Rodriguez-Heredia v. Holder, Jr.

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
April 15, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
FELIX SANCHEZ
RODRIGUEZ-HEREDIA,
Petitioner,
Nos. 10-9531 & 10-9540
v. (Petition for Review)
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
Attorney General,
Respondent.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before HOLMES and McKAY, Circuit Judges, PORFILIO, Senior
Circuit Judge.
In these consolidated matters, petitioner Felix Sanchez Rodriguez-Heredia,
a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of two decisions of the Board
of Immigration Appeals (BIA). In No. 10-9531, he seeks review of the BIA’s
dismissal of an appeal from a decision by an immigration judge (IJ) denying his
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
these appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cases are
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
request for a change in custody status. We dismiss this petition as moot because
Mr. Rodriguez was released from detention and removed from the United States
on July 30, 2010. In No. 10-9540, he seeks review of a final order of removal
issued by the BIA dismissing an appeal from an IJ’s determination that he was not
eligible for cancellation of removal due to his conviction of a crime involving
moral turpitude. We deny this petition because Mr. Rodriguez’s conviction of
identity fraud under Utah law is a crime involving moral turpitude.
I. Background
Mr. Rodriguez entered the United States without inspection at an unknown
place on an unknown date. On May 6, 2009, he pleaded guilty to one count of
identity fraud in violation of Utah Code Annotated § 76-6-1102 for using another
person’s social security number to obtain employment. He was issued a notice to
appear, which charged him with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i)
as “[a]n alien present in the United States without having been admitted or
paroled.” At hearings before an IJ, he conceded removability but requested
cancellation of removal pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). He also requested a
change in custody status, namely, release from detention.
The IJ denied his change of custody request, and the BIA later dismissed
his appeal of that decision. In a separate decision, the IJ determined that
Mr. Rodriguez was not eligible for cancellation of removal because his fraud
conviction constituted a crime involving moral turpitude and precluded him from
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establishing good moral character. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1) (requiring, among
other things, that to be eligible for cancellation of removal, an alien must have
been “of good moral character” in the ten years immediately preceding his
application and must not have been convicted of a crime under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(2), which includes a crime involving moral turpitude). The BIA
dismissed an appeal of that decision, concluding that, under the categorical
approach, the conviction under the state statute required a specific intent to
defraud, an element, it said, that has always been found to involve moral
turpitude. The BIA further concluded that, even under the modified categorical
approach, the specific facts of Mr. Rodriguez’s offense constituted a crime
involving moral turpitude—he “signed an Employment Eligibility Verification
(Form I-9) and affirmed that the social security number on the form was his,” and
he “listed a resident alien number on the form that was not his and indicated that
he was a lawful permanent resident.” No. 10-9540, Admin. R. at 5. Accordingly,
the BIA concluded that Mr. Rodriguez had not established his eligibility for
cancellation of removal.
II. Discussion
A. No. 10-9531
We first address the petition for review in No. 10-9531. Mr. Rodriguez
seeks review of the BIA’s dismissal of his appeal from the IJ’s denial of his
request for release from detention. Respondent filed a motion to dismiss for lack
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of jurisdiction on the ground that under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), this court has
jurisdiction to review only final orders of removal, and the denial of
Mr. Rodriguez’s change in custody status was not a final order of removal.
However, we need not resolve that issue. Respondent has since informed the
court that on July 30, 2010, Mr. Rodriguez was released from detention and
removed from the United States. Because Mr. Rodriguez is no longer in custody
and did not seek damages, the petition for review in 10-9531 is moot. See Ferry
v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1132 (10th Cir. 2006) (concluding that an appeal
from a district court’s denial of an alien’s habeas challenge to the legality of
detention without an opportunity for bond or a bond hearing was mooted by the
alien’s release from custody and removal, where alien did not seek damages).
Mr. Rodriguez suggests that we apply the exception to mootness for issues
“capable of repetition yet evading review,” Riley v. INS, 310 F.3d 1253, 1257
(10th Cir. 2002), because there is a likelihood that he would be paroled back into
the United States and subject to further detention while continuing his removal
proceedings. This argument, however, is wholly dependent on a favorable
decision on his merits petition in No. 10-9540. As we proceed to discuss, the
BIA correctly determined that Mr. Rodriguez is not eligible for cancellation of
removal, and therefore the exception to mootness he urges is inapplicable.
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B. No. 10-9540
Turning to the petition for review in No. 10-9540, Mr. Rodriguez
challenges the BIA’s determination that his fraud conviction constitutes a crime
involving moral turpitude and that he therefore failed to meet his burden of
establishing his eligibility for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229b(b)(1). There is a general jurisdictional bar to our review of “any
judgment regarding the granting of” cancellation under § 1229b(b). 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). But we have jurisdiction under § 1252(a)(2)(D) to review
“constitutional claims and questions of law” relating to relief under § 1229b(b),
Arambula-Medina v. Holder, 572 F.3d 824, 828 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 2092 (2010), provided that, as
here, such issues arise in a petition for review of a final removal order, Hamilton
v. Gonzales, 485 F.3d 564, 568 (10th Cir. 2007). Whether a conviction
constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude is a question of law that we review
de novo. See Garcia v. Holder, 584 F.3d 1288, 1289 & n.2 (10th Cir. 2009).
Because “a single member of the BIA decided [Mr. Rodriguez’s] appeal and
issued a brief opinion, we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency
determination.” Kechkar v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 1080, 1083 (10th Cir. 2007)
(internal quotation marks omitted). 1
1
Although we also may consider the IJ’s decision for a further explanation
of the grounds for the agency’s decision, Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197,
(continued...)
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To determine whether a state conviction is a crime involving moral
turpitude, we ordinarily employ the categorical approach. Hamilton v. Holder,
584 F.3d 1284, 1286-87 (10th Cir. 2009). Under that approach, we are “initially
. . . limited to considering the statutory definition of the crime, not the underlying
factual circumstances of the crime.” Id. at 1287 n.4. Our inquiry focuses on
whether the “state statute creates a crime outside the generic definition of a listed
crime in a federal statute.” Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 193
(2007). This “requires more than the application of legal imagination to a state
statute’s language. It requires a realistic probability, not a theoretical possibility,
that the State would apply its statute to conduct that falls outside the generic
definition of a crime.” Id. Thus, we ask here if Mr. Rodriguez has established
that there is a realistic probability that Utah Code Annotated § 76-6-1102 would
be applied to reach conduct that is not a crime involving moral turpitude. To
meet his burden, “he must at least point to his own case or other cases in which
the state courts in fact did apply the statute in the special (nongeneric) manner for
which he argues.” Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. at 193.
Mr. Rodriguez pleaded guilty to a third-degree felony under Utah Code
Annotated § 76-6-1102. See Admin. R. at 44. In relevant part, the statute
provides:
1
(...continued)
1204 (10th Cir. 2006), we need not do so in this case.
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(2)(a) A person is guilty of identity fraud when that person:
(i) obtains personal identifying information
of another person whether that person is
alive or deceased; and
(ii) knowingly or intentionally uses, or
attempts to use, that information with
fraudulent intent, including to obtain, or
attempt to obtain, credit, goods, services,
employment, any other thing of value, or
medical information.
(b) It is not a defense to a violation of Subsection (2)(a)
that the person did not know that the personal
information belonged to another person.
(3) Identity fraud is:
(a) except as provided in Subsection (3)(b)(ii), a third
degree felony if the value of the credit, goods, services,
employment, or any other thing of value is less than
$5,000; or
(b) a second degree felony if:
(i) the value of the credit, goods, services,
employment, or any other thing of value is
or exceeds $5,000; or
(ii) the use described in Subsection
(2)(a)(ii) of personal identifying
information results, directly or indirectly, in
bodily injury to another person.
Utah Code Ann. § 76-6-1102 (emphasis added). Significantly, as the emphasized
language in subsection (2)(a)(ii) shows, the statute requires proof of a specific
intent to defraud in all circumstances. Although “crime involving moral
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turpitude” is not defined by statute, we have said that “[m]oral turpitude refers to
conduct which is inherently base, vile, or depraved, contrary to the accepted rules
of morality and the duties owed between man and man, either one’s fellow man or
society in general.” Wittgenstein v. INS, 124 F.3d 1244, 1246 (10th Cir. 1997)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this concept, we have followed
Supreme Court precedent making it “‘plain that crimes in which fraud was an
ingredient have always been regarded as involving moral turpitude.’” Id. (quoting
Jordan v. De George, 341 U.S. 223, 232 (1951)).
Mr. Rodriguez has not directed us to, nor have we found, any Utah cases
applying the Utah statute to conduct that did not involve fraudulent intent. And
because this is an element of every conviction under the plain language of the
statute, he cannot do so with regard to his own case. Instead, the main theme
running throughout his opening appellate brief is that the statute can reach
conduct where the value of the thing obtained, including employment, is zero.
See, e.g., Pet’r’s Opening Br. at 12, 13, 27, 32, 36, 43, 46, 52. 2 He claims that in
order for a fraud crime to constitute a crime involving moral turpitude for
immigration purposes, the alien must have obtained something of value. He
2
We must pause here to correct a misinterpretation of the BIA’s decision
that occurs repeatedly in various forms in Mr. Rodriguez’s opening brief—that
“the BIA conceded that [his] argument was correct that a crime involving merely
the act of giving a false statement without seeking or obtaining anything of value
is not categorically a [crime involving moral turpitude].” Pet’r’s Opening Br.
at 14; see also id. at 3, 12, 13, 16-17, 21, 29-30, 36, 53-54. The BIA
acknowledged this argument but rejected it. See Admin. R. at 4-5.
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contends that he only obtained employment, which can have as little as zero
value. 3
The problem with his fraud-plus-value arguments is that value appears
irrelevant to whether fraud crimes are crimes of moral turpitude. Mr. Rodriguez
has pointed us to no controlling case law, nor have we found any, in which a
complete lack of value in the thing obtained by fraud precluded a finding that a
conviction under a statute requiring proof of fraudulent intent was a crime
involving moral turpitude. We are not persuaded differently by any of the cases
that Mr. Rodriguez relies on in support of his fraud-plus-value arguments, as none
of those involved an alien seeking cancellation of removal after being convicted
for an offense requiring proof of fraudulent intent.
But even if we agreed that obtaining something of value is necessary for a
conviction under the Utah statute to constitute a crime involving moral turpitude,
our conclusion would be the same. We would then have to look at the specific
facts of Mr. Rodriguez’s conviction under the modified categorical approach.
Under the modified approach, in a non-jury case such as this, we may consider
the “charging documents,” the “‘written plea agreement, [the] transcript of plea
3
We note that it is unclear whether value must be proved for a conviction
under the Utah statute. Compare State v. Valdez, 78 P.3d 627, 631 (Utah App.
2003) (stating that “the identity fraud statute contains a proof of value element”
and that “[t]he State must . . . prove beyond a reasonable doubt, at trial, the value
of what was attained”) with State v. Chukes, 71 P.3d 624, 628 (Utah App. 2003)
(stating that “[i]dentity fraud does not require that the defendant in fact obtained
something of value”).
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colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the
defendant assented.’” Hamilton, 584 F.3d at 1287 n.4 (quoting Shepard v. United
States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)). We may also consider a presentence report.
Hamilton, 584 F.3d at 1287-88.
In his plea agreement, Mr. Rodriguez admitted that he “presented personal
identifying information belonging to another person to . . . obtain employment”
and “represented that [the] information was in fact [his] when it was not.”
Admin. R. at 45. Employment is listed as one of the things of value in Utah Code
Annotated § 76-6-1102(2)(a)(ii). Thus, he pleaded guilty to the fraudulent use of
identifying information to obtain something of value—a job. Further, we reject
his argument that employment has no value because the employee exchanges
labor for money. There is value in the opportunity to work for income regardless
of the fact that the employee has to work to receive income. Finally, the
presentence report sets forth a verbatim copy of a handwritten statement
Mr. Rodriguez gave admitting that he used the social security number to get a job
to “feed [his] family.” Id. at 60. This statement, with which Mr. Rodriguez has
not taken issue, shows once again that he admitted he sought to obtain something
of value through fraudulent means.
In sum, because the Utah statute requires fraudulent intent in all
circumstances regardless of whether anything of value is obtained, we conclude
that it categorically describes a crime involving moral turpitude. Alternately, if
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value were essential to the analysis, we would conclude that Mr. Rodriguez’s
specific offense conduct constitutes a crime involving moral turpitude because he
obtained something of value. 4
III. Conclusion
The petition for review in No. 10-9531 is dismissed as moot, and the
petition for review in No. 10-9540 is denied. Mr. Rodriguez’s motions to proceed
in forma pauperis are granted in each case.
Entered for the Court
John C. Porfilio
Senior Circuit Judge
4
Based on our conclusions, we need not consider Mr. Rodriguez’s other
claims of error with regard to the BIA’s analysis under the modified categorical
approach.
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