Dean James DelGuidice v. Florida Dept. of Corr.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Nov. 4, 2009
No. 09-12399 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 08-61911-CV-JIC
DEAN JAMES DELGUIDICE,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Walter A. McNeil, Secretary,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(November 4, 2009)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, BARKETT and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant Dean James Delguidice appeals the district court’s dismissal of
his counseled petition for writ of habeas corpus, under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The
district court found that Delguidice’s § 2254 petition was not properly filed under
Florida state rules, and thus, was untimely under the one-year statute of limitations
of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub. L.
No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (1996). There is no dispute that Delguidice filed his
first, and unsworn, Rule 3.850 motion before the one-year AEDPA statute of
limitations was set to expire, and that he filed an amended, and sworn, Rule 3.850
motion after the one-year period.
On appeal, Delguidice argues that his unsworn Rule 3.850 motion was
properly filed, because it was accepted by the state court and not dismissed as
improperly filed for lacking verification.1 He contends that, under Florida rules,
the oath requirement need not be fulfilled at the time a motion is filed, and that
other state rules allow for post-conviction motions to be amended at any time. He
also argues that the oath requirement is not a rule that is “firmly established and
regularly followed,” so his Rule 3.850 motion was still “properly filed.” He
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Delguidice also argues that his attorney’s signature on his Rule 3.850 motion satisfied
Florida’s oath requirement. He did not raise this argument below, and, therefore, it is waived.
See Hurley v. Moore, 233 F.3d 1295, 1298 (11th Cir. 2000).
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alternatively asserts equitable tolling and “actual innocence”2 claims to overcome
any time-bar.
We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a federal habeas petition,
including the determination that a petition is time-barred under 28 U.S.C. §
2244(d) and is not subject to equitable tolling. See Arthur v. Allen, 452 F.3d 1234,
1243 (11th Cir. 2006) (time-barred); Drew v. Dep’t of Corr., 297 F.3d 1278, 1283
(11th Cir. 2002) (equitable tolling). A district court’s findings of fact, including
whether a party acted diligently, are reviewed under the clear error standard.
Drew, 297 F.3d at 1283. Arguments raised for the first time on appeal are not
properly before this court. Hurley v. Moore, 233 F.3d 1295, 1298 (11th Cir. 2000).
The AEDPA establishes a one-year statute of limitations for filing § 2254
petitions, which begins to run following the latest of four events, one of which is
the day that the judgment becomes “final.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). The judgment
becomes final on the day which the United States Supreme Court issues a decision
2
We decline to address the actual innocence claim, because the district court’s Certificate
of Appealability (“COA”) did not include this issue, see, e.g., Kuenzel v. Allen, 488 F.3d 1341,
1343 (11th Cir. 2007) (declining to address a petitioner’s actual innocence claim because the
COA did not include this issue), and because we have never held that an actual innocence
exception exists to the one-year AEDPA statute of limitations, see, e.g., Sibley v. Culliver, 377
F.3d 1196, 1205 (11th Cir. 2004). Nevertheless, because the evidence that Delguidice relies on
was previously presented at his trial in state court, it is not “newly discovered,” and, therefore,
does not support an actual innocence claim. See Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1205 (holding that, before
addressing whether such an exception exists, an inmate must first raise “new facts” and
demonstrate that, in light of the new evidence, it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror
would have convicted him).
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on the merits of the petitioner’s direct appeal, denies certiorari, or after the
expiration of the 90 days in which the petitioner could file a petition for certiorari.
Bond v. Moore, 309 F.3d 770, 773-74 (11th Cir. 2002).
Under either trigger date, the limitations period is tolled during the time “a
properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review . . . is
pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2) (emphasis added). Although the federal statute
does not define “properly filed,” the Supreme Court has construed those words.
See Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 121 S. Ct. 361, 148 L. Ed. 2d 213 (2000); Pace v.
DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 125 S. Ct. 1807, 161 L. Ed. 2d 669 (2005).
Specifically, “an application is ‘properly filed’ when its delivery and acceptance
are in compliance with the applicable laws and rules governing filings.” Artuz, 531
U.S. at 8, 121 S. Ct. at 364. The Artuz Court explained that the laws and rules
about filings “usually prescribe, for example, the form of the document, the time
limits upon its delivery [and] the court and office in which it must be lodged . . . .”
Id. at 8, 121 S. Ct. at 364. Moreover, an application that was erroneously accepted
without complying with procedural requirements will be pending, but it will not be
“properly filed.” Id. at 9, 121 S. Ct. at 364. “Quite simply, the Supreme Court said
that ‘when a post-conviction petition is untimely under state law, that is the end of
the matter for purposes of § 2244(d)(2),’ because, ‘time limits, no matter their
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form, are ‘filing’ conditions.’” Sweet v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 467 F.3d 1311, 1316
(11th Cir. 2006) (citing Pace, 544 U.S. at 414, 417, 125 S. Ct. at 1812, 1814)
(alterations omitted). Under Artuz, we give “due deference” to state procedural
rules governing filings to determine whether an application for state post-
conviction relief is “properly filed” under § 2244(d)(2), see Wade v. Battle, 379
F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004), but those rules must be “firmly established and
regularly followed,” see Siebert v. Campbell, 334 F.3d 1018, 1025 (11th Cir.
2003).
In Florida, a state prisoner may file a post-conviction motion challenging his
conviction within two years from entry of a final judgment in a noncapital case.
Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(b). The Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure require that a
motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence be under oath. See Fla. R. Crim. P.
3.850. The Rules also require that motions for post-conviction relief be “legibly
handwritten or typewritten,” signed by the defendant and contain a notarized oath.
See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.987. Alternatively, Rule 3.987 allows the defendant to
include an unnotarized oath, which states that “[u]nder penalties of perjury, I
declare that I have read the foregoing motion and that the facts stated in it are
true.” Id. The two-year period allowed for filing a Florida post-conviction motion
does not expand the AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations period. Tinker v.
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Moore, 255 F.3d 1331, 1334-35 (11th Cir. 2001). Importantly, a state post-
conviction motion is not “properly filed” under § 2244(d)(2) if it fails to comply
with Florida’s written oath requirement. Hurley, 233 F.3d at 1297.
In Melson v. Allen, 548 F.3d 993 (11th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 2009 WL
2160589 (U.S. Oct. 5, 2009) (No. 09-5373), we held that an inmate’s state post-
conviction motion, which was dismissed by the state court for failure to comply
with the rule requiring verification, was not “properly filed” within the meaning of
the tolling provision of the one-year limitations period for federal habeas corpus
petitions, regardless of the fact that the verification requirement was
non-jurisdictional, subject to waiver, and curable by amendment. Melson, 548
F.3d at 997 (“‘[N]o matter their form’ and regardless of whether they are
‘jurisdictional, an affirmative defense, or something in between,’ state rules which
establish filing conditions fall within the meaning of ‘properly filed’ under
§ 2244(d)(2).”) (quoting Allen v. Siebert, 552 U.S. 3, __, 128 S. Ct. 2, 4, 169 L. Ed.
2d 329 (2007)) (alterations omitted). We also held that the inmate’s amended
state post-conviction motion, which corrected the verification deficiencies of the
previously filed motion, but was filed after expiration of the one-year AEDPA
limitations period, did not toll the limitations period, as the limitations period had
already expired. Id. at 998. Moreover, we held that the inmate could not “attempt
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to resurrect a terminated statute of limitations by subsequently filing documents
that purport to ‘relate back’ to previously submitted documents that were, in
themselves, insufficient to toll the statute.” Id. (quoting Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1204).
“Equitable tolling can be applied to prevent the application of the AEDPA’s
statutory deadline when ‘extraordinary circumstances’ have worked to prevent an
otherwise diligent petitioner from timely filing his petition.” Drew, 297 F.3d at
1286 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). Equitable tolling is an
extraordinary remedy that is typically applied sparingly, and only when a petitioner
establishes that he did not timely file a petition because of “extraordinary
circumstances that are both beyond his control and unavoidable even with
diligence.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In the absence of a showing of
diligence, a petitioner is not entitled to equitable relief. Id. at 1289.
Although the record demonstrates that the state court accepted Delguidice’s
first post-conviction motion and the state court did not dismiss it as improperly
filed, we conclude that, it was not “properly filed,” because it failed to comply with
Florida’s written oath requirement. Delguidice has not demonstrated that the oath
requirement is a rule that is not “firmly established and regularly followed.” To
the extent that Florida requirements were “non-jurisdictional, subject to waiver,
and curable by amendment,” the oath requirement is a filing condition that falls
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within the meaning of “properly filed” under § 2244(d)(2). Consequently, while
his amended motion, which corrected the verification deficiencies of his previously
filed motion, was submitted within the two-year limitations period under Florida
rules, the Florida Rules do not expand the AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations
period, and do not resurrect an expired limitations period.
Additionally, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in finding
that Delguidice was not diligent in filing his post-conviction motion within the
one-year AEDPA deadline, as he waited until two days before the expiration of
that deadline to file his first Rule 3.850 motion. There was no evidence that he was
prevented from filing his federal habeas petition on time, and the other reasons
provided by Delguidice do not constitute extraordinary circumstances. As such,
because Delguidice was not diligent in pursuing his post-conviction claims, the
district court properly denied him the extraordinary remedy of equitable tolling.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment of dismissal.
AFFIRMED.
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