Roth v. Nationstar Mortg., LLC (In Re Roth)

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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No: 17-11444
________________________
D.C. Docket Nos. 2:16-cv-00510-SPC; 9:10-bkc-30383-FMD
IN RE: ARLENE ROTH,
Debtor.
________________________
ARLENE ROTH,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE, LLC,
Defendant - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(August 28, 2019)
Before WILSON, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
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BRANCH, Circuit Judge:
Arlene Roth appeals the bankruptcy court’s denial of her second motion for
sanctions against Nationstar Mortgage, LLC (“Nationstar”). The basis of the
motion was Nationstar’s conduct of sending a monthly statement to Roth, which
she alleges sought to collect discharged mortgage debt in violation of the
bankruptcy code’s prohibition on collection of such debt, 11 U.S.C. § 524. She
raises two issues on appeal: (1) whether the bankruptcy court improperly made
factual determinations without the benefit of an evidentiary hearing; and (2)
whether Nationstar’s mortgage statement was an improper attempt to collect a debt
in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 524 and justifies sanctions against Nationstar. For the
following reasons, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision.
I.
On December 22, 2010, Roth filed a voluntary petition for bankruptcy under
Chapter 13 of the bankruptcy code. On her bankruptcy schedule, Roth listed a
mortgage on non-homestead property, which is at issue here. On this schedule, she
indicated she would surrender the property. The Chapter 13 plan provided that
“[s]ecured creditors, whether or not dealt with under the Plan, shall retain the liens
securing such claims.” On October 3, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered an order
confirming her Chapter 13 bankruptcy plan. Subsequently, the mortgage at issue
here (which was subject to the Chapter 13 plan) was transferred to Nationstar. She
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completed her payments under her Chapter 13 plan, and the bankruptcy court
discharged her debt on June 27, 2014. Nationstar was notified of the discharge.
In the discharge order, the bankruptcy court ordered that “the discharge
prohibits any attempt to collect from the debtor a debt that has been discharged.
For example, a creditor is not permitted to contact a debtor by mail, phone, or
otherwise, to file or continue a lawsuit, to attach wages or other property, or to take
any other action to collect a discharged debt from the debtor.” The order, however,
also stated that “a creditor may have the right to enforce a valid lien, such as a
mortgage or security interest, against the debtor’s property after the bankruptcy, if
that lien was not avoided or eliminated in the bankruptcy case. Also, a debtor may
voluntarily pay any debt that has been discharged.” But even after the discharge of
the mortgage debt, Nationstar did not foreclose on the property; thus, if Roth
voluntarily paid the amount due, she could have retained the property.
About four months after the discharge of Roth’s debt, Nationstar started
sending Roth monthly statements related to her mortgage. The statements included
a disclaimer that they were not debt collection, but also included an amount due,
due date, and instructions on how to send payment back to Nationstar. Roth had
her attorney send a cease and desist letter, but the statements kept coming. She
then filed her first motion for sanctions in bankruptcy court, alleging that the
statements were improper debt collections in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 524, as well
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as a separate civil action claiming violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices
Act (“FDCPA”), 15 U.S.C. § 1692e et seq, and the Florida Consumer Collection
Practices Act (FCCPA). Arlene Roth v. Nationstar Mortgage LLC, No. 2:15-cv-
508-FtM-38CM (M.D. Fla.). The parties resolved the first sanctions motion and
first FDCPA action in a settlement.
But communication from Nationstar continued in the form of a November
18, 2015 “Informational Statement,” which again contained an amount due, due
date, and instructions for how to pay Nationstar, as well as a lengthy disclaimer.
The full text of the disclaimer reads as follows:
This statement is sent for informational purposes only and is not
intended as an attempt to collect, assess, or recover a discharged debt
from you, or as a demand for payment from any individual protected
by the United States Bankruptcy Code. If this account is active or has
been discharged in a bankruptcy proceeding, be advised this
communication is for informational purposes only and is not an attempt
to collect a debt. Please note, however Nationstar reserves the right to
exercise its legal rights, including but not limited to foreclosure of its
lien interest, only against the property securing the original obligation.
Consequently, on December 14, 2015, Roth filed a second lawsuit against
Nationstar alleging the Informational Statement was an improper debt collection
under the FDCPA. Roth v. Nationstar Mortg., LLC, No. 2:15-cv-783-FtM-
29MRM, 2016 WL 3570991 at *1 (M.D. Fla. July 1, 2016). Nationstar filed a
motion to dismiss that case, arguing that the Informational Statement was not sent
for debt collection purposes as a matter of law, but the district court denied the
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motion after applying the FDCPA’s “least sophisticated consumer” standard. Id. at
*5. On May 30, 2017, the parties notified the district court that they had reached a
settlement in that case. Notice of Settlement, Roth v. Nationstar Mortg., LLC, No.
2:15-cv-783-FtM-29MRM (M.D. Fla. May 30, 2017).
Based on the same Information Statement, on December 14, 2015—the
same day that she filed her second FDCPA case—Roth filed a second motion for
sanctions in her bankruptcy case, which is at issue here. Roth alleged that
Nationstar’s communication was an attempt to collect a discharged debt in
violation of the discharge order. Nationstar claimed that the statement was only
informational and not a violation of § 524. After briefing, the bankruptcy court
denied Roth’s motion for sanctions at a hearing, and later entered an opinion and
an order finding that the “informational statement” was not a debt collection
attempt, and therefore was not in violation of the § 524 injunction. Roth appealed
the denial of this second sanctions motion to the district court, which affirmed the
bankruptcy court’s opinion and rejected Roth’s request to apply the FDCPA’s
“least sophisticated consumer” standard. In re Roth, 568 B.R. 139, 145 (M.D. Fla.
2017). This appeal followed.
II.
In bankruptcy cases, this Court “sits as a second court of review and thus
examines independently the factual and legal determinations of the bankruptcy
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court and employs the same standards of review as the district court.” In re Ocean
Warrior, Inc., 835 F.3d 1310, 1315 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting In re Fisher Island
Invs., Inc., 778 F.3d 1172, 1189 (11th Cir. 2015)); see also In re Gonzalez, 832
F.3d 1251, 1253 (11th Cir. 2016), cert. denied sub nom. Fla. Dep’t of Revenue v.
Gonzalez, 137 S. Ct. 2293 (2017). When the district court affirms the bankruptcy
court, we review the bankruptcy court’s decision, reviewing its “factual findings
for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” In re Ocean Warrior, Inc., 835
F.3d at 1315 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We review the
bankruptcy court’s denial for a motion for sanctions for abuse of discretion. In re
Diaz, 647 F.3d 1073, 1082 (11th Cir. 2011).
III.
Roth challenges (1) the bankruptcy court’s substantive decision to deny her
motion for sanctions, and (2) the bankruptcy court’s decision to dispose of her
motion for sanctions without a separate evidentiary hearing. We first articulate the
legal standard Roth must meet to establish a violation of 11 U.S.C. § 524, and
apply that standard to review the bankruptcy court’s decision that Nationstar’s
communications were not a sanctionable violation of § 524. We then determine
whether Roth was entitled to an evidentiary hearing in the bankruptcy court on that
substantive question.
Section 524(a)(2) of the bankruptcy code provides that a discharge of debt in
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a bankruptcy proceeding “operates as an injunction against the commencement or
continuation of . . . an act . . . to collect . . . any such [discharged] debt.” 11 U.S.C.
§ 524(a)(2).1 This injunction is enforced through section 105, whereby the
bankruptcy court “may issue any order, process, or judgment that is necessary or
appropriate to carry out the provisions of this title.” 11 U.S.C. § 105(a). Section
105 “grants statutory contempt powers in the bankruptcy context.” In re Hardy, 97
F.3d 1384, 1389–90 (11th Cir. 1996) (“Therefore, § 105(a) grants courts
independent statutory powers to award monetary and other forms of relief for
[violations] to the extent such awards are ‘necessary [or] appropriate’ to carry out
the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.”) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). Together, sections 524(a)(2) and 105(a) “authorize a court to impose civil
1
11 U.S.C. § 524(a) A discharge in a case under this title--
(1) voids any judgment at any time obtained, to the extent that such judgment is a
determination of the personal liability of the debtor with respect to any debt discharged
under section 727, 944, 1141, 1228, or 1328 of this title, whether or not discharge of such
debt is waived;
(2) operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an action, the
employment of process, or an act, to collect, recover or offset any such debt as a personal
liability of the debtor, whether or not discharge of such debt is waived; and
(3) operates as an injunction against the commencement or continuation of an action, the
employment of process, or an act, to collect or recover from, or offset against, property of
the debtor of the kind specified in section 541(a)(2) of this title that is acquired after the
commencement of the case, on account of any allowable community claim, except a
community claim that is excepted from discharge under section 523, 1228(a)(1), or
1328(a)(1), or that would be so excepted, determined in accordance with the provisions
of sections 523(c) and 523(d) of this title, in a case concerning the debtor’s spouse
commenced on the date of the filing of the petition in the case concerning the debtor,
whether or not discharge of the debt based on such community claim is waived.
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contempt sanctions [for attempting to collect a discharged debt] when there is no
objectively reasonable basis for concluding that the creditor’s conduct might be
lawful under the discharge order.” Taggart v. Lorenzen, 139 S. Ct. 1795, 1801
(2019).2 In this way, “a court may hold a creditor in civil contempt for violating a
discharge order if there is no fair ground of doubt as to whether the order barred
the creditor’s conduct.” Id. at 1799. 3
Accordingly, we first determine whether a communication is a prohibited
debt collection under section 524 by looking to “whether the objective effect of the
creditor’s action is to pressure a debtor to repay a discharged debt.” In re McLean,
794 F.3d 1313, 1322 (11th Cir. 2015). If so, we then evaluate whether that
violation of the discharge injunction is sanctionable under section 105, by
2
After we held oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court clarified in Taggart when
contempt sanctions under § 105 are appropriate for violations of § 524.
3
In Taggart, the Supreme Court explicitly disavowed our § 105 analysis from In re Hardy in
which we held that the test “applicable to determining willfulness for violations of the discharge
injunction of § 524” is if the defendant “(1) knew that the [injunction] was invoked and (2)
intended the actions which violated the [injunction]. In re Hardy, 97 F.3d 1384, 1390 (11th Cir.
1996) (quotations omitted). The Supreme Court reasoned that
[b]ecause most creditors are aware of discharge orders and intend the actions they
take to collect a debt, this standard would operate much like a strict-liability
standard. It would authorize civil contempt sanctions for a violation of a discharge
order regardless of the creditor’s subjective beliefs about the scope of the discharge
order, and regardless of whether there was a reasonable basis for concluding that
the creditor’s conduct did not violate the order.
Taggart, 139 S. Ct. at 1803. In place of the “strict-liability standard,” the Court adopted the “fair
ground of doubt standard.” Id. at 1802.
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determining if “there is no fair ground of doubt as to whether the order barred the
creditor’s conduct.” Taggart, 139 S. Ct. at 1799.
We now turn to the substantive questions presented by this appeal: whether
the Informational Statement sent by Nationstar was an improper attempt at debt
collection in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2), and if so, whether it was a
sanctionable under 11 U.S.C. § 105.
A. 11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2)
Roth has not met her burden of showing that the Informational Statement
was an unlawful debt collection in violation of § 524; there are several bases for
concluding that “the objective effect” of the Informational Statement was not “to
pressure [Roth] to repay a discharged debt.” In re McLean, 794 F.3d at 1322. As an
initial matter, the disclaimer is printed in bold on the first page of the statement. It
declares that it is “for informational purposes only and is not intended as an
attempt to collect, assess, or recover a discharged debt from you, or as a demand
for payment from any individual protected by the United States Bankruptcy Code.”
In case the first sentence is not clear enough, the disclaimer then repeats that if the
account “has been discharged in a bankruptcy proceeding” then it is “for
informational purposes only,” and “is not an attempt to collect a debt.” Further, the
included payment coupon is marked in large lettering as “voluntary.”
The fact that the statement includes an “amount due,” “due date,” and
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statements about the negative escrow balance does not diminish the effect of the
prominent, clear, and broadly worded disclaimer. Notably, section 524 allows for a
debtor to pay back a discharged debt voluntarily. Under 11 U.S.C. § 524(f),
“[n]othing contained in subsection (c) or (d) of this section prevents a debtor from
voluntarily repaying any debt.” Roth had the option to repay the debt (the “amount
due”) and thereby regain the property because Nationstar had not completed a
foreclosure on the property. If we accepted Roth’s argument that the Informational
Statement is unlawful debt collection under § 524, there would be little daylight
between (1) a legitimate attempt by Nationstar to inform Roth how she could
regain the property and (2) an unlawful attempt at debt collection in violation of
the § 524 injunction. Instead, the statutory scheme clearly allows for Nationstar to
send potentially helpful informational statements to Roth without simultaneously
casting those statements as debt collection. In light of these facts, the Informational
Statement sent by Nationstar was not designed to have the “objective effect” of
“pressur[ing] the debtor to pay a discharged debt,” In re McLean, 794 F.3d at
1322, and so we conclude that it was not an unlawful attempt at debt collection in
violation of § 524.
Roth asks us to use a different standard to determine if Nationstar has
committed a § 524 violation. In Roth’s separate lawsuit, which was brought under
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the FDCPA rather than the bankruptcy code, 4 the district court applied the
appropriate FDCPA test using the “least sophisticated consumer” standard. Roth v.
Nationstar Mortg. LLC, No. 2:15-cv-00783-FtM-29MRM, 2016 WL 3570991, at
*3 (M.D. Fla., July 1, 2016). 5 At the motion to dismiss stage, the district court in
the FDCPA case summarized its findings with respect to the Informational
Statement:
It is true that the Informational Statement does not expressly state that
it is “a communication sent for the purpose of collecting a debt.” But,
as just discussed, this absence is not dispositive. The Statement lists the
total amount due, contains a payment due date, states that a late fee will
be charged for an untimely payment, gives six possible payment
methods, and separates out from the total amount due the amount of
fees and charges previously assessed. That is not all. The statement
contains an “Important Messages” box advising [Appellant] that her
“escrow account has a negative balance,” and expressly
“recommend[ing she] make additional payments” to avoid “an increase
in [her] monthly escrow payment.” There is also a detachable “payment
coupon,” which states the total amount due and recalculates the amount
due for a late payment.
Roth, 2016 WL 3570991, at *3. Based on these observations, the court determined
4
The FDCPA creates a civil cause of action based on certain prohibited debt collection methods,
specifically a “false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the
collection of any debt” or an “unfair or unconscionable means” of debt collection. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1692e–f.
5
The FDCPA standard for determining if a communication is a debt collection is whether the
statement would “mislead the least sophisticated consumer regarding the nature of her rights.”
Caceres v. McCalla Raymer, LLC, 755 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2014). “The least
sophisticated consumer’ is presumed to have only a “rudimentary amount of information about
the world,” but “it is assumed that the least-sophisticated consumer will be willing to read a
collection notice with some care.” Holzman v. Malcolm S. Gerald & Assocs., Inc., 920 F.3d
1264, 1269 (11th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted).
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that Roth’s FDCPA complaint “plausibly alleges that the Informational Statement
was sent to induce payment on Plaintiff’s mortgage debt,” and was thus “related to
debt collection” under the FDCPA. Id. at *4.
Roth argues that the “underlying questions [of § 524 and the FDCPA] are
designed to protect the same vulnerable parties from the same improper conduct”
and so the FDCPA and bankruptcy code should use the same standard. Roth is
asking this Court to import the “least sophisticated consumer” standard from the
FDCPA into the § 524 context.
We decline to follow Roth’s request. 6 This Court has never incorporated the
“least sophisticated consumer” test into our § 524 analysis. And for good reason—
what counts as “debt collection” under one statutory scheme is not necessarily
“debt collection” under the other. See Midland Funding, LLC v. Johnson, 137 S.
Ct. 1407, 1414 (2017) (“The [FDCPA] and the [Bankruptcy] Code have different
purposes and structural features. The Act seeks to help consumers . . . . The
Bankruptcy Code, by way of contrast, creates and maintains what we have called
the delicate balance of a debtor’s protections and obligations.”) (citation and
internal quotations marks omitted). And the Supreme Court reiterated that “civil
6
The district court in Roth’s FDCPA case was acting in response to Nationstar’s motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim. Thus, the district court in that case did not make a finding on
the merits, but rather it found only that the complaint “state[d] a claim to relief that is plausible
on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547 (2007).
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contempt is a severe remedy,” so it follows that the burden to show contempt
should be a high one. Taggart, 139 S. Ct. at 1802 (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). There is nothing in either statute that suggests we should evaluate
potential § 524 violations using the FDCPA standard, and we find no other reason
to do so.
B. 11 U.S.C. § 105
Because we find that Nationstar’s Informational Statement did not violate
§ 524, we do not have to consider whether sanctions would be appropriate under
§ 105. But even if we reached a different conclusion based on these facts and
found that the issue of the § 524 violation presented a close call, we would
nonetheless find that sanctions under § 105 are unavailable under the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Taggart, which established the “no fair ground of doubt”
standard. Taggart, 139 S. Ct. at 1799. The Taggart standard is a rigorous one: in
order to find that sanctions are appropriate here, we would have to hold that “there
is no objectively reasonable basis for concluding that [Nationstar’s] conduct might
be lawful.” Id. With more than a “fair ground of doubt,” Taggart, 139 S. Ct. at
1799, as to whether the discharge order barred Nationstar’s conduct, sanctions
would be inappropriate.
As we have determined that Nationstar’s Informational Statement did not
violate § 524, the “no fair ground of doubt” standard for § 105 is necessarily not
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satisfied. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s denial of Roth’s motion for
sanctions was not an abuse of discretion.
C. Evidentiary Hearing
Finally, Roth argues that the bankruptcy court should have held an
evidentiary hearing—despite the fact that she did not ask for one—before it made
its findings concerning the Informational Statement.7 The crux of Roth’s argument
is that the bankruptcy court concluded that Roth “can hardly have thought that
Nationstar was trying to collect the discharged debt,” but a determination of her
subjective belief required an evidentiary hearing.
In civil contempt proceedings, “when there are no disputed factual matters
that require an evidentiary hearing, the court might properly dispense with the
hearing prior to finding the defendant in contempt and sanctioning him.” In re
McLean, 794 F.3d at 1324 (quoting Mercer v. Mitchell, 908 F.2d 763, 769 n.11
(11th Cir. 1990)).
Neither party in this case requested an evidentiary hearing, and the
bankruptcy court was not required to hold an evidentiary hearing sua sponte to
inquire about Roth’s subjective beliefs. The bankruptcy court had to look only to
7
The FDCPA creates a civil cause of action based on certain prohibited debt collection methods,
specifically a “false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in connection with the
collection of any debt” or an “unfair or unconscionable means” of debt collection. 15 U.S.C.
§ 1692e–f.005) (“As we repeatedly have admonished, arguments raised for the first time in a
reply brief are not properly before a reviewing court.”) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted).
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the Informational Statement itself to determine “whether the objective effect of [the
Informational Statement] is to pressure a debtor to repay a discharged debt,”
McLean, 794 F.3d at 1322 (emphasis added). It did so at length, making numerous
findings about the document and determining that the statement did not constitute
an unlawful attempt at debt collection under § 524. Roth’s subjective belief about
the Informational Statement is irrelevant to the analysis, so it was not a “disputed
factual matter[] that require[d] an evidentiary hearing.” In re McLean, 794 F.3d at
1324. The bankruptcy court’s statement that Roth “can hardly have thought that
Nationstar was trying to collect the discharged debt” is simply the court’s
conclusion that the communications were not an attempt at debt collection.
Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err by rendering its decision
without a hearing.
AFFIRMED.
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