the
defendant, and is not satisfied unless the existence of such a factor is established by a
preponderance of the information.” Id. § 3593(c). “A finding with respect to a
mitigating factor may be made by 1 or more members of the jury.” Id. § 3593(d).
3
The court instructed the jury that it could consider “all the evidence received at
the guilt phase of this trial to the extent that it is relevant to . . . the existence of
any . . . aggravating or mitigating factors.” Suppl. ROA at 5267-68.
8
fuck” if they came back to serve the arrest warrant, and that
“he was going out in a blaze of glory” if they did so.
[Mr.] Barrett’s conduct in the months, weeks, and days
leading up to the shooting incident suggests his threats were
far from idle. [Mr.] Barrett possessed multiple firearms at his
residence, including five rifles, three shotguns, and two
pistols. During the day, [Mr.] Barrett typically kept a rifle
nearby. He also carried a nine millimeter pistol in his pants at
all times.
As for the night of the shooting incident, the evidence
presented at trial was more than sufficient to have allowed the
jury to reasonably find that [Mr.] Barrett knew it was law
enforcement officials who were approaching his residence en
masse.
496 F.3d at 1113 (citations and brackets omitted).
The Government introduced evidence at the sentencing hearing concerning the
impact of Trooper Eales’s death on his family, including a statement from his daughter
and testimony from his sister, mother, and widow. Id. at 1099-1100.
In Barrett II, we summarized Mr. Barrett’s mitigating evidence as follows:
[Mr. Barrett’s] trial attorneys called his mother, father,
stepmother, brother, ex-wife, uncle, and cousin to testify that
[Mr. Barrett] was a loved family member and good person
who was sorry for killing [Trooper] Eales. The defense also
called a state-court clerk to testify about [Mr. Barrett’s] state-
court proceedings and his lack of prior felonies, several state-
prison employees to testify that [he] was a well-behaved
prisoner, two neighbors to testify that [he] was a good
mechanic and a nonviolent person, and a bondsman to testify
that he had no concerns about [Mr. Barrett’s] being a danger
while his bench warrant was outstanding. None of the
witnesses discussed [Mr. Barrett’s] mental health or troubled
background in any significant detail, and [Mr. Barrett’s]
closing argument included only one mention of his
commitment to a hospital almost 20 years earlier “for drug
9
abuse and other treatment,” and that was in the context of
describing his “rocky” marriage.
Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1224 (citation omitted).
After hearing the aggravation and mitigation cases, the jury returned findings of
aggravating and mitigating factors. It found three aggravating factors on Count 3:
• “[Mr.] Barrett committed the offense after substantial
planning and premeditation,” Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1087;
• “in the commission of the offense or in escaping
apprehension for the offense, [Mr. Barrett] knowingly
created a grave risk of death to one or more persons in
addition to [Trooper] Eales,” id.; and
• Mr. Barrett caused “injury, harm, and loss to the victim’s
family,” id.As mitigating factors on all three counts, some or all the jurors found that Mr.
Barrett:
• had accepted responsibility for the death of Trooper Eales
(found by five jurors with respect to each count);
• had been convicted and punished for the death of Trooper
Eales in state court (found by five jurors with respect to
each count);
• at the time of the shooting incident, had no prior felony
convictions (found by all twelve jurors with respect to
each count);
• was a father (found by all twelve jurors with respect to
each count);
• was a loved son and stepson (found by all twelve jurors
with respect to each count);
10
• was a good neighbor and friend (found by seven jurors
with respect to each count);
• would not present a future danger to society by being
imprisoned for life without possibility of release (found by
two jurors with respect to each count);
• never left his residence during 1999 (found by one juror
with respect to each count); and
• had been mistreated by a police officer when Mr. Barrett
was seventeen years old (by breaking Mr. Barrett’s jaw
during a fight) (found by six jurors with respect to each
count). Also found were:
• other factors in Mr. Barrett’s childhood, background, or
character mitigated against imposition of the death
sentence (found by one juror with respect to Counts 1 and
2, and by two jurors with respect to Count 3); and
• death would affect his child, family, and friends (found by
all 12 jurors with respect to each count).
Id. at 1087-88. The jury found no mitigating factors related to Mr. Barrett’s mental
health.
The jury recommended sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of
release on Counts 1 and 2, and death on Count 3. The district court imposed the
recommended sentences.
d. Direct Appeal – Tenth Circuit (Barrett I)
Mr. Barrett appealed his convictions, arguing various procedural and substantive
errors, as well as cumulative error. See generally Barrett I, 496 F.3d 1079. We affirmed.
Id. at 1121.
11
e. 28 U.S.C § 2255 motion – District Court
Mr. Barrett petitioned for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, raising 19 challenges,
including ineffective assistance of counsel. See Barrett v. United States, No. 09-CIV-
105-JHP, 2012 WL 3542609, at *1, *5 (E. D. Okla. Aug. 16, 2012). The district court
denied the motion and declined to issue a COA. Id. at *94.
f. 28 U.S.C § 2255 appeal – Tenth Circuit (Barrett II)
Mr. Barrett then sought a COA from this court. See Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1213.
We granted a COA on seven issues related to ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.
We affirmed the district court’s denial of all but one of Mr. Barrett’s ineffective
assistance claims. Id. at 1232. We reversed and remanded “for the district court to hold
an evidentiary hearing on whether the performance of trial counsel was deficient in not
investigating [Mr. Barrett’s] background and mental health,” and to determine “whether
[Mr. Barrett] suffered prejudice from any deficiency during the penalty phase of his
trial.” Id.
As to deficient performance, we said Mr. Barrett “ha[d] presented a case that his
defense team did little to investigate his background and mental condition,” despite the
fact that “the record suggest[ed] [his] trial attorneys had indications that [his] mental
health and background merited further investigation.” Id. at 1225-26.
As to prejudice, we found that, “[t]aking Mr. Barrett’s proffered mitigation
evidence as true, it is sufficient to require an evidentiary hearing.” Id. at 1229.
12
Evidentiary Hearing
On remand, the district court assigned the evidentiary hearing to the magistrate
judge who had been involved with the case for more than a decade. The magistrate judge
assessed (1) whether Mr. Barrett’s counsel performed deficiently by failing to investigate
and present evidence of his alleged abusive upbringing and mental impairments, and, if
so, (2) whether that deficient performance prejudiced Mr. Barrett. Because the district
court found deficient performance, we discuss only the evidence related to whether there
was prejudice. As we describe in more detail below, “the [prejudice] question is whether
there is a reasonable probability that, absent [counsel’s] errors, the sentencer would have
concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant
death.” Wilson v. Trammell, 706 F.3d 1286, 1305 (10th Cir. 2013) (quotations and
alterations omitted).
We summarize the key testimony and exhibits from the evidentiary hearing. See
id. at 1307 (“In evaluating these claims of prejudice, we look to the testimony at the
evidentiary hearing, together with the exhibits offered in evidence at that hearing, to see
what likely would have been presented at trial if Defendant’s counsel had done what he
contends they should have.”). The prejudice issue calls for a “probing and fact-specific
analysis, which will necessarily require [the] court to speculate as to the effect of the new
evidence” in light of the evidence presented at trial and sentencing. See Barrett II, 797
F.3d at 1229 (quotations omitted). We recount (a) Mr. Barrett’s evidence, and (b) the
Government’s rebuttal evidence.
13
a. Mr. Barrett’s evidence
i. Dr. George Woods
Mr. Barrett’s primary mental health expert was Dr. George Woods, a physician
specializing in psychiatry and neuropsychiatry. His neuropsychiatric practice focused on
the relationship between “brain and behavior, brain functioning and behavior, [and] brain
anatomy and behavior.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 529. He was formerly the chief of staff at three
hospitals. In the mid-1990s, he was the clinical director of the New Beginnings Clinical
Dependence Program, which “was one of the first programs in California to really look at
both the [chemical dependency] component as well as the psychiatric component [of co-
occurring disorders] in order to try to parse those out.” Id. at 531. He also taught
medical school courses in forensic psychiatry and geriatric psychiatry, and a law school
course on mental health and the law.
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett
Dr. Woods testified that he performed comprehensive psychiatric examinations of
Mr. Barrett in 2009 and 2017. He interviewed Mr. Barrett and reviewed his medical
history, previous neuropsychological evaluations, family history, “records of the
. . . offense itself,” “neuropsychological testing of Dr. Myla Young,” and academic
records. Id. at 537-38. He noted that, before the examination in 2009, “a comprehensive
understanding of [Mr. Barrett’s] social history had not been developed,” which he called
“the most scientific tool one has in understanding both medical and psychiatric
disorders.” Id. at 537.
14
According to Dr. Woods, “psychiatric disorders . . . are familial,” and “there can
be a genetic component.” Id. at 538. He said a subject’s family history thus provides “a
real understanding of what may be occurring,” and that it can “occasionally [allow for]
diagnosis.” Id.
Dr. Woods described Mr. Barrett’s family history—“go[ing] back three or four
generations”—of suicidal behavior, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, depression, and
“[r]eactive violence.” Id. at 539-40. He explained that these are “heterogenous
disorders,” relevant in “the same way that one would look for a family history of diabetes
or a family history of hypertension.” Id. at 540-41. He also observed that Mr. Barrett’s
mother drank while pregnant, see id. at 545, and that Mr. Barrett’s father hit him and his
mother, see id. at 546.
Dr. Woods described Mr. Barrett’s “lifetime history of being suicidal” and his
three psychiatric hospitalizations in 1986, 1994, and 1995. Id. at 546, 547. He explained
that, in 1995, Mr. Barrett was treated as a mental illness patient when he was
hospitalized, and that he was given Haldol, an antipsychotic medication. See id. at
547-48. Although Dr. Woods noted that Mr. Barrett was using drugs when he was
admitted, he said that the doctors “didn’t just see [his behavior] as a function of Mr.
Barrett being a drug user.” Id. at 548.
Dr. Woods said he had diagnosed Mr. Barrett with bipolar disorder. He based his
diagnosis on Mr. Barrett’s (1) “family history [of] bipolar disorder” and mood disorders;
(2) “[m]ood lability,” which “describes this swinging of mood that one often sees” in
15
bipolar disorder; (3) “pressured speech,” which is a symptom of bipolar disorder; and (4)
history of “significant drug use . . . that started at 10 or 11” and continued throughout his
life. Id. at 548-49.
Dr. Woods explained the connection between chemical dependency and bipolar
disorder, noting that “[a]bout 65 percent of people that . . . carry a diagnosis of chemical
dependency of one substance or another also meet[] the diagnosis of bipolar disorder.”
Id. at 542. But he noted that several of Mr. Barrett’s symptoms “aren’t necessarily
consistent with drugs.” Id. at 551. He noted that pressured speech, for example, is not a
symptom of methamphetamine abuse but is a symptom of bipolar disorder.
Dr. Woods also testified that Mr. Barrett displayed symptoms “consistent with
[PTSD],” likely resulting from his father’s violence and exacerbated by his mother’s
alcoholism and neglect, which left Mr. Barrett without any “coping resources” for the
violence he witnessed and experienced. Id. at 557, 570. He explained that Mr. Barrett’s
drug use “couldn’t have helped” with his disorders, but that drug use was not the basis for
the diagnoses. Id. at 574-75.
Dr. Woods agreed with Dr. Myla Young, who gave Mr. Barrett
neuropsychological tests and found “significant impairments” in his orbital, frontal lobe,
and temporal lobe. Id. at 560. He explained these impairments can compromise both
executive functioning—such as “being able to understand the context of situations”—and
academic functioning. Id. Dr. Woods said that Mr. Barrett had been hit in the head with
16
a steel ball when he was in elementary school, see id. at 685, and reported head injuries
stemming from a broken jaw when he was 16 or 17, see id. at 686-87.
At the end of his direct examination, Dr. Woods had the following exchange with
defense counsel:
Q. All right. Now, are you familiar, Doctor, generally with
what the facts of this case are as to how the offense was
committed, under what circumstance it was committed, and
things of that nature?
A. Yes, sir.
...
Q. What sort of effect or impact do Mr. Barrett’s
neurological deficits and his psychiatric illnesses have in his
ability to perceive and react to that kind of situation?
A. I -- I think the first thing we have to take into
consideration, Mr. Autry, is that these symptoms of
psychiatric and neurological disorder are comorbid. And
what that means is that they interact with each other, and they
undermine each other so that his brain impairments really do
a job on his psychiatric disorder. And vice versa. And they
create circumstances that . . . is even worse than would be
from day-to-day. The idea of a hyperreactive response is
completely consistent with both his history, his mood
disorder, as well as what we would see in someone that [has]
these kinds of brain impairments, this misperception of -- of
the circumstances. Once again, we talk about executive
functioning, being able to weigh and deliberate -- effectively
weigh and deliberate. And this clearly was an example of
misperceiving and not being able to effectively weigh and
deliberate.
Id. at 568-70. Dr. Woods also noted that “[t]here appears to be a deterioration in [Mr.
Barrett’s] mental state in the . . . weeks and perhaps the days before this event in 1999.”
Id. at 571.
17
2) Cross-examination by the Government
During cross-examination, Dr. Woods admitted that no other doctor had diagnosed
Mr. Barrett with bipolar disorder or PTSD. He also agreed that, “to make a diagnosis of
bipolar, a person has to be separate from the use of substances for a period of time.” Id.
at 657-58. Although he acknowledged that Mr. Barrett said “there was never a time [he]
wasn’t using methamphetamine,” id. at 661, he noted that “if you look at the medical
records from his hospitalizations, you will find that, even though . . . he reported [using
methamphetamine], his toxicology screens were negative for methamphetamines,” id. at
659.
Finally, Dr. Woods suggested that the reason Mr. Barrett was not diagnosed with
bipolar disorder in 1995 was simply because “[t]hey didn’t have all the data that we
have.” Id. at 680. He concluded that “[t]he behaviors that are described in . . . 1995 are
not the behaviors that are consistent with someone that’s high on methamphetamines.”
Id. The “symptoms of methamphetamines . . . don’t include mood lability, they don’t
include mood swings, they don’t include rapid thinking, exactly the kinds of symptoms
that they described in [Mr. Barrett’s] hospitalizations.” Id.
ii. Dr. Deborah Miora
Mr. Barrett called Dr. Miora to explain the findings of Dr. Myla Young, a
neuropsychologist who evaluated Mr. Barrett in 2009 but died before the hearing. Given
18
Mr. Barrett’s history of fetal alcohol exposure, 4 head injuries, difficulties in school,
suicide attempts, and substance abuse, Dr. Young had administered a “battery” of
neuropsychological tests to assess his brain function. See id. at 1659, 1676-80. Mr.
Barrett was incarcerated when Dr. Young administered the tests.
Dr. Miora was a clinical neuropsychologist and had worked in neuropsychology
for more than 30 years. After earning her Ph.D., she obtained a post-doctoral certificate
in neuropsychology, “which required two years of training in neuro anatomy [and]
administration of tests.” Id. at 1649. She became a full-time faculty member at a
forensic graduate program that “emphasized neuropsychological assessment, as well as
other ways of evaluating within the forensic world.” Id. at 1650.
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett
According to Dr. Miora, Mr. Barrett’s test results reflected weaknesses in his
temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes, as well as his dorsal, lateral, and orbitofrontal areas
of the brain. See id. at 1709, 1742. 5 He showed impaired visual attention, which, Dr.
Miora explained, causes “difficulty in pressured situations where he has to visually attend
to what is going on and generate a response.” Id. at 1726. He also demonstrated a
possible learning disability. Finally, Dr. Miora observed that Mr. Barrett’s impairments
4
Despite this fetal alcohol exposure, no doctor diagnosed Mr. Barrett with fetal
alcohol syndrome, and Dr. Miora expressly declined to do so. See ROA, Vol. 4 at 1818.
5
Using Dr. Young’s data, Dr. Miora estimated Mr. Barrett’s I.Q. to be 82, which
is roughly the 12th percentile. See ROA, Vol. 4 at 1712.
19
could compromise daily functioning and could inhibit judgment in unpredictable
situations. See id. at 1757-59.
2) Cross-examination by the Government
On cross-examination, Dr. Miora agreed that, although Mr. Barrett performed
poorly on some tests, his performance was average on most. 6 She also acknowledged
that, in 1986, Mr. Barrett was diagnosed with mixed substance abuse. She admitted she
did not know the cause of Mr. Barrett’s impairments, and she agreed it “very well may
have” been his substance abuse. Id. at 1818.
The Government called attention to a note Dr. Young made on Mr. Barrett’s tests
that “[c]urrent research demonstrates a significant relationship between” poor
performance on one of the tests and inability to perform “daily functioning such as
driving an automobile.” Id. at 1830. The Government pressed Dr. Miora to explain how
Mr. Barrett is able to drive given his low score. She responded that she did not think Dr.
Young’s note suggested Mr. Barrett would be unable to drive.
Finally, Dr. Miora admitted that she was unfamiliar with the details of Mr.
Barrett’s offense and could not “develop any opinion about what was going on with him
at the time of the crime.” Id. at 1834.
6
The Government pointed out, and Dr. Miora admitted, that on one of the tests she
claimed showed impairments in Mr. Barrett’s processing speed, she overlooked
additional data suggesting the impairment was not as pronounced as she had suggested.
See ROA, Vol. 4 at 1797-1803. The additional data showed Mr. Barrett performed worse
than 95 percent of test-takers, rather than 99 percent, which, Dr. Miora conceded, “is not
in the severely impaired range as [she] testified” on direct examination. Id. at 1803.
20
3) Redirect examination by Mr. Barrett
On redirect examination, Dr. Miora first noted that Mr. Barrett’s average
performance on most tests did not diminish the probative value of his poor performance
on others.
Next, she explained that although she could not discern the injury that caused Mr.
Barrett’s impairments, she concluded he had brain damage based on his test results, not
on records of a triggering event.
iii. Dr. Jeanne Russell
Dr. Jeanne Russell conducted a risk assessment of Mr. Barrett in 2003 for the
defense in his state case. See id. at 1198-99. “[A] risk assessment involves determining
in what situations or in what context a person will be dangerous.” Id. at 1199. When she
testified, Dr. Russell was a licensed psychologist in private practice. She formerly
worked for the Oklahoma Forensic Center, previously known as the Eastern State
Hospital, where she evaluated “20 to 25” inmates in death-penalty cases. Id. at 1196.
She did not perform a comprehensive mental health examination on Mr. Barrett.
1) Direct examination by Mr. Barrett
Dr. Russell declined Mr. Barrett’s trial counsel’s request to be the mitigation
investigator in Mr. Barrett’s federal case. She testified at the evidentiary hearing that,
although she could have updated her risk assessment of Mr. Barrett, there was
insufficient time to be a mitigation investigator. She agreed that “a competent mitigation
investigation [would not] consist solely of doing a risk assessment or updating a risk
21
assessment.” Id. at 1220. Dr. Russell testified that because she had not conducted a
comprehensive mental health evaluation, she had not ruled out whether Mr. Barrett had a
major mental illness such as bipolar disorder.
2) Cross-examination by the Government
During cross-examination, Dr. Russell acknowledged that, in 2004, she told Mr.
Barrett’s state court counsel that his “[r]ecords consistently indicated a substance abuse
problem” and that “no major mental illness was noted.” Id. at 1226; Gov’t Exh. 63 at
250. She also acknowledged that, when she met with Mr. Barrett, he exhibited no
symptoms of a major mental illness. She wrote in her report that “[n]either Dr. [Bill]
Sharp[,] [the psychologist who evaluated Mr. Barrett for the defense,] nor the previous
risk assessment found symptoms of major mental illness, such as schizophrenia or
schizoaffective disorder or bipolar or major depression, at the time of his assessment.”
ROA, Vol. 4 at 1229-30 (quoting Gov’t Exh. 35 at 8240).
iv. Dr. Bill Sharp’s report
Dr. Sharp, a clinical psychologist, evaluated Mr. Barrett for the defense in 2002.
He did not testify at the evidentiary hearing, but his report from the 2002 evaluation was
entered into evidence. In the report, Dr. Sharp found that Mr. Barrett had a history of
abusing alcohol, cannabis, methamphetamine, cocaine, and PCP, among other
substances. He diagnosed Mr. Barrett with (1) amphetamine dependence, (2) cannabis
dependence, (3) alcohol dependence, (4) nicotine dependence, (5) an unspecified learning
disorder, (6) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, (7) avoidant personality disorder, (8)
22
paranoid personality disorder, and (9) an “[o]rganic [i]mpairment [r]elative to [t]remor
and [l]ong [t]erm [m]emory [d]ifficulty.” Gov’t Exh. 16 at 7. He recommended that Mr.
Barrett be assessed regarding the possibility of organic neurological damage.
v. Family witnesses
Several of Mr. Barrett’s family members testified at the evidentiary hearing. They
reported that Mr. Barrett was a “hyper” child, ROA, Vol. 4 at 396, and that members of
his family suffered from mental health issues, see id. at 405-06.
Stephen Barrett, Mr. Barrett’s brother, provided the most pertinent family
information. He testified that he believed Mr. Barrett’s mother had “mental or emotional
problems” and was an alcoholic. Id. at 433, 437. He noted that Mr. Barrett “failed at
school,” likely due to “the breakup of the family.” Id. at 441-42. He further believed Mr.
Barrett “had psychological issues growing up,” and that “drugs and alcohol . . .
compounded those.” Id. at 443. He also said that, as a child, he saw his mother and Mr.
Barrett “in a physical altercation” when an argument turned into “a wrestling match on
the floor.” Id. at 446. Although Stephen Barrett testified at Mr. Barrett’s federal trial, he
did not testify about this family history.
b. Government’s evidence
i. Dr. Steven Pitt
Dr. Steven Pitt is a forensic psychiatrist who evaluated Mr. Barrett in 2017. When
Dr. Pitt testified, he was a clinical associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at
the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center in Phoenix. Previously, he was the
23
director of forensic psychiatry at Arizona State Hospital and had a private practice in
general psychiatry.
1) Direct examination by the Government
According to Dr. Pitt, Mr. Barrett started abusing drugs at about age 10. See id. at
1457. He repeatedly commented that Mr. Barrett has been a drug addict most of his life.
Dr. Pitt observed that, in several medical documents, Mr. Barrett denied a history
of head injuries. See id. at 1482-83. He testified that the Social Security Administration
denied Mr. Barrett benefits and noted that “[m]edical reports show that [Mr. Barrett is]
moderately depressed, but there are no signs of a severe mental illness,” such as bipolar
disorder or PTSD. Id. at 1465 (quoting Gov’t Exh. 10 (dated Feb. 20, 1987)).
As Dr. Pitt reported, Mr. Barrett was not diagnosed with bipolar disorder when he
was discharged from his hospitalization in 1995. And Mr. Barrett’s treatment then with
Haldol, the antipsychotic drug, could have been “for a number of different reasons,”
including “agitation.” Id. at 1468.
Dr. Pitt opined that, for two reasons, Mr. Barrett suffered from neither bipolar
disorder nor PTSD. First, he pointed to Mr. Barrett’s “history of drug use.” Id. at 1471.
He noted that Mr. Barrett might have had a “substance-induced mood disorder” but that
he did not have bipolar disorder. Id. at 1473. He explained that “you don’t make a
diagnosis of something like bipolar disorder if the symptoms can be better explained by
the physiological effects of a medical condition or a substance.” Id. at 1477. Contrary to
24
Dr. Woods’s testimony, Dr. Pitt testified that methamphetamine use can cause pressured
speech and mood lability.
Second, he noted that at least four psychologists had interviewed Mr. Barrett, and
none diagnosed him with bipolar disorder. See id. at 1479. He explained that a person
suffering from bipolar disorder cannot hide the symptoms for long.
Finally, Dr. Pitt explained that Mr. Barrett did not have PTSD because “there’s no
threshold event [that] qualifies for meeting the initial criteria for having [PTSD],” and
“nowhere in any records . . . was [Mr. Barrett] diagnosed with PTSD.” Id. at 1493. He
noted that, if “the symptoms . . . [are] better explained by, say, substance use or some
other organic process, then you need to consider that.” Id. at 1383. He concluded that,
“as of September 24th, 1999”—the date of the crime—he would diagnose Mr. Barrett
with “[a]mphetamine dependence with physiologic dependence, features of an antisocial
personality disorder, cannabis dependence, and [would] rule out a learning disorder not
otherwise specified.” Id. at 1498.
2) Cross-examination by Mr. Barrett
During cross-examination, Dr. Pitt agreed that (1) Mr. Barrett’s family history of
mental health problems heightened the risk he would suffer from similar issues; (2) Mr.
Barrett suffered at least some head injuries, despite inconsistencies in the record
regarding whether he ever lost consciousness from them; (3) substance abuse can be
comorbid with bipolar disorder and PTSD; and (4) a diagnosis of depressive disorder
would be reasonable given Mr. Barrett’s suicide attempt with a shotgun when he was 24.
25
ii. Dr. J. Randall Price
Dr. Price is a clinical and forensic psychologist who evaluated Mr. Barrett in 2005.
He has been licensed as a psychologist since 1983.
1) Direct examination by the Government
Dr. Price testified about Mr. Barrett’s education and occupations. He explained
that Mr. Barrett “wasn’t interested [in school] and was truant frequently,” and was
ultimately suspended or expelled in eighth grade when he refused to cut his hair. Id. at
1273-74. Mr. Barrett then began working and eventually became a car mechanic.
Dr. Price next explained the tests he performed on Mr. Barrett. On the Reynolds
Intellectual Assessment System (“RIAS”), Mr. Barrett “tested in the range of average
intellectual functioning.” Id. at 1296. Dr. Price noted that someone who had sustained a
significant head injury and lost consciousness would be unlikely to perform as well as
Mr. Barrett. See id. at 1297.
On the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
(“RBANS”), Mr. Barrett demonstrated better “visual-spatial constructional ability” than
95 percent of people, worse “language functioning” than 58 percent, and worse attention
than 95 percent. Id. at 1301-02.
On the Personality Assessment Inventory (“PAI”), Mr. Barrett self-reported that
his own problems stemmed from substance abuse. He also displayed symptoms of
depression and paranoia. See id. at 1304-06.
26
On the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (“MMPI-2”), Mr. Barrett
showed antisocial attitude and paranoia. See id. at 1306-09. Dr. Price explained that Mr.
Barrett’s symptoms were consistent with paranoid personality disorder (e.g., heightened
sensitivity to criticism), as opposed to paranoid delusional disorder (e.g., delusional
beliefs that “people are doing things to [him]”). Id. at 1309.
Dr. Price diagnosed Mr. Barrett with (1) a learning disorder, (2) polysubstance
dependence, (3) a depressive disorder, and (4) a personality disorder. See id. at 1318-19.
He did not believe Mr. Barrett suffered from PTSD because he did not show symptoms.
Id. at 1358-60.
2) Cross-examination by Mr. Barrett
During cross-examination, Dr. Price acknowledged that a person’s brain can
function well in some areas and poorly in others. He admitted that the difference
between Mr. Barrett’s high scores in some areas and low scores in others is “not typical.”
Id. at 1334. But he attributed the disparity to “a problem with attention” rather than a
specific mental illness. Id.
Magistrate Judge’s and District Judge’s Decisions
a. Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation
The magistrate judge’s report and recommendation (“R&R”) recommended that
the district court find Mr. Barrett’s counsel performed deficiently and that the deficiency
prejudiced Mr. Barrett.
27
i. Deficient performance
First, the magistrate judge found that Mr. Barrett’s “federal trial counsel neither
hired a mitigation or mental-health professional nor attempted to investigate themselves
in any depth [his] mental health or family background.” Barrett v. United States, No.
CIV-09-105-JHP, 2018 WL 7889966, at *4 (E.D. Okla. Aug. 10, 2018).
Second, the magistrate judge found that Mr. Barrett’s counsel provided inadequate
reasons for failing to investigate his client’s mental health. He explained: (1) counsel did
not sufficiently question Mr. Barrett and his family about his mental health, despite
evidence warranting such questions; (2) Mr. Barrett did not oppose a mitigation strategy
concerning his mental health; and (3) counsel’s choice of a different mitigation strategy
did not offset his failure to investigate Mr. Barrett’s mental health.
ii. Prejudice
The magistrate judge recommended that the district court find counsel’s deficient
performance caused prejudice. He found that Mr. Barrett had a family history of mental
health problems, violence, and substance abuse. He noted that Mr. Barrett (1) had been
physically and emotionally abused as a child, (2) was developmentally delayed, (3)
consumed alcohol and illegal drugs at a young age, and (4) was hospitalized once for a
suicide attempt in 1986 and again in 1995 when he believed he was “losing his mind.”
Id. at *7.
Next, the magistrate judge addressed Mr. Barrett’s psychological evaluations. He
reviewed Dr. Sharp’s report and diagnoses, noting that, “[a]mong Dr. Sharp’s
28
recommendations was that [Mr. Barrett] should pursue the possibility of organic
neurological damage.” Id. at *8. The magistrate judge then reviewed Dr. Woods’s
testimony and conclusions regarding Mr. Barrett’s family history and mental disorder and
Dr. Miora’s testimony about Mr. Barrett’s test results and organic brain damage. He
concluded this evidence “could have had a powerful mitigating effect on the jury in this
case.” Id. at *10 (quotations omitted).
The magistrate judge turned to the Government’s evidence. He summarized Dr.
Price’s testimony and the results of his tests on Mr. Barrett, and Dr. Pitt’s testimony
contradicting Dr. Woods’s diagnoses.
The magistrate judge concluded that “[t]he evidence potentially available to [Mr.
Barrett] regarding his mental health history and his family background would in all
likelihood have aided substantially in mitigation, and the rebuttal evidence provided by
the Government would not appear to have added substantially to the calculus of
aggravation.” Id. at *13. He thus recommended the district court find prejudice and
vacate Mr. Barrett’s death sentence on Count 3. Id.b. Objections to the report and recommendation
Both Mr. Barrett and the Government objected to the R&R. Mr. Barrett objected
to the magistrate judge’s recommendation that Mr. Barrett be resentenced only on Count
3, rather than on all three counts.
29
The Government did not object to the deficient performance finding. It objected
to the magistrate judge’s recommended finding that defense counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced Mr. Barrett.
c. District court’s decision
After the magistrate judge issued his recommendation, the district court trial judge
was recused and the case was reassigned to a different district judge. The judge rejected
the magistrate judge’s recommendation that the court vacate Mr. Barrett’s death sentence.
i. Deficient performance
Because “the government [did not] object[] to the magistrate judge’s finding that
counsel’s performance was deficient,” the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s
conclusion that “trial counsel rendered constitutionally deficient performance in
developing a mitigation strategy.” Barrett, 2019 WL 1406957, at *3.
ii. Prejudice
The district court rejected the magistrate judge’s finding of prejudice. Id. at *4.
First, it questioned whether “the jury would have given much weight” to Mr.
Barrett’s experts’ testimony in light of “the evidence it heard over the course of the entire
trial.” Id. It quoted the factual background in Barrett I and concluded that Mr. Barrett
“had clearly resolved to murder Trooper Eales or any other law enforcement officer long
before this incident played out.” Id. at *6.
Second, it said that “several aspects of the testimony presented at the evidentiary
hearing convince this court that the jury would have rejected the mental health diagnosis
30
provided by [Mr. Barrett’s] expert witnesses.” Id. It noted Mr. Barrett’s history of drug
abuse, inconsistent recollection of his head injuries, and his ability to drive, work as a
mechanic, and effectively carry out his threats. Id. at *6-7. The court concluded it was
“much more likely that the jury would have found that [Mr. Barrett] did, in fact, have a
significant drug problem as opposed to a major mental health disorder.” Id. at *7.
* * * *
The district court thus adopted the magistrate judge’s finding of deficient
performance and rejected the finding of prejudice. It granted a COA on the prejudice
issue. Id. at *9.
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mr. Barrett argues the district court should have adopted the magistrate
judge’s recommended finding that counsel’s deficient performance caused prejudice. We
agree. We therefore reverse and remand to the district court to grant habeas relief, vacate
the death sentence on Count 3, and resentence Mr. Barrett on that count.
A. Standard of Review
In reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we “accept the district
court’s underlying factual findings unless clearly erroneous,” and “we review de novo
whether . . . any deficiencies prejudiced the defendant.” United States v. Rodriguez-
Rivera, 518 F.3d 1208, 1216 (10th Cir. 2008) (quotations omitted). The movant bears the
burden of showing prejudice. See Wong v. Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15, 20 (2009) (per
curiam). In assessing whether defense counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced Mr.
31
Barrett, the district court addressed whether there is a reasonable probability the jury
would have reached a different result absent counsel’s ineffectiveness. This is a “mixed
question of law and fact with a significant legal component, which we ordinarily review
de novo.” Littlejohn v. Royal, 875 F.3d 548, 558 n.3 (10th Cir. 2017).
B. Legal Background
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The Sixth Amendment provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const.
amend. VI. “[T]he right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of counsel.”
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984) (quotations omitted).
“We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel according to the two-
pronged test in [Strickland].” Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1213. “Under this test, the
defendant must show that his counsel’s performance ‘fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness,’ and that the deficient performance resulted in prejudice.” Rodriguez-
Rivera, 518 F.3d at 1216 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688).
“In [an ineffective assistance] challenge to a capital sentence, the [prejudice]
question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer
would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did
not warrant death.” Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1305 (quotations and alterations omitted). “A
reasonable probability is less than a preponderance of the evidence, but sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Smith v. Mullin, 379 F.3d 919, 942 (10th Cir.
32
2004) (quotations omitted). “In a system . . . where only a unanimous jury may impose
the death penalty, the question is whether it’s ‘reasonably probable that at least one juror
would have struck a different balance.’” Grant v. Trammell, 727 F.3d 1006, 1018-19
(10th Cir. 2013) (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 537 (2003)) (brackets omitted);
see also 18 U.S.C. § 3593(e) (“[T]he jury by unanimous vote, . . . shall recommend
whether the defendant should be sentenced to death.”).
“To resolve whether there was prejudice, we do not consider omitted mitigation
evidence in a vacuum.” Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1305. “[A] reviewing court must consider
all the relevant evidence that the jury would have had before it if the defendant had
pursued the different path—not just the mitigation evidence the defendant could have
presented.” Id. at 1306 (quotations and brackets omitted). That is, “we must consider not
just the mitigation evidence that Defendant claims was wrongfully omitted, but also what
the prosecution’s response to that evidence would have been.” Id.
Mental Health Evidence
a. Nature of the impairments
When this panel discussed the prejudice issue in Barrett II, we noted that
“evidence of mental impairments ‘is exactly the sort of evidence that garners the most
sympathy from jurors,’ and that this is especially true of evidence of organic brain
damage.” Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1231 (quoting Smith, 379 F.3d at 942); see also Grant v.
Royal, 886 F.3d 874, 920 (10th Cir. 2018) (“Evidence of organic brain damage is
something that we and other courts, including the Supreme Court, have found to have a
33
powerful mitigating effect.”) (quotations omitted)); Littlejohn v. Trammell, 704 F.3d 817,
864 (10th Cir. 2013) (“Evidence of organic mental deficits ranks among the most
powerful types of mitigation evidence available.”). 7 We also have noted the mitigating
value of “[d]iagnoses of specific mental illnesses.” Hooks v. Workman, 689 F.3d 1148,
1205 (10th Cir. 2012) (quotations omitted); see also Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1310 (noting the
potential mitigating value of a “plausible diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia” if the
“Defendant’s behavior during the crime could [be] tied to that disorder”). “And for good
reason—the involuntary physical alteration of brain structures, with its attendant effects
on behavior, tends to diminish moral culpability, altering the causal relationship between
impulse and action.” Hooks, 689 F.3d at 1205.
By contrast, “evidence suggesting a defendant suffers from generalized personality
[dis]orders may be less powerful.” Grant, 727 F.3d at 1021 (quotations omitted). Such
disorders “are diagnosed on the basis of reported behavior, are generally inseparable from
personal identity, and are often untreatable through medical or neurological means.”
Wilson, 536 F.3d at 1094.
Further, although “[e]vidence of organic mental deficits ranks among the most
powerful types of mitigation evidence available,” this proposition is “qualified in two
salient respects.” Littlejohn, 875 F.3d at 559. First, not all evidence of brain damage
7
Organic brain damage often stems from “severe head trauma.” See Alverson v.
Workman, 595 F.3d 1142, 1162 (10th Cir. 2010); see also Hooks v. Workman, 689 F.3d
1148, 1205 (10th Cir. 2012).
34
“has the same potency in the Strickland prejudice analysis,” and we must “examine the
precise nature of the alleged organic brain damage.” Id. Second, “in some instances,”
brain damage evidence may be “just as likely—if not more likely—to have . . . an
aggravating effect rather than a mitigating effect on a sentencing jury.” Id. at 560. For
example, “evidence about mental health problems . . . often possesses a ‘double-edged
nature,’” as jurors may conclude that the defendant is “simply beyond rehabilitation.”
Grant, 727 F.3d at 1021 (quotations omitted); see also Gilson v. Sirmons, 520 F.3d 1196,
1250 (10th Cir. 2008) (finding counsel’s failure to introduce evidence of the defendant’s
organic brain damage did not prejudice him because it highlighted his violent nature and
portrayed him as a “continuing threat”).
b. Connection to the offense
Binding precedents recognize that evidence of mental impairments has
substantially more mitigating value when it helps explain the defendant’s criminal
behavior. See, e.g., Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 398 (2000) (finding prejudice
when the evidence indicated the defendant’s “violent behavior was a compulsive reaction
rather than the product of cold-blooded premeditation”); Smith, 379 F.3d at 943 (finding
prejudice when the jury had not heard “an explanation of how [the defendant’s] organic
brain damage caused” him to commit the crime).
For example, in Anderson v. Sirmons, 476 F.3d 1131 (10th Cir. 2007), we found
prejudice stemming from counsel’s failure to investigate and present evidence that the
defendant had an abusive mother, suffered damage to his frontal lobe (“the area of the
35
brain that affects reasoning, problem solving, and judgment”), and “suffered chronic drug
addiction” that “exacerbate[d] [his] mental deficits and impairments.” Id. at 1147.
Despite the “horrific” nature of his crime, we reasoned this evidence could have “both
explained to the jury the reasons [the defendant] was predisposed to act in concert with
[accomplices] on the night of the murders and demonstrated [he] was less morally
culpable than the average defendant for committing the murders.” Id. at 1147-48. The
“mitigation evidence [at sentencing had] left the jury with no explanation for the murders
other than the prosecution’s assertion [the defendant] was ‘evil.’” Id. at 1148; see also
Smith, 379 F.3d at 943 (finding prejudice although “[t]he jury already had evidence of
[the defendant’s] impulsiveness and lack of emotional control [at sentencing],” because it
“lacked . . . an explanation of how [his] organic brain damage caused [his] outbursts of
violence”).
By contrast, in Wilson v. Trammell, we found no prejudice despite the defendant’s
postconviction diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenic disorder. 706 F.3d at 1310. The
diagnosis was not “plausible” given the doctor’s “sloppy analysis and bias,” and “there
was no credible evidence that Defendant acted as a result of delusions or hallucinations.”
Id. at 1308-10. 8 We noted that “this would be a different case” “if (1) the record had
8
We also noted that the defendant’s postconviction diagnostic tests might have
allowed the prosecution to portray him “as a dangerous criminal who could not safely be
allowed to live.” See Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1308.
36
supported a plausible diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia and (2) Defendant’s behavior
during the crime could have been tied to that disorder.” Id. at 1310. 9
Abusive Background Evidence
As we noted in Barrett II, “evidence of childhood abuse, neglect, and instability
can play a significant role in mitigation.” 797 F.3d at 1229-30. The Supreme Court and
this court have emphasized the mitigating value of an abusive upbringing. See, e.g.,
Anderson, 476 F.3d at 1147 (“The Supreme Court has similarly noted that evidence of
borderline mental retardation and childhood poverty and abuse are highly relevant to the
question of moral culpability.”).
C. Analysis
Proceeding to our analysis of prejudice, we discuss (1) the aggravating evidence
the prosecution introduced at trial and sentencing, and (2) the mitigating evidence Mr.
Barrett introduced at the evidentiary hearing and the Government’s attempts to discredit
that evidence. We then (3) balance the aggravating and mitigating evidence. The
Government mounted credible challenges to the mitigation evidence at the evidentiary
hearing. But if defense counsel had presented the evidence of Mr. Barrett’s mental
9
See also Littlejohn, 875 F.3d at 564 (finding no prejudice where the defendant’s
experts failed to show “that [his] alleged organic brain damage played a substantial role
in engendering his life of criminal deviance”); Young v. Sirmons, 551 F.3d 942, 965, 968
(10th Cir. 2008) (declining to find prejudice in part because the defendant’s “Compulsive
Personality Disorder,” “mild impulsiveness,” and “possible low frustration tolerance” did
not “substantially reduce [his] ‘moral culpability’ for the two murders.” (quoting
Williams, 529 U.S. at 398)).
37
impairments and childhood abuse at sentencing, “there is a reasonable probability” that at
least one juror “would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death.” See Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1305 (quotations and
alterations omitted). We therefore reverse.
Aggravating Evidence
At sentencing, the jury found that Mr. Barrett (1) “committed the offense after
substantial planning and premeditation,” (2) “knowingly created a grave risk of death to
one or more persons in addition to [Trooper] Eales,” and (3) caused “injury, harm, and
loss to the victim’s family.” Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1087. In rejecting his claims on direct
appeal, we summarized the evidence pertaining to each factor.
First, the evidence of premeditation included Mr. Barrett’s statements “in the
months and weeks leading up to the date of the shooting . . . that if law enforcement
officers came to his house, ‘there was going to be a shootout,’ ‘he would shoot the first
police that came through his door,’ and ‘he was going to take out as many law
enforcement officers as he could before they got him.’” Id. at 1112-14 (citations,
brackets, and footnote omitted). 10
10
Mr. Barrett argues “this evidence lacked credibility because it came from
[seven] late-coming informant witnesses, . . . [a]t least two of [whom] have recanted their
accounts.” Aplt. Br. at 47. Even if this were so, the jury heard evidence of the events
described in Barrett I. Mr. Barrett must show a reasonable probability his mental
impairments would have caused the jury to impose a lesser sentence given the evidence it
“would have had before it” at the time. Wong, 558 U.S. at 20.
38
Second, the evidence of grave risk to others included Mr. Barrett’s shooting
Trooper Hamilton and firing bullets at the approaching cars. See id. at 1086-87 & n.3.
Third, the evidence of loss to the victim’s family included statements from
Trooper Eales’s sister, mother, widow, and daughter. See id. at 1099.
Postconviction Mitigating Evidence
At the evidentiary hearing, Mr. Barrett presented evidence of (a) mental
impairments and (b) an abusive upbringing. The Government challenged the validity and
mitigating weight of that evidence. We assess the competing arguments with respect to
each category.
a. Evidence of mental impairments
During the evidentiary hearing, Dr. Miora reported, and Dr. Woods agreed, that
Mr. Barrett suffers from organic brain damage. Dr. Woods testified that Mr. Barrett
suffers from bipolar disorder and PTSD. According to Dr. Woods, Mr. Barrett’s shooting
Trooper Eales was “clearly was an example of misperceiving and not being able to
effectively weigh and deliberate.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 570.
We discuss below the evidence showing that Mr. Barrett suffered from (i) brain
damage, (ii) mental illnesses, and (iii) difficulty exercising judgment as a result of those
impairments.
39
i. Evidence of brain damage
1) Mr. Barrett’s evidence
Mr. Barrett presented evidence showing he suffered brain damage from several
head injuries. As a child, Mr. Barrett was hit in the head with a steel ball. As an adult, he
was involved in a motorcycle accident that damaged his periorbital area. He may have
suffered “neuropsychological consequences” because his mother drank while pregnant.
Id. at 1676.
Dr. Young’s tests, which Dr. Miora analyzed, reflected weaknesses in Mr.
Barrett’s temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and parietal lobe. He showed impaired “visual
attention,” which, Dr. Miora explained, causes “difficulty in pressured situations where
he has to visually attend to what is going on and generate a response.” Id. at 1726. Dr.
Miora observed that Mr. Barrett’s impairments can compromise daily functioning and
can inhibit judgment in unpredictable situations. See id. at 1756-59. We have recognized
this type of evidence can be powerfully mitigating. See Grant, 886 F.3d at 920
(“Evidence of organic brain damage is something that we and other courts, including the
Supreme Court, have found to have a powerful mitigating effect.” (quotations omitted)).
2) Government’s response
The Government challenged Dr. Miora’s testimony.
First, during Dr. Miora’s cross-examination, it produced Dr. Young’s note that
“[c]urrent research demonstrates a significant relationship between” results such as Mr.
Barrett’s and inability to perform “daily functioning such as driving an automobile.”
40
ROA, Vol. 4 at 1830. Because Mr. Barrett could drive and work as a mechanic, the
Government argues Dr. Young’s and Dr. Miora’s findings were flawed.
Although a jury may find these points persuasive, it also would hear Dr. Miora’s
clarification that she did not “believe [Dr. Young] was suggesting” that Mr. Barrett could
not drive or work. Id. at 1830-31. She conceded she did not know “why [Dr. Young] put
[the note] in [the report],” but said it did not affect her diagnoses. Id. at 1831. Further,
Dr. Young’s note suggested only that “[c]urrent research demonstrates a significant
relationship” between Mr. Barrett’s test results and the inability to drive. Id. at 1830. Dr.
Young did not say every person with Mr. Barrett’s test results cannot drive.
Second, as Dr. Price noted, Mr. Barrett did not report head injuries in many of his
medical documents, and in at least one record, he denied having suffered head injuries.
See id. at 1463, 1482-83; see also Gov’t Exh. 5 at 1. Dr. Price testified that someone who
had sustained a significant head injury and lost consciousness would be unlikely to
perform as well as Mr. Barrett had on the tests he administered. A jury could credit Dr.
Price’s testimony, but Dr. Pitt acknowledged there were records of at least two head
injuries that Mr. Barrett suffered.
Given Mr. Barrett’s recollections of childhood and adult head injuries, his
performance on Dr. Young’s tests, and the records of at least some head injuries, the jury
could reasonably have concluded Mr. Barrett suffered from brain damage. 11
11
The Government also argues that the record belies Dr. Miora’s conclusions
because “[Mr.] Barrett effectively attended to the complex visual tasks of target selection,
41
ii. Evidence of mental illnesses
Dr. Woods diagnosed Mr. Barrett with bipolar disorder and PTSD. The
Government disputes Dr. Woods’s diagnoses. It points to Dr. Pitt’s testimony that Mr.
Barrett exhibited only “[a]mphetamine dependence with physiologic dependence,
features of an antisocial personality disorder, [and] cannabis dependence.” Id. at 1498.
In assessing a disputed diagnosis of schizophrenia in Wilson, we declined to find
prejudice in part because the defendant failed to show the diagnosis was “plausible.” 706
F.3d at 1310. We thus consider the plausibility of Dr. Woods’s diagnoses.
1) Bipolar disorder
a) Mr. Barrett’s evidence
Dr. Woods’s diagnosis of bipolar disorder is plausible. He based it on Mr.
Barrett’s (1) “family history [of] bipolar disorder” and mood disorders, (2) “mood
lability,” (3) “pressured speech,” and (4) history of “significant drug use.” ROA, Vol. 4
at 548-49. He observed these circumstances and symptoms while conducting two
comprehensive psychological assessments of Mr. Barrett.
b) Government’s response
The Government argues Dr. Woods’s bipolar diagnosis is flawed for two reasons.
weapon aiming, and tactical concealment despite darkness, flashing emergency lights,
and the presence of his son in the front yard.” Aplee. Br. at 36. But Mr. Barrett argues
his judgment was compromised, not his ability to use a firearm.
42
First, it points out that Dr. Woods is the only doctor to diagnose Mr. Barrett with
bipolar disorder despite his previous psychological evaluations and hospitalizations. For
example, the doctor who discharged Mr. Barrett after his 1995 hospitalization diagnosed
him with only marital problems, mixed substance abuse, alcohol abuse, and mixed
personality disorder. 12
Although this may have persuaded some jurors to question Dr. Woods’s diagnosis,
he testified that Mr. Barrett was not diagnosed with bipolar disorder previously because
“[t]hey didn’t have all the data that we have.” Id. at 680. He also noted that, in 1995,
doctors “treat[ed] [Mr. Barrett] with medications that are used in a psychiatric setting”
reflecting “the psychiatric disorder that he had.” Id. at 679. 13 Most telling, Dr. Woods is
the only doctor to perform a comprehensive psychiatric examination of Mr. Barrett. And
as the magistrate judge observed, “Dr. Pitt is not a neuropsychologist and thus did not
conduct a neuropsychological examination.” Barrett, 2018 WL 7889966, at *12. These
12
Mr. Barrett notes that he was provisionally diagnosed with bipolar disorder on
his intake form in his 1995 hospitalization. See Aplt. Br. at 43 (citing ROA, Vol. 4, at
650, 710, 1563-64; Gov’t Exh. 9). But the doctor who discharged Mr. Barrett after that
hospitalization did not diagnose him with bipolar disorder. See Gov’t Exh. 6.
13
The Government argues it is “inappropriate [to] attempt to substantiate the
bipolar disorder by drawing the Court’s attention to drugs [Mr. Barrett] had received.”
Aplee. Br. at 39. But even if the drugs Mr. Barrett received in 1995 do not alone allow
for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, that evidence supports the notion that doctors may
have noticed symptoms of bipolar disorder in 1995 even if they lacked the data to make a
formal diagnosis.
43
points address the Government’s objection, and likely would have convinced at least one
juror to accept Dr. Woods’s diagnosis.
Second, the Government contends that Mr. Barrett’s history of drug abuse casts
doubt on Dr. Woods’s diagnosis. Dr. Pitt opined that drug abuse would “better explain[]”
Mr. Barrett’s symptoms. ROA, Vol. 4 at 1490. Dr. Woods acknowledged that “[the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition] says a primary
diagnosis of bipolar disorder must be established based on symptoms that remain once
substances are no longer being used.” Id. at 657.
Mr. Barrett does not contest that he abused drugs throughout his life, including
when he shot Trooper Eales. Instead, he argues that he also suffered from underlying
mental illnesses. Dr. Woods testified that mood lability and pressured speech are not
symptoms of drug abuse but are symptoms of bipolar disorder. See id. at 551-52. He
maintained, for example, that “[t]he behaviors that are described in . . . 1995 are not the
behaviors that are consistent with someone that’s high on methamphetamines.” Id. at
680. Dr. Woods also reported that Mr. Barrett’s toxicology screens showed he was not
under the influence of methamphetamine at least some of the time he exhibited bipolar
symptoms. See id. at 659-63.
Further, Dr. Pitt conceded that substance abuse can exacerbate the effects of
bipolar disorder and PTSD in certain cases. Courts have explained that drug addiction
that contributes to or compounds the effects of brain impairments does not diminish the
mitigating weight of those impairments. In Anderson, for example, we explained that
44
evidence of the defendant’s drug addiction supported finding prejudice because it
“exacerbate[d] [his] mental deficits and impairments.” 476 F.3d at 1147; accord
Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 390-91 (noting that the defendant’s history of alcoholism was
mitigating evidence).
Mr. Barrett’s drug abuse does not necessarily undermine Dr. Woods’s diagnosis.
Unlike in Wilson, “the record [of the evidentiary hearing here] support[s] a plausible
diagnosis” of bipolar disorder. Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1310.
2) PTSD
Dr. Woods testified that Mr. Barrett displayed symptoms “consistent [with]
[PTSD],” likely resulting from his father’s violence and exacerbated by his mother’s
alcoholism and neglect. ROA, Vol. 4 at 557. On cross-examination, the Government did
not undermine Dr. Woods’s conclusion that the violence of Mr. Barrett’s father could
have been the precipitating event for Mr. Barrett’s PTSD. Dr. Pitt, by contrast, declined
to diagnose Mr. Barrett with PTSD, explaining that “there’s no threshold event . . . that
. . . qualifies for meeting the initial criteria for having [PTSD],” and “nowhere in any
records . . . was [Mr. Barrett] diagnosed with PTSD.” Id. at 1493.
Dr. Woods’s assessment that Mr. Barrett has PTSD is plausible. He did not rely
on “irrelevan[t]” facts or interpret Mr. Barrett’s past actions and statements out of
context. Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1308-09. Even if some reasonable jurors could side with
Dr. Pitt, there is a reasonable probability at least one would credit Dr. Woods’s
testimony.
45
iii. Connection to the offense
Dr. Woods concluded that Mr. Barrett’s “symptoms of psychiatric and
neurological disorder[s] . . . interact with each other, and they undermine each other so
that his brain impairments really do a job on his psychiatric disorder. And vice versa.”
ROA, Vol. 4 at 569. He explained that “[t]he idea of a hyperreactive response is
completely consistent with both [Mr. Barrett’s] history, his mood disorder, as well as
what we would see in someone that ha[s] these kinds of brain impairments, this
misperception of . . . the circumstances.” Id. at 570.
Dr. Woods also testified that Mr. Barrett’s alleged impairments undermined his
“executive functioning,” and his ability to “effectively weigh and deliberate.” Id. And
he noted that “[t]here appears to be a deterioration in [Mr. Barrett’s] mental state . . . in
the weeks and perhaps the days before this event in 1999.” Id. at 571. He concluded that
Mr. Barrett’s shooting Trooper Eales “clearly was an example of misperceiving and not
being able to effectively weigh and deliberate.” Id. at 570.
The Government attempts to discredit Dr. Woods, asserting he “did not understand
what had occurred” because he mistakenly believed Mr. Barrett “killed Trooper Eales
during an exchange of gunfire, rather than during an ambush.” Aplee. Br. at 45. The
Government points to Dr. Woods’s declaration in 2009 that “Mr. Barrett’s description of
the events leading to his arrest indicates that he did not leave his shack before he was shot
by the police.” ROA, Vol. 1 at 1318. It also notes the following exchange between Mr.
Barrett’s counsel and Dr. Woods at the evidentiary hearing:
46
Q. All right. And shots were fired?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Trooper Eales was killed?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. There was an exchange of gunfire. Mr. Barrett himself
was shot?
A. Yes, sir.
ROA, Vol. 4 at 569. “Given Dr. Woods’ ignorance of these salient facts,” it argues, “he
did not shed any mitigating light on [Mr.] Barrett’s actions.” Aplee. Br. at 46.
The Government’s attempt to discredit Dr. Woods does not account for the fact
that Dr. Woods’s testimony, fairly read, does not show he believed the police shot at Mr.
Barrett before Mr. Barrett shot Trooper Eales. Rather, he acknowledged that “Trooper
Eales was killed” and then agreed that “[t]here was an exchange of gunfire” and “Mr.
Barrett himself was shot.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 569. This is consistent with the facts of the
case. See Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1212 (noting that “[Trooper] Eales, exited [the car] and
was shot three times,” and then “[Trooper] Hamilton fired two shots at [Mr. Barrett] that
missed, but [Trooper] Manion shot him through a window and hit his legs”). Further, Dr.
Woods testified he was familiar with “records of the . . . offense itself from police
records, etc.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 537. 14
14
The Government also points out that Dr. Miora admitted she was unfamiliar
with the details of Mr. Barrett’s crime and could not “develop any opinion about what
was going on with him at the time of the crime.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 1834. But, as noted,
47
The Government also relies on Mr. Barrett’s statements before the shooting
indicating planning and premeditation. It contends that, “as reflected in the finding of
substantial planning and premeditation and other evidence offered at trial, [Mr.] Barrett
attacked the police because he recognized them,” not as a misperception or compulsive
reaction. Aplee. Br. at 21.
Mr. Barrett’s statements cut against Dr. Woods’s theory that the crime “clearly
was an example of misperceiving and not being able to effectively weigh and deliberate.”
ROA, Vol. 4 at 570. And the planning and premeditation evidence should be part of the
prejudice calculus. Williams, 529 U.S. at 398 (noting the importance of evidence
showing that the defendant’s “violent behavior was a compulsive reaction rather than the
product of cold-blooded premeditation”). Given the evidence of Mr. Barrett’s statements,
some jurors could attribute less weight to his mental health evidence.
Still, “[a] reasonable probability” that the jury would have recommended a life
sentence “is less than a preponderance of the evidence” and need only “undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Smith, 379 F.3d at 942 (quotations omitted). We doubt Mr.
Barrett’s statements would have caused every juror to reject Dr. Woods’s explanation for
his criminal behavior or discount his evidence of mental impairments.
Dr. Woods “reviewed the [same] neuropsychological testing” as Dr. Miora and agreed
with her findings of organic brain damage. Id. at 537, 558-60. And he explained how
Mr. Barrett’s “psychiatric and neurological disorder[s]” influenced his criminal behavior.
Id. at 569-70.
48
As Dr. Woods explained, “[t]here appears to be a deterioration in [Mr. Barrett’s]
mental state . . . in the weeks and perhaps the days before this event in 1999.” ROA,
Vol. 4 at 571. A reasonable juror could have attributed Mr. Barrett’s behavior during that
time to his “deteriorati[ng]” mental state and thus considered him less morally culpable
for his statements and subsequent actions. Id.
Further, Mr. Barrett’s mental health evidence may have convinced at least one
juror that he carried out his threats at least in part due to the influence of brain damage,
bipolar disorder, or PTSD. Talking about killing police officers is not the same as
deciding and acting to do it. Faced with Mr. Barrett’s mental health evidence, a
reasonable juror could have attributed his statements to bravado and his actions to brain
damage, and also could have concluded he reacted to multiple police cars approaching his
property in the middle of the night at least in part due to his mental impairments.
* * * *
Although the prejudice issue is close, the jury heard none of Mr. Barrett’s mental
health explanation for his criminal behavior at sentencing. At the evidentiary hearing, he
introduced the type of mental impairment evidence that, as this court has recognized, can
carry substantial mitigating weight. Dr. Woods connected that evidence to his offense.
The Government cast some doubt on that evidence at the hearing, but not enough to erase
a reasonable probability that a single reasonable juror would find it sufficient to vote
against death.
49
b. Evidence of an abusive upbringing
Dr. Woods also reported that Mr. Barrett’s mother drank while pregnant and that
Mr. Barrett’s father beat Mr. Barrett and his mother. He said Mr. Barrett had “a family
history of pretty significant violence by [his] father that lasted up until about the age of
13.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 557. Mr. Barrett also experienced “neglect by [his] mother,” who
“was a heavy drinker” and who provided “a lack of coping resources.” Id. Stephen
Barrett, Mr. Barrett’s brother, noted that, as a child, he saw his mother and Mr. Barrett
“in a physical altercation” when an argument turned into “a wrestling match on the
floor.” Id. at 446.
In light of this evidence, the magistrate judge observed that Mr. Barrett’s
“childhood was characterized by early exposure to alcohol and alcohol abuse, as well as
physical and emotional abuse and neglect.” Barrett, 2018 WL 7889966, at *7. As we
noted in Barrett II, “[s]uch evidence of childhood abuse, neglect, and instability can play
a significant role in mitigation.” 797 F.3d at 1229-30. A jury could reasonably have
credited as mitigating the testimony that Mr. Barrett experienced an abusive upbringing.
Balancing the Aggravating and Mitigating Evidence
The district court found that defense counsel’s performance at sentencing was
deficient under the Sixth Amendment. The Government does not contest that finding.
The only question on appeal is “whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the
errors,” Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1305 (quotations omitted), “at least one juror would have
struck a different balance” between the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, Grant,
50
727 F.3d at 1019 (quotations omitted). See also Smith, 379 F.3d at 942 (“A reasonable
probability is less than a preponderance of the evidence, but sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” (quotations omitted)).
Balancing the aggravating and mitigating evidence, viewing the evidence as a
whole, and drawing on the relevant case law, we conclude there is a reasonable
probability at least one juror would not have recommended a death sentence had defense
counsel introduced evidence of Mr. Barrett’s mental impairments and abusive upbringing
at the sentencing hearing.
a. Strengthened mitigation case
As explained above, Mr. Barrett provided plausible evidence that significant
mental impairments compromised his judgment on the night of the shooting. Dr. Woods
said his behavior “clearly was an example of misperceiving and not being able to
effectively weigh and deliberate.” ROA, Vol. 4 at 570. And his history of drug
addiction, including methamphetamine abuse, “if anything, exacerbated or made worse
the symptoms of his mental illness and neurocognitive deficits.” Id. at 574. Mr. Barrett
also introduced evidence of an abusive upbringing at the hands of parents who were
violent toward him and each other, and a mother who neglected him and drank
excessively, including while pregnant.
The jury heard almost none of this evidence at sentencing. See Barrett II, 797
F.3d at 1224-25. Defense counsel relied instead on evidence that Mr. Barrett “was a
loved family member and good person who was sorry for killing [Trooper] Eales”;
51
“lack[ed] . . . prior felonies [and] was a well-behaved prisoner”; “was a good mechanic
and a nonviolent person”; and would not be “a danger while his bench warrant was
outstanding.” Id. at 1224. “None of the witnesses discussed [Mr. Barrett’s] mental
health or troubled background in any significant detail.” Id.
Even if Mr. Barrett’s mitigation case at sentencing amounted to more than a “few
naked pleas for mercy,” see Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 393, his postconviction evidence “bore
no relation” to what he introduced at the sentencing hearing, id., which “left the jury with
no explanation for the murders,” see Anderson, 476 F.3d at 1148. This case thus differs
from those where “the additional mitigating evidence [would not] have added anything
significant to the jury’s understanding of [the defendant’s] mental deficiencies.” DeRosa
v. Workman, 679 F.3d 1196, 1217, 1221 (10th Cir. 2012) (declining to find prejudice
despite postconviction mental health and abuse evidence because this evidence “[did] not
differ in a substantial way from the evidence actually presented at sentencing”
(quotations and alterations omitted)).
Mr. Barrett’s case resembles Anderson v. Sirmons, where we found counsel’s
failure to introduce mental health and abusive upbringing evidence prejudicial despite the
defendant’s “callous and brutal” murders and the jury’s finding of three aggravating
factors. 476 F.3d at 1146. Like Mr. Barrett, Mr. Anderson introduced evidence of
significant damage to his frontal lobe, of a chronic addiction to methamphetamine that
“exacerbate[d] [his] mental deficits and impairments,” and that he had an “abusive
mother.” Id. at 1147. As in this case, “the absence of this readily available mitigation
52
evidence [at sentencing] left the jury with no explanation for the murders other than the
prosecution’s [characterization of the defendant].” Id. at 1148. We said in Anderson that
“this court cannot overstate the importance of the type of evidence that was available in
this case but was never presented to the jury.” Id. at 1147-48; see also Hooks, 689 F.3d
at 1207 (finding prejudice where, like here, “[a] proper presentation of the family-history
and mental-health evidence, not to mention the circumstances surrounding [the]
conviction, would have been powerful mitigation.” (quotations omitted)). 15
b. Weakened aggravation case
Although the Government challenged the mitigation evidence at the evidentiary
hearing, it introduced no additional aggravating evidence that it would have offered in
response to Mr. Barrett’s new mitigating evidence. It introduced little if any evidence of
Mr. Barrett’s drug addiction or misbehavior that the jury had not already heard. As we
explained in Barrett II, at the sentencing hearing
the jury heard extensive testimony of [Mr. Barrett’s] abuse of
his ex-wife, . . . significant evidence of [his] drug use,
15
This case differs from those involving implausible diagnoses or impairments
unconnected to the petitioner’s criminal behavior. See, e.g., Young v. Sirmons, 551 F.3d
942, 965 (10th Cir. 2008) (declining to find prejudice when the petitioner was diagnosed
with a “Compulsive Personality Disorder” and “some mild impulsiveness and possible
low frustration tolerance”); Littlejohn, 875 F.3d at 561, 564 (declining to find prejudice
where the petitioner established only an attention deficit disorder and a “garden-variety”
impulse control disorder and failed to substantiate his expert’s pre-hearing claim that
“organic brain damage played a substantial role in engendering his life of criminal
deviance”); Wilson, 706 F.3d at 1310 (declining to find prejudice but noting that “this
would be a different case” “if (1) the record had supported a plausible diagnosis of
paranoid schizophrenia and (2) Defendant’s behavior during the crime could have been
tied to that disorder”).
53
. . . [and] evidence of [his] outstanding warrant for failure to
appear in state court on drug charges and the drug
paraphernalia found on [his] person and property after the
shooting.
797 F.3d at 1232 (citation omitted). As a result, “the evidence of spousal abuse and drug
involvement would not have surprised the jury and presented little downside risk to [Mr.
Barrett’s] offering evidence of his mental condition.” Id.
Nor did the Government at the evidentiary hearing attempt to show Mr. Barrett’s
mental health evidence would have had a “double-edged” effect. See, e.g., Gilson 520
F.3d at 1249-50 (finding no prejudice in part because the defendant’s “inability to
regulate behavior or inhibit impulses” supported the jury’s finding of the aggravating
factor “that he represented a continuing threat, even if confined in prison for life”
(quotations omitted)); McCracken v. Gibson, 268 F.3d 970, 980 (10th Cir. 2001) (same).
Despite our suggestion in Barrett II that the Government could rebut Mr. Barrett’s mental
health evidence if it could show he “was a psychopath and would be at a high risk of
committing violent offenses if freed,” 797 F.3d at 1232, the Government introduced no
such evidence at the evidentiary hearing. And it did not argue Mr. Barrett’s evidence
would have had this double-edged effect. 16
16
Although the Government claimed at oral argument that Mr. Barrett’s evidence
would have portrayed him as a continuing threat, Oral Arg. at 47:12-52:20, we decline to
consider this argument given the Government’s lack of briefing, see United States v.
DeRusse, 859 F.3d 1232, 1240 n.3 (10th Cir. 2017) (“Arguments that are raised for the
first time at oral argument come too late to merit our attention.” (quotations and brackets
omitted)).
54
In opposing Mr. Barrett’s § 2255 motion on appeal, the Government relies on the
aggravating evidence that it already presented to the jury at sentencing. Mr. Barrett’s
evidence of mental impairments and childhood abuse not only would have offset the
weight of that evidence, it also “would have softened [the] edge” of the planning and
premeditation factor. Hooks, 689 F.3d at 1207. And evidence of a “deterioration in [Mr.
Barrett’s] mental state . . . in the weeks and perhaps the days before this event in 1999,”
ROA, Vol. 4 at 571, may well have caused the jury to attribute less weight to his
threatening statements in that period and for his actions.
c. Minimal post-sentencing aggravation evidence
The district court characterized as aggravating Dr. Woods’s testimony that Mr.
Barrett refused to “accept[] responsibility for [Trooper] Eales’s death” while maintaining
“that he and his son were the victims in this case.” Barrett, 2019 WL 1406957, at *8.
Even if this could be aggravating evidence, the jury had already heard most of it. For
example, “[Mr.] Barrett’s defense during the first-stage proceedings was that he was
unaware that the persons entering his property were law enforcement officials, and that
he was simply reacting in defense of himself and his son.” Barrett I, 496 F.3d at
1114-15.
The district court also pointed to evidence that Mr. Barrett admitted to Dr. Pitt
during his psychological evaluation that he had “obtained and us[ed] drugs while in jail”
and “talked a jailer into letting him out of his cell for the purpose of engaging in sexual
activity with another inmate.” Barrett, 2019 WL 1406957, at *8 n.26. The court opined
55
this would have shown Mr. Barrett “was not afraid to violate the rules [in prison]” and
was thus “a continuing danger to others.” Id. at *8. But the court did not explain how
these alleged nonviolent infractions would have convinced the jury that Mr. Barrett was
dangerous to others, let alone offset the additional mitigating evidence.
Finally, the district court characterized as aggravating the testimony at the
evidentiary hearing from Mr. Barrett’s family that he engaged “in physical altercations
[with his mother]” and “violently attacked his younger brother on at least two separate
occasions.” Id. But the court again failed to explain how this information would make a
jury more likely to recommend the death penalty. This case differs from Littlejohn, for
example, where we emphasized that the defendant’s mental health evidence “would have
opened the door for the prosecution to introduce (1) harmful evidence that [the
defendant] suffered from an antisocial personality disorder, 17 (2) testimony concerning
the limited treatment options available for [his] disorders, along with (3) damaging
evidence regarding [his] post-offense misconduct.” 875 F.3d at 562.
The district court gave two primary reasons for declining to find prejudice. First,
it was skeptical that “the jury would have given much weight” to Mr. Barrett’s experts in
light of “the evidence it heard over the course of the entire trial.” Barrett, 2019 WL
1406957, at *4. Second, it concluded that Mr. Barrett “had clearly resolved to murder
17
Although Dr. Woods noted that people with bipolar disorder can engage in
“antisocial behavior,” ROA, Vol. 4 at 584-85, and Dr. Pitt said Mr. Barrett suffered from
“features of an antisocial personality disorder,” id. at 1498, the Government does not
argue this evidence would have had any aggravating effect.
56
Trooper Eales or any other law enforcement officer long before this incident played out.”
Id. at *6. Both reasons are tenable. But we agree with the magistrate judge, who heard
the testimony at the evidentiary hearing firsthand, that “[t]he evidence potentially
available to [Mr. Barrett] regarding his mental health history and his family background,”
which the jury did not hear, “would in all likelihood have aided substantially in
mitigation.” Barrett, 2018 WL 7889966, at *13. And Mr. Barrett’s additional mitigating
evidence would likely have softened the edge of the aggravating evidence the jury heard
at trial and sentencing.18
* * * *
In summary, at the evidentiary hearing, Mr. Barrett introduced substantial
mitigating evidence that bore no resemblance to the constitutionally deficient mitigation
case his counsel presented at sentencing. Although the Government cast some doubt on
the testimony of Mr. Barrett’s experts, the evidence plausibly showed that Mr. Barrett
suffers from organic brain damage, bipolar disorder, and PTSD. Dr. Woods linked the
combined effect of Mr. Barrett’s mental impairments to his criminal behavior. Mr.
18
Both Mr. Barrett’s state and federal proceedings suggest only limited jury
support for the death penalty, even without consideration of the mental health evidence.
The state court jury did not even find him guilty of a capital offense, acquitting him of
first-degree murder and instead convicting him of the lesser-included offense of first-
degree manslaughter. It also acquitted him of shooting with intent to kill and instead
convicted him of the lesser-included offense of assault and battery with a dangerous
weapon. See Barrett I, 496 F.3d at 1086. The federal jury recommended the death
penalty on only one of the three death penalty counts.
57
Barrett also introduced new evidence of an abusive upbringing that some jurors likely
would have found sympathetic.
In contrast to the mitigating evidence Mr. Barrett presented, the Government
offered no additional aggravating evidence, relying exclusively on what the jury had
already heard. It pointed to Mr. Barrett’s statements showing substantial planning and
premeditation and his ability to carry out the crime. It also noted that no medical
professional before Dr. Woods had diagnosed Mr. Barrett with bipolar disorder or PTSD,
and argued Mr. Barrett’s drug abuse better explained his behavior.
In reversing, we conclude that, viewing the totality of the evidence at trial,
sentencing, and the postconviction hearing, there is a reasonable probability at least one
juror would have recommended a life sentence. As noted, “[a] reasonable probability is
less than a preponderance of the evidence” and need only “undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Smith, 379 F.3d at 942 (quotations omitted). Because Mr. Barrett’s
postconviction evidence shifts the balance in favor of mitigation, we are not “confiden[t]”
all twelve jurors would have recommended a death sentence had defense counsel
introduced this evidence. See id. (quotations omitted). 19
19
Mr. Barrett raises several additional arguments he casts as procedural
challenges. We need not address these claims because we reverse on the merits.
58
IV. CONCLUSION
We reverse the district court’s decision finding no prejudice, vacate Mr. Barrett’s
sentence on Count 3, and remand for resentencing on Count 3.20
20
Mr. Barrett also argues he is entitled to resentencing on all three counts,
including those for which he received life sentences. Aplt. Br. at 52. We disagree. In
2015, we reversed and remanded Mr. Barrett’s “death sentence for the district court to
hold an evidentiary hearing on whether the performance of trial counsel was deficient . . .
and whether [Mr. Barrett] suffered prejudice.” Barrett II, 797 F.3d at 1232 (emphasis
added). The district court issued a COA for “review of a death sentence.” Barrett, 2019
WL 1406957, at *9 (quotations omitted and emphasis added); 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3)
(“The [COA] . . . shall indicate which specific issue or issues satisfy the showing required
. . . .”). Further, Mr. Barrett argued throughout this proceeding that he “should not have
been sentenced to death.” ROA, Vol. 1 at 300. On appeal, he relies on cases finding a
reasonable likelihood the jury would have imposed a sentence less than death. For these
reasons, we reject his request that we also vacate his life sentences on Counts 1 and 2.
59
19-7049 – United States v. Barrett
HARTZ, J., Circuit Judge, concurring
I concur in the judgment and all the panel opinion except section III(C)(2)(a).
Though I agree with the conclusion of that section—that the mental-impairment
evidence created a reasonable probability that a juror would vote against death—I think
the section’s treatment of the government’s contrary evidence understates its impact by
employing a divide-and-conquer approach that addresses each of the government’s points
separately. Viewed cumulatively, those points would likely have undermined most
jurors’ confidence in Mr. Barrett’s experts. Cf. United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266,
274–75 (2002) (criticizing “divide-and-conquer analysis” in assessing reasonable
suspicion). I can certainly understand the district court’s belief that the jury would not be
impressed by those experts. The government mounted a strong counterattack. I will not
recap each of the points scored by the government; the panel opinion thoroughly
discusses the evidence. But among other things, the government pointed out (1) that Mr.
Barrett’s mental condition had been examined repeatedly over an extended period of time
yet no prior mental-health professional had diagnosed him with the conditions offered by
the defense experts, and (2) his symptoms could be readily explained by his lifetime of
serious drug abuse. Perhaps more importantly, the expert opinion that Mr. Barrett’s
shooting of Trooper Eales “clearly was an example of misperceiving and not being able
to effectively weigh and deliberate,” ROA Vol. 4 at 570, appears inconsistent with the
findings that the jury must have made regarding his behavior—in particular, his
competence in reacting to the police raid and his lengthy planning for such an event.
1
Nevertheless, I lack confidence that the outcome would have been the same had
this mitigation evidence been presented to the jury. The experts were well-credentialed,
there was supporting evidence, and their examination of Mr. Barrett was apparently more
extensive than those conducted in the past. The damage to Mr. Barrett’s reasoning
capacity may have been responsible for his suicidal plan to go down in flames. And there
is a difference between blustering about having a shootout with the police and actually
deciding to go through with it, so impairment of his judgment during the raid may have
been ultimately responsible for his deadly actions. A reasonable juror might well have
decided that the mitigating evidence precluded a death sentence. In that regard, I note
that the state jury did not find Mr. Barrett guilty of first-degree murder and the federal
jury imposed the death penalty on only one of the three death-eligible offenses.
2