ZVI Kurtzman v. Nationstar Mortgage LLC

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 16-17236
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-01371-RWS
ZVI KURTZMAN,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC,
HSBC BANK USA, N.A., et al.,
Defendants - Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(October 10, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS, and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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This appeal arises from an attempt by Nationstar Mortgage LLC
(“Nationstar”) to enforce a security deed against Zvi Kurtzman (“Kurtzman”) by
non-judicial foreclosure sale. In response, Kurtzman sued under the Fair Debt
Collection Practices Act 1 (the “FDCPA”) and sought other declaratory relief
regarding Nationstar’s compliance with Georgia law controlling non-judicial
foreclosure sales and the requirements of the Power of Sale contained in the
security deed. Nationstar filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that Kurtzman’s complaint failed to identify it as a
debt collector subject to the FDCPA and that no legal basis existed to grant
declaratory relief. The District Court granted the motion and dismissed
Kurtzman’s complaint. Kurtzman appealed. After review, we affirm.
I.
Kurtzman obtained a residential mortgage loan from Countrywide Home
Loans, Inc. (“Countrywide”) on or about December 7, 2005. He executed an
interest-only adjustable rate promissory note in favor of Countrywide for
$1,720,000. A security deed securing the loan transaction was issued to Mortgage
Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”) as the nominee for Countrywide.
1
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692–92p (2012).
2
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This security deed was properly recorded in the property records of the Superior
Court of Fulton County, Georgia.2 Nationstar acted as the loan servicer.
Kurtzman defaulted on the loan. On March 23, 2016, a law firm acting on
behalf of Nationstar sent Kurtzman written notice of a pending non-judicial
foreclosure sale for the property, scheduled for May 3, 2016. Pursuant to Georgia
law, 3 this notice provided Kurtzman with “the name, address, and telephone
number of the individual or entity having authority to negotiate, amend and modify
the terms of the mortgage loan with the debtor” and also contained a copy of the
Notice of Sale Under Power submitted for publication in a local newspaper.
Kurtzman filed this action on April 27, 2016 and also sought a stay to halt
foreclosure proceedings. The District Court rejected his request in a summary
order on May 9, 2016 and assigned the case to a magistrate judge. Nationstar then
filed a motion to dismiss Kurtzman’s complaint, primarily arguing the complaint
could not state a claim because Kurtzman did not adequately allege that Nationstar
was a debt collector subject to the FDCPA. Nationstar also argued that its notice
of sale did not violate Georgia law and that Kurtzman lacked standing to challenge
the assignment that authorized Nationstar to foreclose on Kurtzman’s loan. On
August 24, 2016, the Magistrate Judge issued a final report and recommendation
2
On July 11, 2005, MERS assigned the security deed to HSBC Bank USA, National
Association as Trustee for Merrill Lynch Mortgage Investors, Inc., Mortgage Pass-Through
Certificates, MLMI 2006-A1 (the “Trustee”). This assignment was also properly recorded.
3
O.C.G.A. § 44-14-162.2.
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that Kurtzman’s complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. The
District Court adopted this final report and recommendation in its entirety and
dismissed Kurtzman’s suit on September 26, 2016. This appeal follows.
II.
“We review de novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss for
failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), accepting the allegations in
the complaint as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff.” Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 872 (11th Cir. 2008) (per curiam).
To survive a motion to dismiss, the complaint must contain sufficient facts to
“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007). A complaint is plausible on its
face when “the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). While the
complaint does not need to include detailed factual allegations, it must provide
“more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.
III.
Kurtzman’s appeal is essentially on two grounds: that the District Court
erred in dismissing his FDCPA claim and that it erred in dismissing his claim for
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declaratory judgment. 4 All of his arguments, on both grounds, are unavailing. We
discuss each ground in turn.
A.
The FDCPA is a consumer protection statute intended to “‘eliminate abusive
debt collection practices,’ to ensure that ‘debt collectors who refrain from using
abusive debt collection practices are not competitively disadvantaged,’ and ‘to
promote consistent state action in protecting consumers against debt collection
abuses.’” Davidson v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., 797 F.3d 1309, 1312–13
(11th Cir. 2015) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e)). It “regulates the conduct of debt-
collectors” in part by granting “consumers . . . a private right of action to enforce
the provisions of the FDCPA against debt collectors[.]” Crawford v. LVNV
Funding, LLC, 758 F.3d 1254, 1258 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Jeter v. Credit
Bureau, Inc., 760 F.2d 1168, 1174 n.5 (11th Cir. 1985)). The requirements of the
FDCPA apply “only to professional debt-collectors[.]” Id. at n.3; see also Harris v.
Liberty Cmty. Mgmnt., Inc., 702 F.3d 1298, 1302 (11th Cir. 2012) (explaining that
the FDCPA’s “restrictions apply only to ‘debt collectors’”).
4
Kurtzman’s claimed grounds for his appeal are scattered. The final report and
recommendation adopted by the District Court construed the claims in his complaint, “to the
extent [they] can be ascertained,” essentially in this same two-claim framework. (It also noted
his request for injunctive relief, but that issue is not before us here.) Because Kurtzman’s appeal
appears to raise numerous issues concerning both of those two claims as construed by the
District Court, we will construe his appeal as fully challenging both of these grounds of
dismissal.
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The FDCPA defines “debt collector” as “any person who uses any
instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal
purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or
attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed
or due another.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). 5 To state an FDCPA claim, Kurtzman
must plausibly allege sufficient factual content to enable the court to draw a
reasonable inference that Nationstar meets the FDCPA’s definition of “debt
collector” and is thus subject to the Act.
But Kurtzman’s complaint totally omits any factual content that would
enable us to infer that Nationstar qualifies as a debt collector. The complaint is
silent regarding whether the principal purpose of Nationstar’s business is collecting
debts, and it only generally asserts that Nationstar “regularly attempts to collect
debts not owed to [it].” This is a conclusory, formulaic recitation of the statutory
language, and we need not assume it is true. See Chaparro v. Carnival Corp., 693
F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2012); Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 1965
5
The definition of “debt collector” also includes “any person who uses any
instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business the principal purpose of
which is the enforcement of security interests” for the purpose of 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6), an unfair
practices subsection. Kurtzman’s laundry list of alleged FDCPA violations committed by
Nationstar includes this subsection and potentially implicates this broader definition of “debt
collector.” Kurtzman’s complaint, however, fails to adequately allege that Nationstar meets this
more expansive definition for the same reasons enumerated here.
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(noting that “labels and conclusions” are insufficient to survive a 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss).
The sole factual allegation in Kurtzman’s complaint that might have
supported Nationstar’s status as a debt collector is that the debt at issue was
already in default when Nationstar acquired it. But it is the law of this Circuit that
“a non-originating debt holder [does not qualify as] a ‘debt collector’ for purposes
of the FDCPA solely because the debt was in default at the time it was acquired.”
Davidson, 797 F.3d at 1316. The Supreme Court has recently confirmed a similar
principle regarding owned debt. See Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc.,
____ U.S. ____, ____, 137 S. Ct. 1718, 1721–22 (2017) (“[A] debt purchaser . . .
may indeed collect debts for its own account without triggering the [FDCPA.]”)
Without this, Kurtzman has no factual allegation to stand on. Because his
complaint fails to plausibly allege sufficient facts regarding Nationstar’s status as a
debt collector, his FDCPA claims must be dismissed.
Even if we assume, however, that Kurtzman’s complaint had adequately
alleged that Nationstar was a debt collector under the FDCPA, he would still fail to
plead the existence of a plausible claim. Kurtzman argues that his FDCPA claim is
premised on “an improper attempt to collect a debt by a debt collector through the
United States Mail that was out of compliance with Georgia State law, thereby
violating [the FDCPA].” He claims the Notice of Foreclosure Sale that he received
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from Nationstar’s counsel was fatally flawed under a Georgia law requiring such
notices to provide contact information for “the individual or entity who shall have
full authority to negotiate, amend, and modify all terms of the mortgage with the
debtor.” O.C.G.A. § 44-14-162.2. Because the notice he received omitted the
words “full” and “all,” Kurtzman argues it did not comply with the statute.
But this argument must fail under controlling precedent both in Georgia law
and in this Court. In 2010, the Georgia Court of Appeals dealt with a nearly
identical claim involving a challenge to the legal sufficiency of a notice of
foreclosure sale and flatly held that “OCGA § 44-14-162.2 does not require the
individual or entity be expressly identified as having ‘full authority to negotiate,
amend, and modify all terms of the mortgage,’ and we cannot conclude that [the]
notice was legally deficient for failure to do so.” TKW Partners, LLC v. Archer
Capital Fund, L.P., 691 S.E.2d 300, 303 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010). Indeed, it is clear
that “substantial compliance with the contact information requirement of OCGA §
44-14-162.2(a) is sufficient.” Stowers v. Branch Banking & Tr. Co., 731 S.E.2d
367, 370 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012). This principle has already been recognized by this
Circuit. A panel of this Court has acknowledged “Georgia courts have repeatedly
held that ‘substantial compliance’ is all that is required” in the O.C.G.A. § 44-14-
162.2 context. Haynes v. McCalla Raymer, LLC, 793 F.3d 1246, 1253 (11th Cir.
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2015) (quoting TKW Partners, 691 S.E.2d at 303). Kurtzman’s argument that the
notice was deficient because it omitted two words is directly foreclosed.
Kurtzman’s claim fails because it does not adequately allege that Nationstar
is a debt collector for purposes of the FDCPA. Even if it did, it could not show a
violation of the Georgia statute that would provide a basis for an FDCPA claim. 6
Accordingly, the District Court did not err in dismissing this claim.
B.
We now turn to Kurtzman’s appeal of the dismissal of his request for
declaratory judgment. Declaratory relief can be granted “only if there is ‘a
substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality between parties having
adverse legal interests.’” Sullivan v. Div. of Elections, 718 F.2d 363, 365 (11th
Cir. 1983) (quoting Wolfer v. Thaler, 525 F.2d 977, 979 (5th Cir. 1976)). A
district court “may not ‘enjoin conduct which is neither threatened nor imminent.’”
Id. (quoting Congress of Racial Equal. v. Douglas, 318 F.2d 95, 100 (5th Cir.
1963)). In order “to pursue properly a declaratory judgment under Georgia law[,]
‘a party must establish that a declaratory judgment is necessary to relieve himself
of the risk of taking some future action that, without direction, would jeopardize
6
We do not reach the question of whether Kurtzman lacks standing to bring claims
relating to the assignment of the security deed. Such a lack of standing could impact which, if
any, claims would be available to him under the FDCPA.
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his interests.’” Milani v. One West Bank FSB, 491 F. App’x 977, 979 (11th Cir.
2012) (quoting Porter v. Houghton, 542 S.E.2d 491, 492 (Ga. 2001)).
Kurtzman failed to meet both the immediacy and necessity requirements.
All of his allegations relate to past events, including the mailing of the Notice of
Foreclosure Sale and the correspondence that followed between counsel for both
sides. When “all material rights have accrued based on past events and what
Plaintiff seeks is an advisory opinion on the validity of the future act of another
party[,]” declaratory relief is unavailable. Id. (citing Logan Paving Co. v. Peoples
Bank & Tr., 395 S.E.2d 287, 288 (Ga. 1990)). Such is the case here. There is no
immediate necessity for a court to grant declaratory relief. Accordingly, the
District Court also did not err in dismissing this claim.
AFFIRMED.
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