B. Willis, C.P.A. v. Burlington Northern

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MAY 27 1999
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
B. WILLIS, C.P.A., INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 97-5107
(D.C. No. 96-CV-59-E)
PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF (N.D. Okla.)
OKLAHOMA, an Oklahoma
corporation; BURLINGTON
NORTHERN AND SANTA FE
RAILWAY COMPANY, a foreign
corporation,
Defendants-Appellees.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, and GREENE, ** Senior District
Judge.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
Honorable J. Thomas Greene, Senior District Judge, United States District
Court for the District of Utah, sitting by designation.
The panel previously abated this appeal in deference to related state court
eminent domain proceedings which might have obviated or perhaps clarified some
of the issues raised in the case. However, timely resolution of the state action has
not ensued. After making its way through the Oklahoma appellate courts, that
proceeding is now back in the trial court awaiting redetermination.
Upon further review of the record on appeal, the briefs, and the parties’
subsequent submissions, the panel concludes that proper grounds for immediate
disposition of the appeal are present but have been obscured by the presence of
many overlapping/redundant claims which are not ripe for adjudication. For
reasons explained below, we affirm the decision of the district court, though we
clarify that the dismissal of the bulk of this case, which is dictated by
constitutional constraints on subject matter jurisdiction, is without prejudice.
Background
Oklahoma’s statutory scheme for eminent domain, Okla. Stat. Ann. tit 66,
§§ 51-66, authorizes railroad corporations (and utilities, see Okla. Stat. Ann.
tit 27, § 7) to take real property by condemnation. The procedure may be outlined
in pertinent part by the following steps: (1) the condemnor corporation applies to
the district judge, with notice to the landowner, for selection of a three-person
commission; (2) the commissioners inspect the property, assess just compensation
for the injury involved, and file a report with the clerk of the court, which is
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promptly forwarded to interested parties; (3) if the condemnor pays the assessed
sum, it may take immediate possession consistent with its proposed use, though
all parties retain the right to challenge the commission’s report; (4) review may be
sought in the district court by filing written exceptions to the report or a demand
for jury trial; (5) the district court’s final judgment (approving compensation or
denying condemnation) is subject to appeal, but such review shall not delay the
condemnor’s use of the property, if approved, so long as the assessed
compensation has been paid.
Defendant Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO) commenced an
eminent domain proceeding to condemn and acquire an easement over plaintiff’s
property to build a railroad spur for transporting coal to one of its power plants.
After the first three steps of the process were concluded, plaintiff sought review
in state court both by exception and jury demand, alleging that the proposed
taking was not for a public use nor reasonably necessary for the use claimed.
Plaintiff also challenged the amount of compensation assessed. The trial court
ruled in favor of PSO, and plaintiff appealed. He also sought interim equitable
relief from the Oklahoma Supreme Court, which denied his requests. While the
appeal was pending, PSO completed the railroad spur and put it in use
(particularly by defendant Burlington Northern Railroad Company (BN), as PSO’s
licensee). When plaintiff threatened to interfere with the operation, PSO obtained
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an injunction against him. Ultimately, the Oklahoma Supreme Court reversed the
judgment of condemnation, holding that the trial court had erroneously relieved
PSO of the initial burden of proof and compounded that error by denying plaintiff
discovery of pertinent materials. See Public Serv. Co. v. B. Willis, C.P.A., Inc. ,
941 P.2d 995 (Okla. 1997). On remand, the state trial court refused to dissolve
the existing injunction against plaintiff’s interference with PSO’s operation, and
the Oklahoma appellate courts have affirmed that ruling. However, the trial court
has yet to issue any final decision on the merits of the condemnation.
In the meantime, plaintiff filed these proceedings in federal district court,
alleging numerous constitutional claims against PSO under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and
a trespass claim against BN. The district court identified the crux of the case to
be plaintiff’s assertion that he was constitutionally entitled to a final judicial
determination on condemnation before PSO could take possession of the easement
over his property. In the district court’s view, no federal right was implicated
under the circumstances and, consequently, PSO’s current possession, and BN’s
licensed use, was not actionable.
On this appeal, plaintiff continues to argue that the state condemnation
proceedings are constitutionally invalid, violating his rights to due process, equal
protection, access to the courts, and free speech. He also claims that, as PSO
could not have acquired a valid right to possession through such proceedings, BN
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has no derivative licensee defense to the trespass claim. Finally, he contends that
the state court order enjoining his interference with PSO’s operations violates his
First Amendment right of free speech. We conclude that most of these claims are
not ripe for adjudication, and the remainder lack merit. Accordingly, we affirm
the district court’s decision dismissing the case.
Ripeness
Virtually all of plaintiff’s complaints derive, in one way or another, from
the eminent domain proceeding prosecuted by PSO. As outlined above, that
proceeding affords plaintiff the right to challenge both the justification of PSO’s
taking and the adequacy of any resulting compensation. See generally Okla. Stat.
Ann. tit 66, §§ 51-57. Thus, until that proceeding is concluded, any objections he
may have cognizable under the most directly pertinent provision of the federal
Constitution--the Just Compensation Clause (JCC)--are not ripe for adjudication
and must be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Williamson
County Regional Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City , 473 U.S.
172, 186-96 (1985). More to the point here, this ripeness rule encompasses other
constitutional claims which fall squarely within the primary purview of the JCC in
this context, such as the due process, equal protection, and access-to-courts
infirmities plaintiff alleges with respect to the state eminent domain proceeding.
See Bateman v. City of West Bountiful , 89 F.3d 704, 709 (10th Cir. 1996)
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(collecting numerous Tenth Circuit cases). Thus, pursuit of such closely-related
objections must await the ripening of the predominant JCC claim. Id.However, one condemnation-related claim here clearly falls outside the
Williamson bar. In addition to the objections to his own proceeding, plaintiff
appears to raise a generalized facial challenge to the state eminent domain scheme
itself, for permitting any condemnor to take immediate possession upon payment
of an administratively-determined compensation before final judicial resolution of
the landowner’s objections, see Okla. Stat. Ann. tit 66, § 53(C). While an
objection to the taking “as applied to [plaintiff’s] property would be unripe [under
Williamson ],” such a “facial challenge to the [statutory scheme]” is immediately
adjudicable. See Yee v. City of Escondido , 503 U.S. 519, 533-34 (1992).
This evidently was, in fact, the claim addressed by the district court, which
held that predeprivation hearings are not constitutionally required in the eminent
domain context. We agree. In addition to the authorities the district court
discussed, we note the Supreme Court specifically stated in Williamson that
“[u]nlike the Due Process Clause . . . the Just Compensation Clause has never
been held to require pretaking process or compensation.” Williamson , 473 U.S. at195 n. 14 (citing Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co. , 467 U.S. 986, 1016 (1984)); see
also J. B. Ranch, Inc. v. Grand County , 958 F.2d 306, 309 & n.4 (10th Cir. 1992)
(quoting Williamson and rejecting due process claim based on asserted need for
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pretaking hearing in this context as “impos[ing] new and potentially inconsistent
obligations” beyond those required by JCC). Indeed, this was a premise for the
Williamson Court’s ripeness analysis: “[B]ecause the Constitution does not
require pretaking compensation, and is instead satisfied by a reasonable and
adequate provision for obtaining compensation after the taking, the State’s action
here is not ‘complete’ until the State fails to provide adequate compensation for
the taking.” Williamson , 473 U.S. at 195; see also Biddison v. City of Chicago ,
921 F.2d 724, 727 n.4 (7th Cir. 1991).
This point is obscured somewhat by decisions of the Oklahoma Supreme
Court which, while not holding the eminent domain scheme (particularly the
immediate-possession provision of § 53(C)) invalid, have broadly stated that “the
establishment of the right to condemn is a prerequisite to any right of possession
by the condemnor.” Town of Ames v. Wybrant , 220 P.2d 693, 695 (Okla. 1950)
(citing Watkins v. Board of Comm’rs , 174 P. 523, 525 (Okla. 1918)). However, a
wider view of the case law harmonizes the supreme court’s language with its
evident acceptance of § 53(C). Thus, the legislative authorization of immediate
possession is permissible in that such possession remains subject to review and
potential restraint through the courts’ equitable power: “According to Wybrant
and Watkins , a public body having the power of condemnation can be enjoined
from appropriating private property for public use until it has initiated
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condemnation proceedings and had its right to condemn the property finally
determined.” City of Bartlesville v. Ambler , 499 P.2d 433, 436 (Okla. 1971)
(emphasis added); see Wybrant , 220 P.2d at 696 (noting that “ upon proper
application and showing [by the landowner]” the trial court “ could make an order
temporarily restraining the condemnor from taking possession of the land
pending final determination of the right to condemn” (emphasis added));
Wrightsman v. Southwestern Natural Gas Co. , 46 P.2d 925, 933 (Okla. 1935)
(same). Indeed, plaintiff has taken the opportunity to seek equitable relief in the
state proceedings; he has just not persuaded the Oklahoma courts that it is
warranted in his case. Thus, the state courts’ construction and assessment of the
eminent domain scheme is consistent with applicable federal precedent, and
neither of these bodies of authority support plaintiff’s position that the scheme is
invalid.
Freedom of Speech
Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim, which challenges a collateral order on a
basis substantively independent of the condemnation process itself, appears also
to fall outside the Williamson ripeness bar. Compare Landmark Land Co. of
Okla., Inc. v. Buchanan , 874 F.2d 717, 723 (10th Cir. 1989) (holding intangible
due process right that was substantively distinct from JCC protections was not
subsumed under Williamson ripeness rule), with J. B. Ranch, Inc. , 958 F.2d at
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309 (holding Williamson applicable to due process claim that fell squarely within
compass of JCC protections). However, we hold that dismissal of the claim was
warranted in any event.
The target of the claim is the state trial court’s order enjoining plaintiff
“from directly or indirectly interfering in any manner with the construction,
maintenance and operation of [PSO’s] railroad spur.” Appellants’ Supp. App. at
21. There is nothing facially speech-sensitive about this order, nor does plaintiff
cite any authority that would support such a claim. Actually, plaintiff is primarily
concerned with a contempt proceeding brought to enforce the injunction after this
appeal was filed. In that proceeding, which has not been concluded, PSO seeks to
hold plaintiff in contempt for sending a letter to BN admonishing that, in light of
the Oklahoma Supreme Court’s reversal of PSO’s condemnation order, plaintiff
“is restoring [his] fence line around [the disputed easement] and posting ‘NO
TRESPASSING’ signs.” Id. at 22. Whether plaintiff has a cognizable claim
under the First Amendment on this basis is not a question properly before this
panel.
Trespass
The district court explained that its rejection of plaintiff’s constitutional
challenges to the eminent domain proceedings mooted any remaining claims and,
accordingly, dismissed the entire case. As plaintiff recognizes, his claim against
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BN for trespass obviously stands or falls with the legitimacy of the eminent
domain proceeding from which the railroad derives its status as licensee. Since
any further challenges to that proceeding are not currently ripe for adjudication,
the district court’s dismissal of the action should be affirmed.
State Proceedings - Status Reports
Status reports submitted by plaintiff reflect some unfavorable rulings issued
in the ongoing eminent domain proceedings. In particular, plaintiff complains of
the Oklahoma Supreme Court’s March 22, 1999 denial of his mandamus petition
seeking to disqualify the state trial judge, and the May 4, 1999 denial of certiorari
in his interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s refusal to dissolve the order
enjoining interference with PSO’s operations. For the same reasons expressed
above in connection with plaintiff’s challenge to the eminent domain proceeding
as a whole, these particular objections to specific rulings therein are not ripe for
consideration. Further, if a particular ruling were somehow sufficient to give rise
to a distinct, immediately actionable constitutional wrong, at this point such a
claim would most appropriately be brought in district court, not interjected into
this pre-existing appeal.
Conclusion
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Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of this action. We
clarify, however, that the disposition of plaintiff’s numerous unripe claims, based
on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction, is without prejudice. See Bateman , 89
F.3d at 706.
The judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District
of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED. All pending motions are denied as moot.
Entered for the Court
Deanell Reece Tacha
Circuit Judge
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