Pinero v. 4800 West Flagler, L.L.C.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS
U.S.
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JUNE 17, 2011
No. 10-13617 JOHN LEY
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:09-cv-21349-PAS
EMILIO PINERO,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
4800 WEST FLAGLER L.L.C.,
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 17, 2011)
Before BARKETT, MARCUS and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Emilio Pinero, a left-leg amputee, brought an action under Title III of the
Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12181–12189, against
4800 West Flagler L.L.C. (“Defendant”). Pinero alleged that he was denied access
to Defendant’s premises because of barriers that existed at the facility, which was
built before the enactment of the ADA. The district court conducted a bench trial
in July 2010. At the close of Pinero’s case, Defendant moved for judgment as a
matter of law,1 and the court granted that motion. Pinero raises a number of issues
1
Though Defendant’s motion was styled a “Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law,”
and the judgment is alternatively characterized on appeal as a “directed verdict” and a “judgment
as a matter of law,” we will treat it as a judgment on partial findings pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 52(c).
Rule 52(c) provides:
Judgment on Partial Findings. If a party has been fully heard on an
issue during a nonjury trial and the court finds against the party on
that issue, the court may enter judgment against the party on a claim
or defense that, under the controlling law, can be maintained or
defeated only with a favorable finding on that issue. The court may,
however, decline to render any judgment until the close of the
evidence. A judgment on partial findings must be supported by
findings of fact and conclusions of law as required by Rule 52(a).
Rule 52(a)(1) explains that “[t]he findings and conclusions may be stated on the record after the
close of the evidence or may appear in an opinion or a memorandum of decision filed by the
court.”
There are a number of differences between the two rules and their corresponding motions.
Rule 52 explicitly applies to bench trials, whereas Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50 explicitly
applies to jury trials. We review Rule 50(a) motions de novo, see Abel v. Dubberly, 210 F.3d
1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2000) (per curiam), but Rule 52(c) motions present mixed questions of law
and fact, so we review factual findings for clear error and conclusions of law de novo. See Veale
v. Citibank, F.S.B., 85 F.3d 577, 579 (11th Cir. 1996). Finally, “[i]n addressing a Rule 52(c)
motion, the court does not view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party,
as it would in . . . a Rule 50(a) motion for judgment as a matter of law; instead, it exercises its
role as factfinder.” United States v. $242,484.00, 389 F.3d 1149, 1172 (11th Cir. 2004) (en
banc).
The Rule 50(a) rubric requires the court to draw all inferences in the nonmoving party’s
favor, but Rule 52(c) has no such requirement. See id. Therefore, to the extent that the district
court treated Defendant’s motion as requesting a Rule 50(a) judgment as a matter of law, the
mistake benefitted Pinero.
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on appeal,2 which we address in turn.
I. Motion to Amend
First, Pinero argues the district court erred in denying his motion to amend
his complaint to add an additional defendant. We review the denial of a motion to
amend for abuse of discretion. Corsello v. Lincare, Inc., 428 F.3d 1008, 1012
(11th Cir. 2005) (per curiam).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Pinero’s motion to
amend. The court’s scheduling order imposed a deadline for amending pleadings,
chosen by the parties, of September 28, 2009. Pinero sought to add Raimundo
Gonzalez, the sole member of the Defendant L.L.C., on March 4, 2010—more
than five months after the deadline. When a motion to amend is filed after a
scheduling-order deadline, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16 controls. Sosa v.
Airprint Sys., Inc., 133 F.3d 1417, 1418 n.2 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). Under
2
Several of these issues relate to the substance of Title III of the ADA, which explains
that, for facilities that existed before the statute’s enactment, “discrimination includes a private
entity’s ‘failure to remove architectural barriers . . . where such removal is readily achievable.’”
Gathright-Dietrich v. Atlanta Landmarks, Inc., 452 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting 42
U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv)) (alteration in original). Accordingly, to meet the initial burden of
production in a Title III action, a plaintiff must show (1) that an architectural barrier exists, and
(2) that the proposed method of architectural barrier removal is “readily achievable,” which
means “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense.” Id.(quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9)); see generally 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9) (listing factors to be
considered in evaluating whether removal of a barrier is readily achievable). “If the plaintiff
meets this burden, the defendant then bears the ultimate burden of persuasion that barrier
removal is not ‘readily achievable.’” Gathright-Dietrich, 452 F.3d at 1273.
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Rule 16, scheduling orders may be modified only for good cause, and only when
the schedule “cannot ‘be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the
extension.’” Id. at 1418 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 16 advisory committee’s notes).
Pinero makes no attempt on appeal to demonstrate good cause, and our review
indicates that the court did not abuse its discretion in finding none existed.
II. Evidentiary Issues
Next, Pinero raises three evidentiary issues, namely, whether the court erred
(1) in determining Pinero’s expert, David Goldfarb, was not qualified to testify as
to whether the proposed modifications to Defendant’s property were “readily
achievable”; (2) in excluding the testimony of Robert Oransky; and (3) in
precluding Mr. Goldfarb from testifying about the cost estimate Mr. Oransky
prepared. We review evidentiary rulings, including the exclusion of expert
testimony, for abuse of discretion. Rink v. Cheminova, Inc., 400 F.3d 1286, 1291
(11th Cir. 2005); Tran v. Toyota Motor Corp., 420 F.3d 1310, 1315 (11th Cir.
2005).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in precluding Mr. Goldfarb
from testifying as to what proposed changes to Defendant’s facility were readily
achievable. District courts act as “gatekeepers” under Federal Rule of Evidence
4
702 and Daubert3 to admit expert testimony only if it is both reliable and relevant;
we give district courts “considerable leeway” in executing this duty. Rink, 400
F.3d at 1291. Mr. Goldfarb testified that it was neither his expertise nor his role to
make the determinations necessary to establish whether the barrier removal would
be readily achievable. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion
in limiting Mr. Goldfarb’s testimony at trial.
Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in excluding Mr. Oransky’s
testimony or in precluding Mr. Goldfarb from considering his cost estimates.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(1) requires parties to disclose, among other
things, individuals likely to have discoverable information that the disclosing
party may use to support its claims or defenses, as well as supporting documents,
items, and information. Rule 26(a)(2) establishes additional disclosure
requirements for expert witnesses, including the submission of a written report
outlining, among other things, the expert’s opinions, the basis and reasons
therefor, and the data or other information considered in forming them. If a party
fails to meet Rule 26’s disclosure requirements, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
37(c)(1) prohibits that party from “us[ing] that information or witness to supply
evidence . . . at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.”
3
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).
5
Mee Indus. v. Dow Chem. Co., 608 F.3d 1202, 1221 (11th Cir. 2010). Because
Pinero failed to disclose Mr. Oransky—as either a fact witness or an
expert—during discovery, and because he has failed to demonstrate that this
failure to comply with Rule 26’s disclosure requirements was substantially
justified or harmless, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in
either ruling.
III. Judgment on Partial Findings
Finally, Pinero argues the district court erred in granting Defendant’s
motion for judgment. A Rule 52(c) motion for judgment on partial findings
presents a mixed question of law and fact; we review the district court’s factual
findings for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. See Veale v. Citibank,
F.S.B., 85 F.3d 577, 579 (11th Cir. 1996).
After hearing arguments on Defendant’s motion for judgment following the
close of Pinero’s case, the district court recounted testimony pertaining to each
alleged barrier. It then reiterated Pinero’s burden under Gathright-Dietrich: “the
plaintiff has the initial burden of production to show (1) that an architectural
barrier exists; and (2) that the proposed method of architectural barrier removal is
‘readily achievable,’ i.e., ‘easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without
much difficulty or expense’ under the particular circumstances of the case.” 452
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F.3d at 1273 (quoting Colo. Cross Disability Coal. v. Hermanson Family Ltd.
P’ship I, 264 F.3d 999, 1007 (10th Cir. 2001)). Noting the evidentiary
deficiencies in Pinero’s case, the district court concluded that Pinero failed to meet
his burden and that judgment for Defendant was appropriate. Based on our
review, we do not find fault with either the court’s factual findings or its
conclusions of law.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
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