Castillo v. United States

[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 97-3195
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D. C. Docket Nos. 3:96-CV-193/RV/SMN
91-CR-3054-3
BRAULIO CASTILLO,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(January 11, 2000)
Before BLACK, Circuit Judge, FAY and GODBOLD, Senior Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Braulio Castillo, a federal prisoner, appeals the district court=s denial of his
pro se motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. '2255.
Castillo argues that the Supreme Court decision in Bailey v. United States, 516
U.S. 137 (1995), constitutes grounds for reversing his conviction for possession of
a firearm during a drug offense in violation of 18 U.S.C. ' 924(c). Castillo=s
conviction is unaffected by the Bailey decision and therefore affirmed. Castillo
also asserts that a prior state court conviction has been reversed and subsequently
nolle prossed, thus warranting a recalculation of his criminal history and
resentencing. However, Castillo=s state court conviction was reversed in a ruling
adverse to Castillo; thus, Castillo=s criminal history points should not be
recalculated.
AIn a ' 2255 proceeding, factual findings are reviewed for clear error while
legal issues are reviewed de novo.@ Martin v. United States, 81 F.3d 1083, 1084
(11th Cir. 1996).
Castillo=s attack on his ' 924(c) conviction for using and carrying a firearm
during the commission of a drug offense is unaffected by the Bailey decision.1 In
Bailey, the Supreme Court held that a conviction under the Ause@ prong of ' 924(c)
requires evidence that the defendant actively used a firearm during and in relation
to a drug felony. Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 149 (1995). Castillo
1
The relevant part of ' 924(c) imposes a 5-year minimum term of imprisonment upon a person
who "during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime ... uses or carries a
firearm." 18 U.S.C. ' 924(c)(1).
2
argues that he could not be convicted under the use prong because he did not
actively use a firearm during the drug offense. Although the evidence may not
have been sufficient to convict Castillo under the Ause@ prong of ' 924(c), the
evidence was sufficient to convict Castillo under the Acarry@ prong of ' 924(c).2
The Supreme Court expressly recognized that a defendant may be convicted under
the Acarry@ prong of ' 924(c) even though the evidence is insufficient to convict
under the Ause@ prong of ' 924(c). Id. at 150. We have since held that, so long as
the defendant was charged under both the Ause@ and Acarry@ prongs of the statute,
the conviction may be sustained if the evidence proves carrying but not use. See
United States v. Range, 94 F.3d 614, 616-20 (11th Cir. 1996). Therefore, because
the indictment charged Castillo under both the use and the carry prongs of 18
U.S.C. ' 924(c), the court instructed the jury on both prongs, and the evidence
2
It is undisputed that Castillo=s codefendant, Carbajal, possessed a firearm when Carbajal and
Castillo were arrested. Castillo is liable for all foreseeable acts of his co-conspirator committed
in furtherance of the conspiracy. See United States v. Bell, 137 F.3d 1274, 1275 (11th Cir.
1998) (holding that liability under Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640, 646-47 (1946),
continues to apply to ' 924(c) offenses subsequent to Bailey). It was reasonably foreseeable that
Carbajal would carry a firearm because, as we have previously stated, Aweapons have become
tools of the trade for those involved in the distribution of illicit drugs.@ United States v. Alvarez,
755 F.3d 830, 849 (11th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted).
3
showed that Castillo=s codefendant carried a firearm during and in relation to the
underlying drug offense, Castillo=s conviction under ' 924(c) is affirmed.
Castillo also argues that his criminal history points should be recalculated
because four of his six points were the result of a Florida state conviction that was
reversed and subsequently nolle prossed.3 He argues that according to the United
States Sentencing Guidelines, sentences that result from convictions that have been
reversed, vacated, or ruled constitutionally invalid are not to be counted. U.S.S.G.
' 4A1.2, Application Note 6. However, the Guidelines also state that convictions
set aside Afor reasons unrelated to innocence or errors of law@ are to be counted.
U.S.S.G. ' 4A1.2, Application Note 10. Castillo=s state court conviction was
certainly not set aside due to Castillo=s innocence, but instead in a ruling that was
3
Castillo was originally charged in state court with two counts of trafficking in cocaine. The
state trial court granted a pretrial motion to dismiss, reducing the charges from trafficking to
simple possession. Castillo plead nolo contendre to the two possession charges. The Third
District Court of Appeal found the trial court=s ruling on the motion to dismiss to be in error and
reversed Athe trial court=s reduction of the charges, as well as the proceedings that followed
thereafter, and remanded for further proceedings.@ State v. Garcia, 596 So. 2d 1237, 1239 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1992). The trafficking charges against Castillo were reinstated, but subsequently
nolle prossed.
4
adverse to Castillo.4 In fact, the state court reinstated more serious trafficking
charges against Castillo.
Castillo argues that the state=s decision to nolle prosse the reinstated
trafficking charges is relevant in the determination of whether his sentence should
be recalculated.5 However, the state=s decision not to try Castillo on the reinstated
charges is irrelevant. Castillo pled nolo contendere to the possession charges and
the district court could properly consider the conduct underlying those charges in
determining Castillo=s criminal history score. See U.S.S.G. ' 4A1.3. Therefore,
because Castillo=s previous conviction was reversed in a ruling adverse to him and
Castillo admitted that he was guilty of the conduct underlying the prior charges,
Castillo=s criminal history points should not be recalculated.
4
The fact that the Florida state court vacated Castillo=s conviction in a ruling adverse to Castillo
distinguishes this case from the Ninth Circuit decision in United States v. Guthrie, 931 F.2d 564
(9th Cir. 1991). Guthrie challenged his sentence on constitutional grounds and his sentence was
vacated in a decision favorable to him. Even in that case where the ruling was in favor of the
defendant, the court noted that the district court had the discretion to decide Awhether the
conduct underlying the vacated conviction warrants an upward departure pursuant to section
4A1.3 because it provides >reliable information= regarding the defendant=s criminal past.@ Id. at
573.
5
Although there is nothing in the record to indicate why the trafficking charges were
subsequently nolle prossed, the United States indicated in oral arguments that the state
prosecutor may not have followed up on the charges because the state prosecutor may have
believed that Castillo was already imprisoned on federal charges.
5
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
6