United States v. Joshua Mojica

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
No. 09-11244 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
DECEMBER 18, 2009
Non-Argument Calendar
THOMAS K. KAHN
________________________
CLERK
D. C. Docket No. 00-00306-CR-T-26-MAP
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOSHUA MOJICA,
a.k.a. Ramiro Josh Salazar,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
No. 09-11246
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 08-00298-CR-T-26-TBM
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOSHUA MOJICA,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(December 18, 2009)
Before TJOFLAT, PRYOR and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
On August 23, 2000, a Middle District of Florida grand jury returned a
three-count indictment charging appellant in Count 1 with armed bank robbery and
in Counts 2 and 3 with bank robbery.1 He pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement
to Counts 1 and 3 and the district court sentenced him to concurrent prison terms of
84 months and a 36 months’ term of supervised release. He served his prison
sentence and commenced his term of supervised release in October 2006.
On June 28, 2008, appellant attempted to rob two banks in Tampa, Florida.
On July 7, 2008, the district court’s probation office, having learned of these
1
The Count 1 offense occurred on July 19, 2000 in Clearwater, Florida; the Count 2
offense occurred on August 2, 2000 in Temple Terrace, Florida; the Count 3 offense occurred on
August 3, 2000 in Tampa, Florida.
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events, obtained a warrant for his arrest for violating the conditions of his
supervised release, and on July 16, 2008, a grand jury indicted him, in two counts,
for the attempted bank robberies.
On August 27, 2008, appellant was arrested and taken into custody. On
December 22, 2008, he pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to Count One of
the July 16 indictment. On March 6, 2009, he appeared before the district court for
sentencing on Count One and for a hearing on whether to revoke his supervised
release. The court revoked the supervised release and sentenced appellant to
prison for 36 months. The court then sentenced appellant to a consecutive 240
months’ imprisonment on Count One. He now appeals these sentences. Regarding
the Count One sentence, he contends that the sentence was procedurally and
substantively unreasonable because the district court failed to make its reasoning
sufficiently clear and because a within-guideline sentence would have been
sufficient to address the concerns the court expressed. He further contends that, in
light of the severity of the combined sentences, the court should have given notice
of its intent to vary upward from the Guidelines sentence range and should have
granted a continuance before imposing the variance.
I.
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We review a sentence for reasonableness in a two-step process. First, we
must
ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural
error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the
Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to
consider the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based
on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen
sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from the
Guidelines range. Assuming that the district court’s sentencing
decision is procedurally sound, [we] should then consider the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-
of-discretion standard.
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, __, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597, 169 L. Ed. 2d 445
(2007).2
In this case, no procedural error occurred. The district court adopted the
undisputed facts and Guidelines sentence range set forth in the presentencing
investigation report (PSI) and in the Probation Memorandum detailing appellant’s
violation of the terms of his supervised release. The court acknowledged the
advisory nature of the Sentencing Guidelines, reviewed the § 3553(a) factors in
2
Appellant failed to present his procedural-error objection to the district court. We
therefore consider his objection for plain error only. See United States v. Massey, 443 F.3d 814,
818 (11th Cir. 2006) (addressing the clarity of an objection to a guideline calculation). In such a
situation, the appellant must show (1) an error that (2) is plain, (3) affects substantial rights, and
(4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United
States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S. Ct. 1770, 1776, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993). We find no
procedural error here, much less plain error.
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detail,3 explained why each one supported its position that statutory-maximum
sentences were the “only” reasonable sentences under the circumstances, and
explicitly referenced the statements appellant had made on his own behalf. Taken
as a whole, the record shows that the court “considered the parties’ arguments and
ha[d] a reasoned basis for exercising [its] own legal decisionmaking authority.”
Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2468, 168 L. Ed. 2d 203
(2007).
As for substantive reasonableness, the district court took into account
appellant’s drug addiction, his failure to adhere to his various treatment plans while
in prison and on supervised release, and his own admission that he cared about
nothing and no one while under the influence of drugs. The court also noted that
he had committed each of his offenses while on probation or supervised release for
the previous one, that the offenses had escalated from theft to armed robbery, and
that he had taken advantage of the lenience that had been shown to him in the past.
3
Those factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
educational or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission;
(9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution
to the victims. Id. (discussing § 3553(a)). The sentence must be no greater than necessary to
punish, deter, protect the public, and provide the training and care outlined in the statute.
§ 3553(a).
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It determined that nothing but incarceration would protect society from him, so he
needed to be imprisoned for as long as possible. Although he argues that a
sentence within his career offender guideline range would have been reasonable
and sufficient, he has not proved that the district court made a clear error of
judgment in the weight it gave to the frequency of his recidivism, the severity of
his crimes, and his apparent inability or unwillingness to break the drug addiction
to which he attributed his criminal conduct. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by varying upward to the statutory maximum sentences.
II.
Appellant objected in the district court to the lack of notice of the court’s
intention to vary from the guideline sentence range, but he did not request a
continuance. To the extent that he argues that he was entitled to notice, we review
the district court’s conclusions of law de novo. United States v. DeVegter, 439
F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2006). To the extent that he argues that the district
court should have granted a continuance sua sponte, we review for plain error only.
See Massey, 443 F.3d at 818 (applying plain error review to an unclear objection to
a guideline calculation); United States v. Aguillard, 217 F.3d 1319, 1320 (11th Cir.
2000) (applying plain error where the defendant failed to raise a particular
sentencing argument). To find plain error, we would have to conclude that the
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court, acting on its own initiative, should have postponed sentencing. There is
nothing in the record that indicating a need for a postponement. In short, there
could be no plain error here.
When a district court is considering applying a departure not already
identified in the PSI or other presentencing submissions, Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 32 requires the court to give the parties reasonable notice of its intention
to do so. Irizarry v. United States (“Irizarry II”), 553 U.S. __, 128 S. Ct. 2198,
2200, 171 L. Ed. 2d 28 (2008) (discussing Rule 32). No such notice requirement
applies to variances imposed under the § 3553(a) factors because “parties are
inherently on notice that the [S]entencing [G]uidelines range is advisory . . . .
[Therefore,] parties cannot claim unfair surprise or inability to present informed
comment.” United States v. Irizarry (“Irizarry I”), 458 F.3d 1208, 1212 (11th Cir.
2006), aff’d, Irizarry II, 553 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 2201-02.
Sound practice dictates that judges should ensure that the parties have all of
the relevant information before the hearing and should give them an adequate
opportunity to debate the relevant issues. Irizarry II, 553 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at
2203. The Supreme Court has “recognize[d] that there will be some cases in which
the factual basis for a particular sentence will come as a surprise to a defendant or
the [g]overnment.” Id. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 2203 (emphasis added). In such
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situations, though, “[t]he more appropriate response . . . is not to extend the . . .
notice requirement categorically, but rather for a district judge to consider granting
a continuance when a party has a legitimate basis for claiming that the surprise was
prejudicial.” Id. In the ordinary case, counsel
will anticipate most of what might occur at the sentencing
hearing—based on the trial, [PSI], the exchanges of the parties
concerning the [PSI], and the preparation of mitigation evidence.
Garden variety considerations of culpability, criminal history,
likelihood of re-offense, seriousness of the crime, nature of the
conduct and so forth should not generally come as a surprise . . . .
Id. (quoting United States v. Vega-Santiago, 519 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2008) (en
banc) (first alteration in original)).
In this case, the district court applied a variance pursuant to § 3553(a), not a
departure pursuant to the Guidelines. The district court did not err in finding that it
had not been required to provide notice of its intent to do so. Appellant’s argument
that the interests of justice required notice under the circumstances is without
merit, as he has not alleged that “the factual basis for [the] particular sentence . . .
c[a]me as a surprise” or that the district court relied on anything other than
“[g]arden variety considerations of culpability, criminal history, likelihood of re-
offense, seriousness of the crime, nature of the conduct and so forth” in reaching its
decision. Irizarry II, 553 U.S. at __, 128 S.Ct. at 2203.
For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s sentences are
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AFFIRMED.
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