Juan Bautista Lugo v. United States

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
OCTOBER 19, 2009
No. 08-15423 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket Nos. 08-00563-CV-T-30-MSS, 04-00457-CR-T-3
JUAN BAUTISTA LUGO,
Petitioner,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(October 19, 2009)
Before EDMONDSON, CARNES and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Juan Bautista Lugo, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court’s decision
denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence.
We granted a certificate of appealability on two issues: (1) “[w]hether Lugo
established that his counsel was ineffective for failing to communicate a plea offer
to him,” and (2) “[w]hether Lugo established that his counsel was ineffective for
acting under a conflict of interest.” Lugo contends that his trial attorney failed to
inform him of a plea offer from the government. He also contends that his court-
appointed trial attorney had a financial conflict of interest because Lugo’s family
had refused his offer to retain him as private counsel.
I.
In a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceeding, we review the district court’s legal
conclusions de novo and its findings of fact for clear error. Devine v. United
States, 520 F.3d 1286, 1287 (11th Cir. 2008). A claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Id. We give
“substantial deference to the factfinder . . . in reaching credibility determinations
with respect to witness testimony.” United States v. McPhee, 336 F.3d 1269, 1275
(11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted).
Under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064
(1984), a defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must show (1) that
counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) that the deficient performance
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prejudiced the defense. Id. A petitioner seeking relief under § 2255 on the basis of
ineffective counsel must succeed on both prongs of the Strickland test. Butcher v.
United States, 368 F.3d 1290, 1293 (11th Cir. 2004).
Strickland applies not only to trial performance, but also to counsel’s advice
on plea decisions. Coulter v. Herring, 60 F.3d 1499, 1503–04 (11th Cir. 1995)
(citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 58, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985)). In this case,
the first prong of Strickland requires Lugo to show by a preponderance of the
evidence that his decision not to plead guilty was not voluntary because he
received advice from counsel that was below the range of competence demanded
of attorneys in criminal cases. See Hill, 474 U.S. at 56-58, 106 S. Ct. at 369–70;
Gallo-Chamorro v. United States, 233 F.3d 1298, 1303 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating a
preponderance standard for proving deficient performance). The second prong
requires Lugo to “establish that ‘counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance
affected the outcome of the plea process,’” meaning that Lugo “‘must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would have
pleaded guilty and would not have insisted on going to trial.’” Coulter, 60 F.3d at
1504 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59, 106 S. Ct. at 370 (alteration omitted)).
Failing to communicate a plea offer is, at a minimum, inconsistent with
counsel’s duty to “consult with his client on important decisions and to keep him
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informed of important developments in the course of the prosecution.” Diaz v.
United States, 930 F.2d 832, 834 (11th Cir. 1991). But even if such a failure
necessarily constitutes “deficient performance” under Strickland, see Johnson v.
Duckworth, 793 F.2d 898, 900 (7th Cir. 1986), Lugo’s claim fails because he
cannot show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s alleged omission.
Although the district court never resolved the dispute over whether or not
Lugo’s counsel informed him of the government’s written plea offer, the court
found that counsel did in fact meet with Lugo to discuss in general terms the
possibility of pleading guilty, and that Lugo refused and insisted on going to trial.
The government’s proposed deal offered little more than Lugo could have gotten
by pleading guilty without any agreement. In either case Lugo would have been
eligible for a three-level reduction in return for acceptance of responsibility and
timely notification of intent to plead guilty. The government promised to
recommend a sentence at the low end of the guidelines range, and Lugo actually
received that same low-end sentence. The only additional benefit the government
offered was the possibility of further reduction if Lugo provided “substantial
assistance” to the prosecution. While Lugo now claims he would have accepted
that deal had he known about it, his attorney testified that Lugo not only refused to
consider cooperating with the government but in fact became offended at any
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suggestion that he might do so. The district court, whose determinations of
credibility are entitled to substantial deference, did not clearly err in finding that
Lugo would have rejected the government’s offer if counsel had told him about it.
Because Lugo has not demonstrated that he was prejudiced by his attorney’s failure
to inform him of the plea offer, he has failed to establish that his right to counsel
was impaired.
II.
We review de novo a petitioner’s contention that his attorney provided
ineffective assistance due to a conflict of interest. Caderno v. United States, 256
F.3d 1213, 1218 (11th Cir. 2001). Under Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348,
100 S. Ct. 1708, 1718 (1980), the petitioner must prove both that (1) his attorney
had an actual conflict of interest, and (2) the conflict adversely affected the
attorney’s performance. Reynolds v. Chapman, 253 F.3d 1337, 1342 (11th Cir.
2001).
Lugo argues that his counsel had a financial conflict of interest stemming
from the refusal of Lugo’s family to hire him as a private attorney. To satisfy the
first prong of Cuyler, however, Lugo cannot merely show the “possibility” of a
conflict, but “must establish that an actual financial conflict existed by showing
that his counsel actively represented his own financial interest.” Caderno, 256
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F.3d at 1218. Lugo must be able to point to specific evidence in the record
showing that his attorney actually made decisions that benefitted the attorney but
harmed the client. See Reynolds, 253 F.3d at 1343 (quoting Smith v. White, 815
F.2d 1401, 1404 (11th Cir. 1987)). To meet the second prong of Cuyler, Lugo
must show that the conflict adversely affected his attorney’s performance by
demonstrating that (1) his attorney could have pursued a plausible alternative
strategy, (2) the alternative strategy was reasonable, and (3) the alternative strategy
was not followed because it conflicted with the attorney’s own interests. See id.While Lugo did present evidence that his appointed trial counsel had
unsuccessfully tried to solicit Lugo’s family to retain him privately, he has not
shown that his counsel’s performance suffered as a result of that attempt. Aside
from counsel’s failure to inform him of the plea offer—which, the district court
found, Lugo would have rejected anyway—Lugo makes no specific complaints
about the quality of his representation. As the district court noted, Lugo’s attorney
put on a “vigorous” defense throughout the proceedings, moving to suppress
evidence and successfully challenging a sentencing enhancement. Lugo offers
nothing to suggest that his attorney gave the case anything less than his best
efforts, and so he has failed to overcome the usual presumption that his counsel
“subordinate[d] his . . . pecuniary interests and honor[ed] his . . . professional
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responsibility to [his] client.” Caderno, 256 F.3d at 1219 (quotation marks
omitted).
AFFIRMED.
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