United States v. Arnoldo Hernandez

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
MAY 18, 2006
No. 05-12649 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 00-01067-CR-SH
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
ARNOLDO HERNANDEZ,
a.k.a. Ernie,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(May 18, 2006)
Before TJOFLAT, ANDERSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Arnoldo Hernandez appeals his conviction and sentence for conspiracy to
commit a crime against the United States and carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 371, 2119. Hernandez argues that the government breached its plea agreement,
and seeks a remand to allow resentencing before a different judge. Hernandez
further argues that even though he did not object to the breach of the plea
agreement at sentencing, the standard of review should be de novo because he
raised the issue in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. The government argues that the
proper standard of review is plain error.
The issue of whether the government breached a plea agreement is a
question of law, to be reviewed de novo. United States v. Mahique, 150 F.3d
1330, 1332 (11th Cir. 1998). However, where no objection is raised in the district
court, we review for plain error. Id. “When a defendant loses the opportunity to
appeal due to constitutionally defective counsel, the point of the § 2255 remedy is
to put [the defendant] back in the position he would have been in had his lawyer
filed a timely notice of appeal.” McIver v. United States, 307 F.3d 1327, 1331
(11th Cir. 2002) (alteration in original) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
When district courts find that a § 2255 movant is entitled to file an out-of-time
appeal of his criminal judgment, we have directed district courts to vacate the
criminal judgment and reimpose the same sentence. United States v. Phillips, 225
F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2000).
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Although Hernandez raised this issue before the district court in his § 2255
motion, when ruling upon that motion, the district court did not have the
opportunity to consider Hernandez’s sentence in light of his argument that the
government breached the plea agreement. Furthermore, allowing a defendant to
obtain preserved error review by initially raising his objection in a collateral
proceeding would give him an advantage he would not be entitled to had he made a
timely appeal, thereby contravening the goal of returning him to the same position
he was in before his opportunity to appeal expired. We hold that Hernandez is not
entitled to de novo review of his claim on direct appeal.
We therefore review whether the government breached its plea agreement
with Hernandez for plain error. Under plain error review, there must be (1) an
error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. United States v.
Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1328-29 (11th Cir. 2005). If these three prongs are met,
we may exercise our discretion to notice this error if it seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Id. In order for an
error to be plain, it must be obvious or clear under current law. United States v.
Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1207 (11th Cir. 2005). For an error to affect substantial
rights, “in most cases it means that the error must have been prejudicial: It must
have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” United States v.
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Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 1778, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). To
establish prejudice, the defendant must show a reasonable probability of a different
result. United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1299 (11th Cir.), cert. denied,
125 S.Ct. 2935 (2005). Where the effect of an error on the district court’s sentence
is uncertain or indeterminate, the defendant cannot show prejudice. Id. at 1301.
The Government concedes that Hernandez has shown error that was
obvious.1 However, Hernandez cannot meet the third prong of the plain error test
because it is uncertain whether the government’s breach affected his sentence. The
district court overruled Hernandez’s objections to the obstruction of justice
enhancement and lack of acceptance of responsibility adjustment for lack of a
predicate to warrant sustaining them. Based on the district court’s reasoning, it is,
at best, unclear whether it would have granted a reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. Without such a reduction, it would not have had grounds to
consider a downward departure pursuant to United States v. Rodriguez, 64 F.3d
638 (11th Cir. 1995), which involved a situation where the defendant received an
acceptance of responsibility reduction, but did not receive the benefit of that
1
Indeed, the Government’s brief purports to concede that the other prongs of the plain
error analysis have also been satisfied, and that the case should be remanded for resentencing.
The brief indicates that the Government does so “for the following reasons.” However, the
reasons cited by the Government do not support a conclusion that the third and fourth prongs of
the plain error analysis have been satisfied. Accordingly, we decline to accept the Government’s
concession.
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reduction because his Guideline range exceeded the statutory maximum sentence.
Although the district court was unable to tell whether Hernandez’s expression of
remorse was sincere, there is no indication in the record that, if the district court
had believed he was sincere, it would have had any inclination to depart below the
Guideline sentence. In addition, the district court did not express an opinion as to
whether it believed Hernandez’s sentence was excessive.
Because Hernandez cannot establish prejudice, we cannot notice this error,
and, therefore, Hernandez’s conviction and sentence are
AFFIRMED.
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