United States v. Muza Kim

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
_______________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JANUARY 12, 2009
No. 07-15925
THOMAS K. KAHN
_______________________
CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 06-00223-CR-02-ODE-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MUZA KIM,
STEVE KIM,
a.k.a. Gyu Young Kim,
Defendants-Appellants.
_________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
__________________________
(January 12, 2009)
Before BIRCH and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and KORMAN,* District Judge.
*
Honorable Edward Korman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York,
sitting by designation.
PER CURIAM:
Steve Kim and his father, Muza Kim, (collectively, the “Kims” and,
independently, “Steve” and “Muza”) appeal their convictions for copyright
infringement. The Kims and their business, Star Graphics, Inc. (“Star
Graphics”),1 were charged with three counts of trafficking in counterfeit apparel
bearing the registered trademarks of “Sean John®,” “Ecko®,” and “Phat Farm®”
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2320(a) and one count of reproducing and distributing
depictions of “Cosby Kids” images of “Fat Albert” on apparel, without permission
of the copyright holder, William H. Cosby, Jr., in violation of 17 U.S.C. §
506(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2319(b)(1). The jury acquitted the Kims of the three
trafficking counts; but found them guilty of the copyright infringement count.
Neither argument is meritorious. No reversible error having been shown, we
AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
The Kims argue on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to support their
convictions for copyright infringement. Muza also argues that the district court
abused its discretion when it denied his mid-trial motion for severance.
1
Star Graphics, Inc. is not a party to this appeal nor is any issue involving forfeiture.
2
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a guilty verdict de
novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. United
States v. Klopf, 423 F.3d 1228, 1236 (11th Cir. 2005). We accept all reasonable
inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s verdict. United States v.
Tinoco, 304 F.3d 1088, 1122 (11th Cir. 2002). If a reasonable jury could conclude
that the evidence establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we will affirm the
verdict. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979).
“Because the jury is free to choose among reasonable constructions of the
evidence, the evidence may be sufficient even if it is not entirely inconsistent with
conclusions other than guilt.” United States v. Ndiaye, 434 F.3d 1270, 1294 (11th
Cir. 2006). The evidence is sufficient unless no reasonable trier of fact could find
guilt established beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Lyons, 53 F.3d
1198, 1202 (11th Cir. 1995).
To establish criminal infringement of a copyright, the government must
show (1) infringement of a copyright; (2) done willfully; (3) for the purposes of
commercial advantage or private financial gain. 17 U.S.C. § 506(a); United States
v. Goss, 803 F.2d 638, 642 (11th Cir. 1986). The Kims contend that the
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government’s evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
(1) the graphic produced by Star Graphics was similar enough to the copyrighted
image of Fat Albert to support infringement; and (2) the Kims acted with the
requisite willfulness. See 17 U.S.C. § 506(a)(2) (evidence of reproduction or
distribution of copyrighted work, without more is insufficient to establish
willfulness).
The Kims focus on the dissimilarities of the images Star Graphics
produced--labeled “Big Face” internally within Star Graphics--with the
copyrighted Fat Albert image. The Kims note that “Big Face,” unlike Fat Albert,
wears a bandanna or dew rag on his head, wears jewelry, and portrays a persona
very different than the clean-cut, friendly Fat Albert persona. The Kims make
much of testimony that the copyright owner of Fat Albert would never have
approved of “Big Face” as a rendition of Fat Albert. They argue that, to the extent
the images were similar, the similarity could not support a copyright infringement
conviction because the similarity did not relate to the portion of the Fat Albert
copyrighted work that was of value to the copyright holder.
A copyrighted work may be infringed although no exact reproduction is
shown. See United States v. O’Reilly, 794 F.2d 613, 615 (11th Cir. 1986) (per
curiam). Infringement may be found when the reproduction contains similarities
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to the copyrighted work that relate to a substantial portion of the copyrighted work
of value to the copyright owner. Id. An infringer cannot “excuse the wrong by
showing how much of his work he did not pirate;” “it is enough that substantial
parts were lifted.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Whether
infringement has occurred is a question of fact for a jury to decide. See Leigh v.
Warner Bros., Inc., 212 F.3d 1210, 1213 (11th Cir. 2000).
The jury heard witness testimony about the similarities between the
copyrighted Fat Albert images and the “Big Face” images and the jury itself
observed images of the copyrighted Fat Albert and images of the Kims’ “Big
Face.” That the images differed some -- or even that the copyright holder would
not approve the “Big Face” image -- is no legal bar to a finding of infringement.
The cited differences and disapproval were matters for the jury to consider in
making the factual determination of infringement; the jury was free to find
infringement based on its assessment of the similarity of the images and on the
other evidence.
The Kims argue that the evidence was insufficient to show the infringement
was willful. Steve was Vice President and Art Director of Star Graphics and was
in charge of the facility where the counterfeit images were found. Also, Federal
Rule of Evidence 404(b) informed the jury of Steve’s 1999 indictment and
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conviction on criminal trademark counterfeiting charges. From this evidence, the
jury reasonably could infer Steve’s awareness of the illegality of his acts and that
he purposely infringed on the Fat Albert copyright with the intent to disobey the
law. Muza was President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer of
Star Graphics and was in charge of distributing the counterfeit goods. Evidence
was introduced that Muza made statements to buyers from which his awareness of
the unlawfulness of the “Big Face” images and his willful intent reasonably could
be inferred.
Based on the evidentiary record, we cannot say that no reasonable jury
could find Steve Kim and Muza Kim guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
copyright infringement.2
B. Motion for Severance
Muza argues that the district court abused its discretion when it refused his
mid-trial motion to sever his trial from that of his son, Steve. Muza contends that
the Rule 404(b) evidence of Steve’s earlier conviction for trademark
counterfeiting constituted specific and compelling prejudicial evidence that
2
To show copyright infringement, the government also must have proved that the Kims engaged
in the infringing conduct for purposes of commercial advantage or personal financial gain. See Goss,
803 F.2d at 642. The Kims take no issue with the sufficiency of the evidence on this point.
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prevented the jury from making a reliable judgment about the guilt or innocence of
Muza.3
In general, “defendants who are jointly indicted should be tried together.”
United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1236 (11th Cir. 2005). When ruling on a
severance motion, a district court should “balance the right of the defendant to a
fair trial against the public’s interest in efficient and economic administration of
justice.” Id. Only when a defendant can show “specific and compelling
prejudice” resulting in “fundamental unfairness” is the motion due to be granted.
Id. We review the denial of a motion to sever for clear abuse of discretion. United
States v. Ramirez, 426 F.3d 1344, 1352 (11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
“[A]ppellate courts are generally reluctant to second guess a district court’s
decision on severance.” Baker, 432 F.3d at 1236. A motion for severance should
be made prior to trial, and unless the grounds were unknown prior to trial, a mid-
trial motion is considered untimely. Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(b)(D); United States v.
Butler, 611 F.2d 1066, 1071 (5th Cir. 1980).
3
We note that the government provided notice of the Rule 404(b) evidence weeks before the trial
began; no severance motion was filed until the middle of the trial. Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 12(b)(3)(D) requires that a Rule 14 severance motion be made before trial commences.
See United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189 (11th Cir. 2005) (mid-trial motion for severance untimely
under Rule 12(b)(3)(D)).
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In this case, the district court denied Muza’s motion to avoid retrying his
case, which was then in its third day.
In any event, Muza’s mid-trial severance motion was untimely. Weeks prior
to trial, Muza was on notice of the government’s intent to introduce this evidence.
He has provided no reason as to why he waited until mid-trial to bring his motion.
In light of the untimeliness of the motion, the complete absence of a reason for
that untimeliness, and the public’s interest in the efficient and economic
administration of justice, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion
when it denied Muza Kim’s mid-trial severance motion.
III. CONCLUSION
The Kims, acquitted of three counts of criminal trafficking in counterfeit
apparel and convicted by a jury of criminal copyright infringement, appeal the
conviction on the bases of insufficiency of the evidence as to substantial similarity
between images pirated and those registered and as to willfulness. Having
reviewed the record and briefs of the parties, we find no reversible error.
Accordingly, the Kims’ convictions are AFFIRMED.
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