United States v. Gary N. Parker

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 07-13578 DEC 12, 2008
________________________ THOMAS K. KAHN
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 06-60130-CR-FAM
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
GARY N. PARKER,
ROBERT W. PARKER,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(December 12, 2008)
Before DUBINA, BLACK and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Gary Parker (Gary) appeals his 240-month sentence imposed following his
conviction for numerous counts of wire and mail fraud, conspiracy to commit wire
and mail fraud, conspiring to launder money, money laundering, and conspiracy to
evade income taxes. His co-defendant, Robert Parker (Robert) appeals his 135-
month sentence imposed after his conviction for numerous counts of wire and mail
fraud, conspiracy to commit wire and mail fraud, conspiring to launder money,
money laundering, conspiracy to evade income taxes, and tax evasion. After
carefully considering the briefs, reviewing the record on appeal, and having the
benefit of oral argument, we affirm Gary’s and Robert’s convictions and sentences.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Gary and Robert both assert the Government failed to prove any scheme to
defraud for any of the conspiracy and fraud offenses because there was no proof at
trial that misrepresentations were made to any customer. Gary also challenges his
conviction for conspiracy to evade income taxes. “We review the sufficiency of
the evidence de novo and view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government with all reasonable inferences and credibility choices made in favor of
the government to determine whether a reasonable jury could convict.” United
States v. Campa, 529 F.3d 980, 992 (11th Cir. 2008).
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Conspiracy convictions require: “(1) an agreement among two or more
persons to achieve an unlawful objective; (2) knowing and voluntary participation
in the agreement; and (3) an overt act by a conspirator in furtherance of the
agreement.” United States v. Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th Cir. 2003). To
prove the unlawful objective, namely mail or wire fraud, the government must
show the defendant (1) intentionally participated in a scheme to defraud and
(2) used the mails or interstate wires to execute the fraudulent scheme. United
States v. Suba, 132 F.3d 662, 673 (11th Cir. 1998) (mails); Hasson, 333 F.3d at
1270 (wires). Because guilty knowledge can rarely be established by direct
evidence, especially with fraud crimes which, by their very nature, often yield little
in the way of direct proof, “circumstantial evidence of criminal intent can suffice.”
Suba, 132 F.3d at 673. To establish money laundering, the government must
prove: “(1) the defendant conducted or attempted to conduct a financial
transaction; (2) the defendant knew the property involved in the transaction
represented the proceeds of unlawful activity; (3) the property involved was in fact
the proceeds of the specified unlawful activity; and (4) the defendant conducted the
financial transaction ‘with the intent to promote the carrying on of [the] specified
unlawful activity.’” United States v. Carcione, 272 F.3d 1297, 1302 (11th Cir.
2001) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i)).
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A reasonable trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt
Robert participated in a scheme to defraud based on victim testimony, insider
testimony, and physical evidence. Similarly, the testimony and physical evidence
presented at trial were sufficient to convince a reasonable jury of Gary’s
participation in the scheme to defraud. At a minimum, the volume of telephone
calls and facsimile transmissions between Gary and Robert, the testimony from an
insider, the flow of money from and between Robert, Gary, and Parker Leasing and
Financial Service (Parker Leasing), Gary’s and Robert’s failure to file tax returns
from 2000 through 2004, the absence of business records at Parker Leasing, and
the lack of records at Parker Leasing evidencing a single funded deal would be
sufficient to persuade a reasonable jury of the Defendants’ participation in a
scheme to defraud.
There was sufficient evidence at trial for a rational trier of fact to establish a
Klein conspiracy. “To be sufficient [to establish a Klein conspiracy], the evidence
must establish an agreement among the conspirators with the intent to ‘obstruct the
government’s knowledge and collection of revenue due.’” United States v.
Adkinson, 158 F.3d 1147, 1154 (11th Cir. 1998) (emphasis in original). The
evidence at trial showed checks were mailed from Parker Leasing in Fort
Lauderdale and deposited by Gary in two different banks in Tennessee. These
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checks were often written for amounts under the $10,000 threshold reporting
requirement for currency transaction reports. Gary would also deposit a check,
receive some cash, and deposit that portion in another bank. The evidence also
showed within a few days of victims’ wires and checks being deposited in Parker
Leasing’s accounts, a check or cashier’s check in the amount of $10,000 or
$25,000 would be deposited in Gary’s Tennessee bank account. This activity,
coupled with the telephone records and the lack of business records at Parker
Leasing evidencing any normal business being conducted, would be sufficient to
establish the existence of a Klein conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.
II. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SENTENCING ENHANCEMENTS
Gary and Robert both argue their sentences were imposed in violation of the
Sixth Amendment. They contend the Supreme Court held in Apprendi v. New
Jersey, 120 S. Ct. 2348 (2000) and United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005),
a fact that increases a defendant’s sentence must be admitted by the defendant or
proven to the jury. They argue in Rita v. United States, 127 S. Ct. 2456 (2007), the
Supreme Court stated Sixth Amendment issues remain regarding the imposition of
enhancements not submitted to the jury. They contend the judge, not the jury,
determined Gary and Robert deserved enhancements for the number of victims, the
employment of sophisticated means, and a leadership role, and these findings
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violated the Sixth Amendment because they were not found by the jury beyond a
reasonable doubt.
We review a constitutional challenge to a sentence de novo. United States v.
Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir. 2005). The Supreme Court in Booker held
sentencing enhancements based solely on judicial fact-finding pursuant to the
mandatory guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment. See Booker, 125 S. Ct. at
748-51. However, the Court cured the problem by excising 18 U.S.C.
§§ 3553(b)(1) and 3742(e), thereby making the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
advisory only. Id. at 764. As such, the only way a post-Booker sentencing court
can violate a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to trial is by incorrectly applying
the guidelines as mandatory. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1331
(11th Cir. 2005). We have observed, after Booker, “the use of extra-verdict
enhancements in an advisory guidelines system is not unconstitutional.” United
States v. Chau, 426 F.3d 1318, 1323 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting United States v.
Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1301 (11th Cir. 2005)). The court may, by a
preponderance of the evidence, use judge-found facts in formulating a sentence, as
long as it properly applies the advisory guidelines. See id. at 1324. In Rita, the
Supreme Court stated its “Sixth Amendment cases do not automatically forbid a
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sentencing court to take account of factual matters not determined by a jury and to
increase the sentence in consequence.” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2465-66.
The district court properly applied the guidelines as advisory; thus, it did not
violate the Sixth Amendment. This Court has previously rejected Gary’s and
Robert’s argument the district court violated the Sixth Amendment by applying
enhancements not found by the jury. Moreover, in Rita, the Supreme Court
explicitly stated judicial fact finding by the sentencing court did not violate the
Sixth Amendment. For these reasons, the district court did not violate the Sixth
Amendment at sentencing by imposing sentencing enchantments based on judicial
fact finding.
III. IMPOSITION OF SENTENCING ENHANCEMENTS
Gary individually argues the district court erred in imposing various
sentence enhancements. Specifically, he argues the court erred by applying a
sophisticated means enhancement as there was nothing sophisticated or complex
about the offense. He contends the offense was based on contracts that were no
more complex than a typical lease agreement. Gary also argues the court erred in
finding he was a leader of the enterprises based on the daily phone calls he
received from Parker Leasing. He argues the government presented no evidence
that he exercised any control of Parker Leasing.
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We review the district court’s factual findings regarding the use of
sophisticated means for clear error. United States v. Barakat, 130 F.3d 1448, 1456
(11th Cir. 1997). “A factual finding is clearly erroneous when although there is
evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v.
Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 1330 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal citations and quotations
omitted), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1295 (2008). A two-level enhancement is
appropriate under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) if “the offense otherwise involved
sophisticated means . . . .” Application Note 8 defines “sophisticated means” as:
especially complex or especially intricate offense conduct pertaining to the
execution or concealment of an offense. For example, in a telemarketing
scheme, locating the main office of the scheme in one jurisdiction but
locating soliciting operations in another jurisdiction ordinarily indicates
sophisticated means. Conduct such as hiding assets or transactions, or both,
through the use of fictitious entities, corporate shells, or offshore financial
accounts also ordinarily indicates sophisticated means.
U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C) cmt. n.8 (B).
We review a district court’s decision to enhance a defendant’s offense level
due to his aggravating role under U.S.S.G. 3B1.1 only for clear error. See United
States v. Phillips, 287 F.3d 1053, 1055 (11th Cir. 2002). A four-level increase is
applied if the defendant “was an organizer or leader” in an offense with more than
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five participants. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). In assessing a defendant’s role in the
offense, the factors the courts should consider include:
[1] the exercise of decision making authority, [2] the nature of participation
in the commission of the offense, [3] the recruitment of accomplices, [4] the
claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, [5] the degree of
participation in planning or organizing the offense, [6] the nature and scope
of the illegal activity, and [7] the degree of control and authority exercised
over others.
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.4. We have stated Section 3B1.1 requires the exercise of
some control, influence, or leadership over the organization. United States v. Yates,
990 F.2d 1179, 1182 (11th Cir. 1993).
Unobjected-to facts in the PSI support the court’s imposition of the
sophisticated means enhancement. The Parkers’ fraudulent scheme involved the
application of advance fees clauses in leasing agreements. The victims included
sophisticated businesses inside and outside the United States, including a soccer
club in Austria, a movie theater chain in the United States, and a power company
in India. Funds were moved between bank accounts in Florida and Tennessee.
Victims were found through advertising in the nationally circulated USA Today
newspaper. The Parkers hired a third party for inspections to give the deals an
appearance of legitimacy. Gary’s argument that the financial transactions were not
sophisticated is contradicted by this record of complex business deals and the
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systematic efforts to hide the fraudulent proceeds, and it was not clearly erroneous
for the district court to find the Parker’s employed sophisticated means.
Unobjected-to facts in the PSI also support the district court’s finding that
Gary played a leadership role in the operation. Phone records revealed Gary
participated in daily phones calls with the Parker Leasing office. Gary managed a
bank account in Tennessee that received $1 million from Parker Leasing, an
amount equal to or greater than that received by his co-defendants. The district
court could reasonably conclude the daily communications, coupled with the
periodic transfer of funds from Parker Leasing totaling $1 million, evidenced Gary
had an active role in managing the operation. Given this evidence, it was not
clearly erroneous for the court to impose a leadership role enhancement.
For the foregoing reasons, Gary has failed to establish the court clearly erred
in applying the sophisticated means and leadership role enhancements.
IV. REASONABLENESS OF ROBERT PARKER’S SENTENCE
Robert individually argues his top-of-the-guidelines-range sentence of 135
months was unreasonable. He contends his sentence was procedurally flawed as
the court did not meaningfully consider the § 3553(a) factors or adequately explain
the chosen sentence. He argues Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 591 (2007),
requires a more meaningful discussion of the statutory sentencing factors than a
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simple statement that the court considered them. He contends there are numerous
reasons to support a conclusion his sentence was unreasonable, including his
history of depression, his extensive history of drug and alcohol abuse, his admitted
responsibility for the crime, and his cooperation with the government. He also
argues he had personal characteristics that warrant a lesser sentence, including poor
health and an abusive father.
We review a final sentence for reasonableness in the light of the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors. United States v. Winingear, 422 F.3d 1241, 1244-46 (11th Cir.
2005). The Supreme Court clarified that courts of appeal, when reviewing for
reasonableness, are to apply the deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall, 128
S. Ct. at 591. After we conclude the district court made no procedural errors, we
“should then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed
under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Id. at 597; see also United States v. Hunt,
459 F.3d 1180, 1182 n.3 (11th Cir. 2006) (“After Booker, a sentence may be
reviewed for procedural or substantive reasonableness”).
The Supreme Court has suggested review for substantive reasonableness
under the abuse-of-discretion standard involves inquiring whether the factors in 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a) support the sentence in question. Gall, 128 S. Ct at 600. “[T]he
party who challenges the sentence bears the burden of establishing that the
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sentence is unreasonable in light of both [the] record and the factors in section
3553(a).” United States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005). The district
court need not state on the record that it has explicitly considered each factor and
need not discuss each factor. Id. at 786. Rather, “an acknowledgment by the
district court that it has considered the defendant’s arguments and the factors in
section 3553(a) is sufficient under Booker.” Id. The weight accorded to the
§ 3553(a) factors is within the district court’s discretion. See United States v.
Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 832 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 671 (2007); see
also 18 U.S.C. 3553(a)(1)-(7).
We have rejected the argument that a sentence within the guidelines is per se
reasonable. Talley, 431 F.3d at 787. Nonetheless, “there is a range of reasonable
sentences from which the district court may choose, and when the district court
imposes a sentence within the advisory Guidelines range, we ordinarily will expect
that choice to be a reasonable one.” Id. at 788. When considering whether a
defendant’s sentence is reasonable, we have compared the sentence actually
imposed to the statutory maximum. See Winingear, 422 F.3d at 1246.
There was no procedural error because the district court properly considered
the § 3553(a) factors and Robert’s arguments. The court explicitly stated it
considered the § 3553(a) factors and noted which factors it was considering in
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rendering the sentence. The court also acknowledged and considered Robert’s
arguments for a downward variance. For these reasons, the court did not err and
did not fail to consider the § 3553(a) factors or Robert’s arguments.
Robert has also failed to meet his burden of establishing the district court
abused its discretion weighing the § 3553(a) factors and that his sentence was
unreasonable. Robert’s sentence was within the guidelines range, which we will
ordinarily consider reasonable. The court properly considered Robert’s arguments
for a downward variance and the statutory factors, and reasonably found the
amount of the fraud and its impact on the victims warranted a top of the guidelines
sentence. Robert has not provided any compelling argument that the court abused
its discretion weighing the sentencing factors in the case. Finally, Robert’s 135-
month sentence is well below the twenty-year maximum sentence his brother Gary
received for the same crime. For the foregoing reasons, Robert has failed to meet
his burden of establishing his within-guidelines sentence was unreasonable.
V. CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing and our review of the record and the parties’
briefs, we affirm the convictions and sentences of Gary Parker and Robert Parker.
AFFIRMED.
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