Colonial Oil Industries, Inc. v. Underwriters Subscribing to Policy Nos. T031504670 & TO31504671

United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 95-9603.
COLONIAL OIL INDUSTRIES, INC., Colonial Terminals, Incorporated, Plaintiffs-Counter-
Defendants-Appellees-Cross-Appellants,
v.
UNDERWRITERS SUBSCRIBING TO POLICY NOS. TO31504670 AND TO31504671,
Defendants-Counter-Claimants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees.
Jan. 26, 1998.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia.
Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, BIRCH, Circuit Judge, and CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge.
HATCHETT, Chief Judge:
In our prior opinion in this case, Colonial Oil Indus., Inc. v. Underwriters Subscribing to
Policy Nos. TO31504670 and TO31504671, 106 F.3d 960, 966 (11th Cir.1997), we certified the
following questions to the Supreme Court of Georgia:
1) Does an insurer have a duty to conduct a reasonable investigation of facts outside those presented
in the complaint, or otherwise presented to the insurer by its insured, prior to determining
whether to defend a claim brought against the insured?
2) To what extent does Georgia law estop an insurer from raising coverage defenses after the
insurer, without performing an investigation into the third-party's allegations, seeking a
declaratory judgment, or stipulating to a reservation of rights, refuses to defend the insured?
The Supreme Court of Georgia has answered the first certified question as follows:
[W]hen the complaint on its face shows no coverage, but the insured notifies the insurer of
factual contentions that would place the claim within the policy coverage ... the insurer has
an obligation to give due consideration to its insured's factual contentions and to base its
decision on "true facts." [Loftin v. United States Fire Ins. Co., 106 Ga.App. 287, 127 S.E.2d
53, 59 (1962).] The requirement that an insurer base its decision on true facts will
necessitate that the insurer conduct a reasonable investigation into its insured's contentions....
An insurer who fails to investigate its insured's contentions and refuses a defense will be
liable for a breach of the duty to defend if a reasonable investigation at the time would have
established the potential for coverage....
According to the district court's summary judgment order, Underwriters denied coverage
because the allegation in the Gay complaint that the material contained "waste" and
"pollution" fell within certain policy exclusions. The district court found as a matter of fact,
however, that Colonial informed Underwriters of its position that the dredge material did not
contain waste or pollution. The district court correctly held that this triggered
[Underwriters'] duty to investigate. Because the district court also found that a reasonable
investigation would have revealed the possible existence of coverage, Underwriters breached
its duty to defend.
Colonial Oil Indus., Inc. v. Underwriters Subscribing to Policy Nos. TO31504670 and TO31504671,
268 Ga. 561, 491 S.E.2d 337, 338-39 (1997) (footnotes and citations omitted).
The Supreme Court of Georgia has answered the second certified question as follows:
The second certified question concerns the insurer's right to raise policy defenses to coverage
after it has made an unjustified refusal to defend. The Georgia Court of Appeals held in
McCraney v. Fire and Cas. Ins. Co., [182 Ga.App. 895, 357 S.E.2d 327 (1987) ] that the
insurer is not estopped to raise policy defenses. The rationale for this rule is that when the
insurer breaches the contract by wrongfully refusing to provide a defense, the insured is
entitled to receive only what it is owed under the contract—the cost of defense. The breach
of the duty to defend, however, should not enlarge indemnity coverage beyond the parties'
contract.... Therefore, in this case, Underwriters may raise its policy defenses to coverage.
Colonial, 268 Ga. 561, 491 S.E.2d 337, 339 (1997) (footnotes and citations omitted).
Although the district court correctly concluded that the Underwriters breached their duty
to defend, the court erred in holding that the Underwriters were estopped from raising policy
defenses to coverage. Accordingly, we reverse the district court's grant of summary judgment in
Colonial's favor and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED and REMANDED.