United States v. Rhodes

PUBLISH
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
06/04/99
THOMAS K. KAHN
No. 97-6853 CLERK
D.C. Docket No. 97-00048-001
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
NANCY V. RHODES,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Alabama
(June 4, 1999)
Before TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, GODBOLD and HILL, Senior Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
This case arises from a fraudulent workers’ compensation claim filed by Nancy
Rhodes, a United States postal carrier in Mobile, Alabama. On September 17, 1994,
a vehicle struck Rhodes’ parked mail truck. Rhodes then filed a compensation claim
that stated both that she was in the truck when it was hit and that she suffered injuries
from the accident. After Rhodes filed her claim with the human resources department
at the post office where she worked, her claim was mailed to the Department of Labor
in Jacksonville, Florida, for processing.
A subsequent post office investigation revealed that Rhodes was not in the truck
at the time of the accident and that her compensation claim therefore was fraudulent.
Consequently, Rhodes was charged in a two-count indictment with making a false
compensation claim, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1920 (1994) (“Count I”), and mail
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (1994) (“Count II”).1 A jury found her guilty
on both counts. The court then sentenced her to twelve months imprisonment and
three years of supervised release on each count, with the terms to run concurrently.
Rhodes appeals her conviction and sentence on three grounds: (1) the district
court abused its discretion by refusing to strike for cause a prospective juror who was
1
Although violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1920 was a misdemeanor at the time that Rhodes
committed the offense, Count I of the indictment erroneously charged her with a felony for violating
that section. To correct this error, the Government dismissed Count I and (with Rhodes’ consent)
filed a direct information charging her with a misdemeanor for violating that section. In this opinion
we refer to the direct information and Count I of the indictment collectively as “Count I.”
2
the cousin of a Government witness; (2) the Government failed to prove that she
committed mail fraud because the evidence was insufficient to establish that she knew
(or reasonably should have foreseen) that her fraudulent claim would be placed in the
mail; and (3) the district court improperly sentenced her to a term of supervised
release that exceeded the statutory maximum for her violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1920.
I.
Rhodes first contends that the district court abused its discretion by refusing
to strike for cause a venireperson who was the cousin of a Government witness.
The prospective juror, Cassandra Browe, was examined by the court after her
familial relation to the witness was discovered; Rhodes claims that this colloquy
revealed three indications of actual bias that required Browe’s dismissal for cause.
Browe stated: (1) that she assumed that her cousin’s testimony would be truthful
because she believed her cousin was an honest person; (2) that she would feel
“awkward” if she saw her cousin at a family gathering in the future and had to
admit that she had not believed her cousin’s testimony; and (3) that she believed
that her cousin had a good memory and therefore would remember “exactly” what
happened during the events at issue.
3
Rhodes asserts that Browe’s statements revealed that she was predisposed to
believe her cousin’s testimony (as well as the testimony of other Government
witnesses whose views of events were consistent with that of her cousin). Thus,
Rhodes contends that Browe was unable to reach a decision based solely on the
evidence presented, and, therefore, that the district court should have struck her
from the venire for cause.2
The decision to strike a prospective juror for cause “upon a suggestion of
impartiality is within the sound discretion of the trial judge.” United States v.
Taylor, 554 F.2d 200, 202 (5th Cir. 1977).3 We will not overturn that decision
absent an abuse of discretion. When a prospective juror reveals actual bias, or
when bias is implied because the juror has some special relationship to a party
(such as a familial or master-servant relationship), the court must dismiss the
prospective juror for cause. See United States v. Nell, 526 F.2d 1223, 1229 & n.8
(5th Cir. 1976). When the juror demonstrates, however, that she can lay aside any
2
After the court denied Rhodes’ motion to strike Browe for cause, Rhodes used her last
peremptory challenge to remove Browe from the venire. Thus, Rhodes contends that the district
court’s error was prejudicial because it impaired her statutory right to exercise ten peremptory
challenges. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 24(b); United States v. Martin, 749 F.2d 1514, 1518 (11th Cir.
1985) (holding that trial court’s erroneous refusal to strike juror for cause impaired defendant’s
statutory right to his allotted number of peremptory challenges).
3
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this court
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to October
1, 1981.
4
opinion she might hold and render a judgment based solely on the evidence
presented in court, then dismissal is not required. See United States v. Martin, 749
F.2d 1514, 1517-18 (11th Cir. 1985).
We find no abuse of discretion in the case at hand. Although Browe’s
familial relationship to the witness and her statements during voir dire indicated
that she potentially was biased against Rhodes, further examination by the court
revealed that Browe could lay aside her relationship to the witness and judge
Rhodes fairly and impartially. During voir dire, Browe was examined by the court
as follows:
Q. [E]ven with your past experience with your cousin, if it were
shown that her testimony was [un]truthful, would you have any
hesitancy in deciding that her testimony was untruthful and not
giving it any credence?
A. No, sir.
Q. You would perform your duty and you do understand that
would be your duty?
A. Yes.
Q. Likewise, even though you know she was a smart person, as I
believe you indicated, if it was shown that she had not
remembered facts correctly, would the fact that you have
known her in the past have any impact on your ability to make
the right decision . . . . In other words, that her memory may
not have been as well as you remember it, would that cause you
any problems?
A. No, sir.
5
Thus, although Browe may have had preconceived notions of her cousin’s honesty
and veracity, she demonstrated that those notions would not prevent her from
deciding the case solely based on the evidence presented in court; any bias that she
had was “[left outside] the courtroom door.” Depree v. Thomas, 946 F.2d 784, 790
(11th Cir. 1991).4 In sum, Rhodes is not entitled to a new trial on the ground that
Browe was unqualified to serve as a juror.
II.
Rhodes next challenges her mail fraud conviction, on the ground that there
was insufficient evidence that she knew (or reasonably foresaw) that her fraudulent
claim would be placed in the mail.5 In order to be convicted of mail fraud, a
defendant (even a postal carrier) must have known that use of the mail would
4
The facts of the case at hand are similar to those we addressed in Depree, which involved
a trial for the murder of an Atlanta police officer. In that case, one of the venirepersons was an ex-
deputy sheriff who indicated that he was unsure that he could put aside his personal feelings about
the murder of a fellow law enforcement officer. The court then examined the juror as follows:
Q. [D]o you believe that you could be a fair and impartial juror, that is, fair to
the State and to the defendants, in the trial of this case?
A. . . . I would like to think that I could, yes sir.
Id. at 789. Based on this colloquy, we upheld the court’s decision that the venireperson could act
as an impartial juror. In the present case, Browe was even more confident than the venireperson in
Depree that she could decide the case fairly and impartially. We see no reason to conclude that
Browe was less qualified to serve on the jury than the venireperson in Depree.
5
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Government. See United States v. Lopez-Ramirez, 68 F.3d 438, 440 (11th Cir.
1995).
6
follow in the ordinary course of business, or that he should have foreseen such use
even though it was unintended. See Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 8-9, 74 S.
Ct. 358, 363, 98 L. Ed. 435 (1954). The Government sought to prove this element
of the offense by showing that after Rhodes submitted her workers’ compensation
form to the human resources department where she worked, that office sent the
form via the mail to the Department of Labor in Jacksonville, Florida. Rhodes
contends that this evidence only shows that the mail was used; it says nothing
about whether she knew or reasonably foresaw that it would be used.6
Rhodes’ contention ignores one crucial piece of evidence: the workers’
compensation form itself.7 We conclude that this form put her on notice that it
would be placed in the mail because it indicated that the Department of Labor – not
the Postal Service – would process her claim. Two sections of the form lead us to
this conclusion.
6
The Government also sought to prove this element by showing that Rhodes had filed two
previous workers’ compensation claims, both of which were mailed to Jacksonville. The
Government contends that these prior claims are circumstantial evidence that Rhodes knew that the
instant claim also would be placed in the mail. We disagree. The mere fact that Rhodes handed a
compensation claim to a human resources employee on two previous occasions does not change the
fact that she might have had no idea what happened to that claim after it left her hands; if the
Government wanted to make use of the fact that she filed previous claims then it had to show that
she knew (or reasonably foresaw) that those claims would be mailed.
7
The Government submitted her completed workers’ compensation form into evidence at
trial.
7
First, at the top of the form’s front page, in large bold letters, appear the
words “U.S. Department of Labor, ” and in smaller letters immediately below are
written the words “Employment Standards Administration Office of Workers’
Compensation Programs.” This should have indicated to Rhodes that the
Department of Labor is the government entity that administers the workers’
compensation program, and therefore that agency, not the Postal Service, would
process her compensation claim. Further, Rhodes should have understood that the
Department of Labor issued the form, and that that agency would receive the form
after was it was completed.
Second, one of the sections of the form states as follows: “If the employing
agency controverts [the compensation claim], state the reason in detail.”8
(Emphasis added). This question should have indicated to Rhodes that there is a
separate government entity responsible for adjudicating disputes over
compensation claims that arise between workers and their employing agencies.
Thus, Rhodes reasonably should have understood that this entity, rather than her
employing agency, would receive her completed form.
8
This statement appears in the section of the form that is filled out by the supervisor of the
employee who is filing the claim.
8
Thus, the workers’ compensation form itself put Rhodes on notice that it
would be sent to the Department of Labor. Because Rhodes could not reasonably
have expected that her form would be hand-carried to that agency, a reasonably
jury could conclude that Rhodes should have known that her form would be sent
by mail.9 See United States v. Fore, 169 F.3d 104, 109 (2d Cir. 1999) (holding that
defendant reasonably could have foreseen use of the mails because he had
completed insurance forms that required verification from his doctor, and the
insurance company and his doctor did not share the same location).
III.
We turn finally to Rhodes’ contention that the district court sentenced her to
a term of supervised release that exceeded the statutory maximum for her
conviction on Count I. As part of the sentence that the court imposed for that
conviction, the district court sentenced Rhodes to three years of supervised release,
a term that can be imposed following a felony conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)
(1994). Violation of section 1920, however, was a misdemeanor at the time that
9
If the Department of Labor maintained an office in the building where Rhodes worked (or
if Rhodes erroneously believed that it had an office there), then she reasonably might have expected
that her form would be hand-delivered to that agency. As it was, however, the Department of
Labor’s office was located 400 miles away, in Jacksonville, Florida. Further, we see no reason to
assume that Rhodes mistakenly believed that the Postal Service shared its building in Mobile with
the Department of Labor.
9
Rhodes committed the offense, and carried a one-year maximum term of
supervised release. See 18 U.S.C. § 1920. We therefore agree with Rhodes that
the term of supervised release imposed by the court for her conviction on Count I
exceeded the statutory maximum.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE that portion of Rhodes’ sentence
that imposes a three-year term of supervised release for her conviction on Count I,
and we instruct the district court to amend its judgment to impose a one-year term
of supervised release for that conviction. In all other respects, the district court’s
judgment is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
10