Wadley Crushed Stone Company, LLC v. Positive Step, Inc.

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[PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-11002
____________________
WADLEY CRUSHED STONE COMPANY, LLC,
an Alabama Limited Liability Company,
Plaintiff-Counter Defendant-Appellant,
versus
POSITIVE STEP, INC.,
a Georgia Corporation d.b.a.
1st Quality Equipment Company,
Defendant-Counter Claimant-Appellee,
1ST QUALITY EQUIPMENT COMPANY, INC.,
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
Defendant-Counter Claimant,
THOMAS W. CURLEY,
Defendant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
D.C. Docket No. 3:17-cv-00852-KFP
____________________
Before NEWSOM, TJOFLAT, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
This is a case about whether Wadley Crushed Stone Com-
pany, LLC, (“Wadley”) has filed its breach of contract claim against
1st Quality Equipment Company (“1st Quality”) within the appli-
cable statute of limitations. And the applicable statute of limita-
tions depends on whether the contract is for goods under the Uni-
form Commercial Code (“UCC”) or for services under traditional
contract law. Because we hold that the contract is for goods, and
the applicable statute of limitations under the UCC has already run,
we affirm the District Court’s ruling that Wadley’s claim was time-
barred. We also affirm the District Court’s grant of summary
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21-11002 Opinion of the Court 3
judgment and denial of reconsideration as to 1st Quality’s counter-
claim for unpaid invoices.
I.
To sum up this case, it’s all fun and games until the granite
plant turns out to be inefficient. Wadley is an Alabama corporation
in the granite processing business. In 2009, Wadley wanted to build
a granite plant in Alabama that, among other specifications, would
process 500 tons of granite per hour. 1st Quality is a Georgia cor-
poration that represents manufacturers in the sale of equipment
used in the granite industry. 1st Quality sells equipment, provides
customer support in connection with equipment sales, and supplies
parts for some equipment from its warehouse. Based on prior busi-
ness dealings between the executives of both companies, Wadley
reached out to 1st Quality as it began the process of planning to
build the granite plant.
1st Quality worked with both Wadley and several third par-
ties to figure out how big the equipment would have to be to sup-
port the plant and sub-contracted with engineers, contractors, and
other vendors to figure out how the plant would operate. In other
words, 1st Quality was doing its due diligence to figure out what
kind of equipment the new Wadley plant would need. After this
investigation period, 1st Quality and Wadley entered into a con-
tract worth $5,579,255, which allocated $4,140,255 for 27 line items
of equipment, $1,384,000 for erection, installation, and electrical,
and $55,000 for extra electrical. The parties expected that 1st Qual-
ity would hire Gaston Construction Company to complete the line
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
items for erection, installation, and electrical work for the plant
(and 1st Quality would pay Gaston Construction Company accord-
ingly).
In February 2012, Wadley asked 1st Quality if Wadley could
work directly with Gaston Construction Company on the erection,
installation, and electrical work. 1 1st Quality agreed to that ar-
rangement, and the parties signed a modified contract in May 2012,
which subtracted out almost $1.5 million for the work Gaston Con-
struction Company would do independently. 2 In the modified
contract, worth $ 4,059,224.43, there were 27 line items. Twenty-
five of the line items were for individual pieces of equipment, add-
ing up to $3,887,274.43. The other two line items were for instal-
lation, setup, and calibration of scales and for engineering, which
combined, only added up to $171,950, less than five percent of the
contract price. Both parties understood that the engineering line
item would be done by a third party, whom 1st Quality would pay.
Wadley received all the contracted-for equipment but did
not pay the invoices for some of that equipment because Wadley
was not satisfied with the functioning of the plant. On its own
dime, 1st Quality visited the plant to try to figure out why the
1 Apparently, this is because 1st Quality was not a licensed contractor in Ala-
bama.
2 Any further references to the “contract” refer to this modified contract,
which omitted the erection, installation, and electrical work that would now
be done by Gaston Construction Company.
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21-11002 Opinion of the Court 5
equipment it sold Wadley did not meet the 500 ton-per-hour re-
quirement. 1st Quality understood that the plant was supposed to
process 500 tons of granite per hour when it sold the equipment to
Wadley.
About five years after the plant was completed, Wadley sued
1st Quality in Alabama state court, arguing, among other things,
that 1st Quality breached its contract with Wadley when the gran-
ite plant did not meet the 500 ton-per-hour requirement. 3 1st Qual-
ity removed that case to federal district court in the Middle District
of Alabama. The procedural history of this case from there is con-
voluted, and, frankly, irrelevant for our purposes until we get to
Wadley’s Fourth Amended Complaint.4 In that complaint,
Wadley alleged breach of contract as to the 500 ton-per-hour re-
quirement and as to the loadout capacity and also alleged misrep-
resentation by 1st Quality as to the specifications of the plant. 1st
Quality moved to dismiss, arguing that both the breach of contract
claims as well as the misrepresentation claim were barred by the
applicable statute of limitations. Specifically, 1st Quality argued
that the UCC’s four-year statute of limitations applied to the breach
3 Wadley also alleged breach of contract as to the loadout capacity of the plant
and misrepresentation as to the design of the granite plant. Wadley wanted a
plant that had a “rail ballast load out system that could load out 2,000 ton[s] of
granite per hour.”
4 The short story is that the District Court afforded Wadley multiple opportu-
nities to amend its complaint to allege facts establishing that it filed within the
applicable statute of limitations.
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
of contract claims because, 1st Quality said, the contract was for
goods rather than services. And 1st Quality argued that a two-year
statute of limitations applied to the misrepresentation claim. The
District Court then dismissed the misrepresentation claim as
barred by the two-year statute of limitations but allowed the
breach-of-contract claims to proceed because Wadley had alleged
enough facts to make it plausible that the contract was for services
rather than goods, so that it was plausible the action was not time-
barred. 5
1st Quality then answered the Fourth Amended Complaint
and counterclaimed against Wadley for breach of contract (and un-
just enrichment) for failing to pay 1st Quality for some of the equip-
ment at the granite plant. In the midst of both discovery and trial
preparation, 1st Quality then filed two summary judgment mo-
tions, one for Wadley’s claims and one for its own counterclaims
against Wadley. The District Court then granted both motions for
summary judgment. As to Wadley’s breach of contract claims, the
District Court determined that the contract was for goods under
the UCC, so the applicable statute of limitations had passed before
Wadley filed suit. Thus, the District Court granted summary judg-
ment on the breach of contract claims. As to 1st Quality’s counter-
claim, the District Court determined Wadley had to pay the unpaid
5 The District Court noted that “nothing in the contract specifically reflects
the[] specific services” Wadley alleged that 1st Quality was supposed to pro-
vide.
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21-11002 Opinion of the Court 7
invoices, with interest and costs, and granted summary judgment
on the counterclaim as well. After the District Court denied its
motion to reconsider, Wadley timely appealed the District Court’s
order granting summary judgment as to both claims, the District
Court’s denial of the motion to reconsider its grant of summary
judgment as to 1st Quality’s counterclaims, and the District Court’s
order for Wadley to pay 1st Quality based on the counterclaim,
with interests and costs.
II.
Now, we must determine whether the District Court erred
in granting summary judgment for 1st Quality on both the breach
of contract claims and the counterclaim for unpaid invoices and
whether it erred in denying Wadley’s motion for reconsideration
on the grant of summary judgment as to 1st Quality’s counter-
claim.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo. Sierra Club, Inc. v. Leavitt, 488 F.3d 904, 911 (11th Cir.
2007). We grant summary judgment “when viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Id.; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We
review a District Court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal
conclusions de novo. AcryliCon USA, LLC v. Silikal GmbH, 985
F.3d 1350, 1363 (11th Cir. 2021). Where there is no dispute over
the contract terms themselves, we review de novo the
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
determination of whether the contract is for goods or services.
BMC Indus., Inc. v. Barth Indus., Inc., 160 F.3d 1322, 1331 (11th
Cir. 1998).
And, finally, we review a district court’s denial of a motion
for reconsideration for abuse of discretion. Corley v. Long-Lewis,
Inc., 965 F.3d 1222, 1234 (11th Cir. 2020).
III.
Let’s start with the governing law. Federal courts sitting in
diversity apply the choice of law rules for the state in which they
sit. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496, 61 S.
Ct. 1020, 1021 (1941). So, Alabama choice of law rules apply in this
case. Alabama’s choice of law rule states that the law of the state
where the contract was signed governs the contract. See Cherokee
Ins. Co., Inc. v. Sanches, 975 So. 2d 287, 292 (Ala. 2007). So, Geor-
gia substantive law governs the contract at issue. But for proce-
dural matters, generally Alabama applies its own law, and Alabama
law considers the statute of limitations to be a procedural matter.6
See Battles v. Pierson Chevrolet, Inc., 274 So.2d 281, 285 (Ala.
1973). So, we are left with Georgia law governing the interpreta-
tion of the contract—whether it is for goods or services in this
case—and Alabama law governing whether Wadley filed a
6 There are exceptions to this general rule. But the parties have agreed with
the District Court’s holding that Alabama law governs the applicable statute
of limitations, so we do not dive deeper into or disturb the District Court’s
analysis of the applicable statute of limitations here.
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counterclaim within the applicable statute of limitations. Alabama
and Georgia have both adopted the UCC, and the applicable stat-
ute of limitations under the UCC is four years. See Ala. Code § 7-
2-725(1); O.C.G.A. § 11-2-725.
Starting with the substance of the contract, Georgia law says
that when a contract is for both goods and services, the court must
apply the predominant factor test to determine whether the con-
tract is more for the sale of goods or for services. See J. Lee Greg-
ory, Inc. v. Scandinavian House, L.P., 433 S.E.2d 687, 689 (Ga. Ct.
App. 1993); S. Tank Equip. Co. v. Zartic, Inc., 471 S.E.2d 587, 589
(Ga. Ct. App. 1986). “When the predominant element of a contract
is the sale of goods, the contract is viewed as a sales contract and
the UCC applies even though a substantial amount of service is to
be rendered in installing the goods.” J. Lee Gregory, 433 S.E.2d at
689 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). We must de-
termine whether the services 1st Quality provided were “inci-
dental” to the sale of goods. Id. If they were, then the sale of goods
was the predominant purpose, but, if the sale of goods was only
incidental to the provision of services, then services predominate.
See id.To apply the predominant factor test, we must evaluate
three aspects of the contract to determine whether goods or ser-
vices are predominant: 1) the language of the contract—looking at
how the parties refer to each other and the labeling of the contract;
2) the subject matter of the contract—looking to see if the contract
is for a movable good; and 3) the billing of the contract—looking
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
to see the proportion of the contract’s price dedicated to goods and
services. See Suntrust Bank v. Venable, 791 S.E.2d 5, 7–8 (Ga.
2016); see also BMC Indus., 160 F.3d at 1330 (applying the same
predominant factor test to a contract governed by Florida law). If,
after applying the predominant factor test, it is still unclear whether
the contract is for goods or for services, Georgia law says that the
UCC should “be liberally construed and applied to promote its un-
derlying purposes and policies.” Óle Mexican Foods, Inc. v. Han-
son Staple Co., 676 S.E.2d 169, 171 (Ga. 2009).
Under the first factor, we must look at the language of the
contract. Wadley makes much of the fact that the modified con-
tract is for a “500 TPH Portable Granite Plant.” The modified con-
tract also has a reference to the “Total Plant Selling Price.” That
makes it seem like the contract is for a working granite plant, a cus-
tom-built operation, which could point in the direction of the con-
tract being for the service of designing a plant rather than just the
component parts themselves. See Heart of Tex. Dodge, Inc. v. Star
Coach, LLC, 567 S.E.2d 61, 64 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002) (explaining that
the contract was for services rather than goods when the purpose
of the contract was to customize a vehicle and the parts purchased
to do so were only incidental to the service). The contract ends
with 1st Quality’s executive saying, “We thank you for giving us
the opportunity to work with you on this plant.” That too seems
to indicate that 1st Quality was providing the service of construct-
ing a plant. See id. (explaining that services were anything but inci-
dental to customizing a vehicle).
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On the flip side, the contract says that it is a “quotation,” a
common word used in the sale of goods. See Paramount Contract-
ing Co. v. DPS Indus., Inc., 709 S.E.2d 288, 291–92 (Ga. Ct. App.
2011) (explaining that quote for selling dirt indicated a contract for
goods rather than services). And the fact that the contract refers to
the “Total Plant Selling Price” can cut in 1st Quality’s favor too be-
cause usually in contractual language only goods are bought and
sold, in contrast to services. See BMC Indus., 160 F.3d at 1330 (ex-
plaining that words like “purchase,” “customer,” and “seller,” indi-
cate a transaction for the sale of goods). Further, the contract spe-
cifically listed out 25 items of “equipment,” which suggests a goods
contract. Id. In BMC, we found that the contract’s language sug-
gested a goods transaction when it stated that it was a “purchase
order ‘for the fabrication and installation of automated equip-
ment.’” Id. at 1331 (quoting parties’ contract). The Court so con-
cluded despite language in the contract that one party had hired the
other to “‘design, fabricate, debug/test and supervise field installa-
tion and start up of equipment to automate the operations of
[BMC’s production line for unfinished eyeglass lenses].’” Id. at
1325 (quoting parties’ contract). Here, any language that would
suggest a services contract is not as robust as the language in BMC
Industries. So, the first factor does not cut decisively in either
party’s direction.
Turning to the second factor, we must evaluate whether the
contract is for a movable good. Under Georgia law, “goods” are
defined by whether they are “movable at the time of identification
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to the contract for sale.” O.C.G.A. § 11-2-105(1). In the modified
contract, 25 of the 27 line items are for movable goods. Each piece
of equipment is a good that was movable when the contract was
signed. 1st Quality is a sales representative for equipment. This
factor clearly favors us holding that the UCC applies to the con-
tract.
Finally, we must evaluate how the contract was billed. See
BMC Indus., 160 F.3d at 1330. “[W]hen the contract price does not
include the cost of services, or the charge for goods exceeds that
for services, the contract is more likely to be for goods.” Id.; see
also J. Lee Gregory, 433 S.E.2d at 689 (“Rather it would appear that
the rendition of services was the incidental factor. After all, approx-
imately two-thirds of the cost of the transaction was allocated to
[goods].”). Looking at the contract itself, we know that there were
27 line items, 25 of which were for individual pieces of equipment,
totaling $3,887,274.43, over 95% of the contract price. The last two
line items for the installation, setup, and calibration of the scales
and engineering totaled $171,950, less than five percent of the con-
tract price. And we know that both parties understood that the en-
gineering included in the last line item would be done by a third
party anyway, not by 1st Quality. If over 95% of the contract is for
goods, then it seems pretty clear under Georgia case law, like J. Lee
Gregory, that the contract is for goods and not services. J. Lee
Gregory, 433 S.E.2d at 688–89. But, Wadley argues, the numbers
aren’t the whole story. The thrust of Wadley’s response to the 95%
figure is that the price for each line item of equipment in the
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21-11002 Opinion of the Court 13
contract included a mark-up—meaning that 1st Quality was baking
its charge for services into the cost of each item of equipment so
that there is a genuine issue of material fact on the costs allocable
to goods and services sufficient to defeat summary judgment.
At oral argument, 1st Quality pointed to Document 112 of
the record and its exhibits to explain that 1) even accepting
Wadley’s argument that markups constitute service charges and as-
suming a 20% markup on all 25 equipment items and 2) counting
the $91,000 commission payment that 1st Quality received from
Gaston as a service charge, still 74% of the contract would be at-
tributable to goods rather than services. So, 1st Quality explained,
still no genuine dispute of material fact exists, even taking Wadley’s
figures as the right ones, because the contract is still clearly for
goods based on Georgia case law. See Zartic, 471 S.E.2d at 588; J.
Lee Gregory, 433 S.E.2d at 688. 1st Quality’s colloquy with the
Court on this issue was a surprise to Wadley, which explained that
it was not aware of the figures 1st Quality was referring to. So, we
asked for supplemental briefing to help us resolve the issue.
Having reviewed the supplemental briefing, we do not
think it sheds meaningful light on the issue. We simply cannot
conclude, as a matter of either law or fact, that the markups repre-
sent service charges. Wadley has cited no record document or case
to suggest that the contracting parties agreed to the markups as dis-
guised service charges, and it seems more logical to conclude that
a sale of equipment will include a margin of profit for the seller.
So, summary judgment is appropriate, because this is a contract for
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14 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
goods, and the UCC’s applicable four-year statute of limitations has
passed. 7
IV.
Now, all we have left to do is decide whether the District
Court properly granted summary judgment to 1st Quality and
properly denied Wadley’s motion for reconsideration on its coun-
terclaim for unpaid invoices. Wadley raises three defenses on ap-
peal that, it says, foreclose summary judgment on the issue of un-
paid invoices: 1) its setoff defense; 2) its implied warranty of fitness
claim; and 3) its statute of limitations defense. None are persuasive.
First, Wadley argues that it properly asserted a common-law
setoff or recoupment defense below that should have foreclosed
summary judgment and that the District Court’s reading of
7 Wadley’s more global position that the contract is for services seems to be
based in the outside conversations of the executives at Wadley and 1st Quality
and 1st Quality’s role in consulting on the plant. The problem for Wadley is
that Georgia law has recognized that services will often be a part of delivering
goods, and the services involved in preparing to provide goods do not trans-
form a contract from the sale of goods to the provision of services. See Para-
mount, 709 S.E.2d at 290 (“When the predominant element of a contract is the
sale of goods, the contract is viewed as a sales contract and [the UCC] applies,
even though a substantial amount of service is to be rendered in installing the
goods.” (quoting Heart of Tex., 567 S.E.2d at 63)). On a separate note, we
acknowledge that Wadley’s counsel on appeal did not represent Wadley when
Wadley originally filed its complaint. Wadley has sued its original lawyers for
malpractice in not filing the breach of contract claims earlier. Wadley Crushed
Stone Co. LLC v. Rushton Stakely Johnston & Garrett, Case No. CV-2021-
900252 (Cir. Ct. of Montgomery Cnty., Ala.).
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Wadley’s defense as a statutory setoff defense under Ala. Code § 6-
8-80 was unjustifiably narrow. After review of Wadley’s response
to 1st Quality’s motion for summary judgment on the unpaid in-
voices, we think the District Court was exactly right. Wadley did
not assert a common-law recoupment or setoff defense based on
Finish Line v. J.F. Pate & Assocs. Contractors, 90 So. 3d 749 (Ala.
Civ. App. 2012) in its response to 1st Quality, like it does on appeal.
In its brief opposing summary judgment, Wadley points to Ala.
Code § 6-8-80 and then says the following:
In the event the Court finds that 1st Quality’s motion
for summary judgment on the unpaid invoices should
be granted, while at the same time finding that WCS’s
claims against 1st Quality can proceed to a jury, it
should decline to certify a judgment in favor of 1st
Quality on its counterclaims as final under Fed. R.
Civ. P. 54(b) so that the issue of set-off can be resolved
at trial.
The only way to read Wadley’s argument in its opposition to 1st
Quality’s motion for summary judgment is that Wadley wanted a
setoff if it prevailed at trial. So, if the District Court determined
that 1st Quality should not prevail on its summary judgment mo-
tion on the statute of limitations issue, then, Wadley was saying,
“We should be entitled to a setoff for the unpaid invoices based on
whatever we get from the jury.” We agree with the District Court
that Wadley did not sufficiently flesh out any other theory, such as
to preserve it. Because Wadley cannot recover on its original claim
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16 Opinion of the Court 21-11002
because of the statute of limitations issue, its setoff defense is una-
vailing.
Next, as to the implied warranty of fitness defense, as the
District Court explained, Wadley never raised implied warranty of
fitness in its original pleadings. Nor did it raise an implied warranty
defense in its answer to 1st Quality’s counterclaim. We do not typ-
ically allow parties to raise new defenses in response to summary
judgment motions that they did not already make in their answers
unless there are exceptional circumstances, such as when “a pure
question of law is involved” and a failure to address it would result
in “a miscarriage of justice.” Easterwood v. CSX Transp., Inc., 933
F.2d 1548, 1551 (11th Cir. 1991), aff’d, 507 U.S. 658, 113 S. Ct. 1732(1993) (“If federal pre-emption is an affirmative defense, CSX’s fail-
ure to specifically plead the defense in its answer or amended an-
swer results in the waiver of this defense.”). Had Wadley asked to
amend its answer under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a) to include an implied
warranty defense, the District Court might have allowed Wadley
to remedy the problem in its answer. See id. It did not do so.
The reason we require parties to raise their defenses in an-
swering a complaint or counterclaim is that it helps trial prepara-
tion as discovery is targeted toward the claims and defenses that
are presented. See Hassan v. U.S. Postal Serv., 842 F.2d 260, 263
(11th Cir. 1988). And here, Wadley and 1st Quality engaged in ex-
tensive discovery before Wadley brought up this defense in its re-
sponse to 1st Quality’s motion for summary judgment. It would
thus be unfair to 1st Quality to allow Wadley to raise that defense
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21-11002 Opinion of the Court 17
now. So, there is no miscarriage of justice in us denying Wadley
consideration of the implied warranty of fitness claim, and we
deem it forfeited.
Finally, Wadley argues that if the UCC statute of limitations
bars its claims, it should also bar 1st Quality’s claim for unpaid in-
voices. The only problem is that Wadley forfeited that argument
when it did not include it in its response to 1st Quality’s motion for
summary judgment on the unpaid invoices. Again, we typically do
not reach arguments forfeited by the parties and only do consider
them in a very limited set of circumstances. See Access Now, Inc.
v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004). Wadley’s
failure to raise the statute of limitations defense in its response to
1st Quality’s motion for summary judgment is not an “exceptional
condition[]” that merits us using our discretion to consider it now.
Id. at 1332. Wadley’s argument on the statute of limitations de-
fense is forfeited.
Therefore, the District Court properly granted summary
judgment to 1st Quality on the claim for unpaid invoices and
properly denied Wadley’s motion for reconsideration, and the Dis-
trict Court’s judgment is
AFFIRMED.