Judicial Complaint, In Re:

James ANDERSON, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
BURKE COUNTY, Georgia, Ellis Godbee, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
No. 99-10127.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
Jan. 24, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia. (No. 97-00279-CV-1),
Dudley H. Bowen, Jr.,
Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and BLACKBURN*, District Judge.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff filed suit against Defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that Defendants violated
his rights to freedom of speech and freedom of association. The district court denied the individual
Defendants qualified immunity on Plaintiff's freedom of speech claim but granted the individual Defendant's
qualified immunity on Plaintiff's freedom of association claim. Defendants appeal the district court's denial
of summary judgment on Plaintiff's First Amendment free speech claim based on qualified immunity.
FACTS
Plaintiff James M. Anderson, Jr., has been employed by Defendant Burke County, Georgia, with its
Emergency Management Agency ("EMA") since October 1987. He was promoted to the rank of Captain in
March 1990. Since August 1996, Plaintiff has been the elected President of the International Association of
Fire Fighters Local 3727, which is a union of the fire fighters and rescue service employees employed with
the County EMA.
In August and early September 1996, Plaintiff—as Union president—prepared and distributed a
questionnaire to candidates for political office in Burke County. This questionnaire asked the political
candidates to respond to questions about the EMA. Although Plaintiff sent copies to the political candidates
only, Defendant Earl Porterfield, Chief of the County EMA, obtained a copy. Defendant Porterfield sent a
memorandum to Plaintiff concerning the political questionnaire stating that "[a]s a Captain with Burke
County EMA, it is your responsibility to maintain public confidence in the ability of this organization to carry
*
Honorable Sharon Lovelace Blackburn, U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Alabama,
sitting by designation.
out its public safety mission" and threatened Anderson that "[a]ny further occurrences of this nature will result
in either a demotion or termination."
On March 10, 1997, Alfred K. Whitehead, General President of the International Association of Fire
Fighters, wrote a letter to Defendant Porterfield on Plaintiff's behalf. Whitehead expressed concerns over
Defendant Porterfield's memorandum threatening Plaintiff with discipline. On 12 March 1997, Defendant
Porterfield placed Plaintiff on probation for one year, and on 21 April 1997, he demoted Plaintiff two grades,
from Captain down to Private.1
Because we conclude that the individual Defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff's
free speech claim, we REVERSE the district court's decision.
DISCUSSION
In determining a defendant's claim of qualified immunity, we ordinarily first determine whether the
plaintiff has alleged a deprivation of a constitutional right and if so, we then determine whether that right was
clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. See Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 119 S. Ct. 1692,
1697, 143 L. Ed. 2d 818 (1999).
For a public employee to sustain a claim of retaliation for protected speech under the First
Amendment, the employee must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) the employee's speech
is on a matter of public concern; (2) the employee's First Amendment interest in engaging in the speech
outweighs the employer's interest in prohibiting the speech to promote the efficiency of the public services
it performs through its employees; and (3) the employee's speech played a "substantial part" in the employer's
decision to demote or discharge the employee. See Bryson v. City of Waycross, 888 F.2d 1562, 1565 (11th
Cir.1989). Once the employee succeeds in showing the preceding factors, the burden then shifts to the
employer to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that "it would have reached the same decision...even
in the absence of the protected conduct." Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274,
1
Defendant Porterfield denies that he put Plaintiff on probation for the statements he made in the
questionnaire. Defendant explained that he placed Plaintiff on probation because of Plaintiff's failure to
update timely his certification file and for his failure as a supervisor to ensure that "all memo's are
properly posted, and that all members of the station are aware of the contents." Defendant Porterfield also
states that his reasons for demoting Plaintiff were (1) Plaintiff's ongoing probation for failure to turn in
paperwork and supervise; (2) his past disciplinary history; and (3) his failure to comply with the
memorandum about the submission of job questionnaire and his failure to supervise in relation to that
same memorandum. But because Defendant's reasons for taking adverse employment action against
Plaintiff are not critical to our determination of qualified immunity, we do not address these points in this
opinion.
287, 97 S. Ct. 568, 50 L. Ed. 2d 471 (1977).
The first two factors are questions of law designed to determine whether the First Amendment
protects the employee's speech. See Beckwith v. City of Daytona Beach Shores, Fla., 58 F.3d 1554, 1564
(11th Cir.1995). The second two factors are questions of fact designed to determine whether the alleged
adverse employment action was in retaliation for the protected speech. See id.
MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN
Here the speech, in the form of a questionnaire, addressed political candidates about their position
on certain issues concerning the employment and staffing conditions of the Burke County's fire and rescue
services.
"Whether an employee's speech addresses a matter of public concern must be determined by the
content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the whole record." Connick, 103 S. Ct. at
1687.2 Some of the questions presented in the questionnaire referred to matters such as grievance procedures,
vacation policies, promotion guidelines and pension benefits. We believe these topics relate to employment
issues and just because they arise in a governmental office does not transform them into matters of public
concern. See Connick, 103 S. Ct. at 1690-91 (finding that questionnaire addressing matters such as office
morale and need for grievance committee did not address matters of public concern); Phares v. Gustafsson,
856 F.2d 1003, 1009 (7th Cir.1988) (dispute over vacation time not matter of public concern); Gros v. Port
Washington Police Dist., 944 F. Supp. 1072, 1081 (E.D.N.Y.1996) (police officer speech involving his own
promotion not matter of public concern); Broderick v. Roache, 751 F. Supp. 290, 293 (D.Mass.1990)
(subjects affecting the police department's employment policies, such as proposed promotional exam for
lieutenants and failure to promote police officer, did not support § 1983 claim).
In addition, none of these questions explicitly purport to advance any citizen interest. Therefore,
reading these particular questions together, in context, further supports the determination that the concerns
about grievances procedures, vacations, promotions, and benefits are nothing more than a list of employment
interests, which would ordinarily only concern people in their capacities as EMA employees, not as citizens
in general. Because these questions do not address issues of public concern, they are not protected by the
2
Plaintiff points to nothing specific in the record to illustrate that the content, form and context of his
questionnaire will support a finding that his speech addresses a matter of public concern. Instead, he
simply relies on the face of the questionnaire to argue that his speech falls under First Amendment
protection.
First Amendment.
The questionnaire, however, does address concerns about alleged understaffing in the 911 system
and of engine companies, physical fitness standards required for certain employees, and public tax
consequences of high employee turnovers. Because this kind of material may relate to the political, social
or other interest of the community, we will accept that this speech reflects a matter of public concern. See
Beckwith v. City of Daytona Beach Shores, Fla., 58 F.3d 1554, 1564 (11th Cir.1995) (noting, in dicta, basic
fire and rescue services are matters of public concern).
BALANCING THE PARTIES' INTERESTS
The second consideration of a First Amendment free speech claim is commonly referred to as
Pickering balancing. Here, a plaintiff must show that his First Amendment interests, as a citizen, in
commenting upon matters of public concern outweigh the interest of the state, as an employer, in promoting
the efficiency of the public services it performs through its employees. See Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 391
U.S. 563, 88 S. Ct. 1731, 1734-35, 20 L. Ed. 2d 811 (1968).
Plaintiff argues, as the district court concludes, that the government failed to offer evidence of
disruption or disturbance with the County EMA's ability to perform its mission. But a public employer need
not wait for disruption or disturbance to occur before acting. See Connick, 103 S. Ct. at 1692 ("[W]e do not
see the necessity for an employer to allow events to unfold to the extent that the disruption of the office and
the destruction of working relationships is manifest before taking action.").
Furthermore, the district court concluded that Plaintiff's speech deserved greater weight because the
complaints of under-staffing in the 911 system and minimum staffing at the engine companies were issues
of strong public concern. The district court relies on Beckwith for this determination. But Beckwith is a
significantly different case. In Beckwith, the plaintiff publicly voiced worries, at a public meeting of the city
council, that eliminating the city's paramedic program would have a dangerous effect on the community. He
mobilized public opinion on the proposal and urged citizens to attend the next city council meeting either to
oppose or to support the proposal. We noted, in dicta, that the plaintiff had a "strong interest in informing
the public about policies he believed were dangerous to the City's citizens." Beckwith, 58 F.3d at 1564.
The district court's reliance on Beckwith is misplaced because Plaintiff's questionnaire did not bring
to the public's attention a policy or program on account of the policy's or program's dangerousness. Nowhere
in the questionnaire did Plaintiff inform anyone that the alleged understaffing would create a condition
dangerous to the citizens. Plaintiff, in the questionnaire, does allege, however, that the employees are
underpaid, which shows us that the questionnaire's tie to supposed understaffing was used merely to gripe
of being overworked and underpaid.
Nor did Plaintiff state that his objection to the physical fitness requirements had to do with the
effectiveness of the fire and rescue squad's performance. The questionnaire instead suggested that employees
should not be fired simply because they could not meet certain physical standards. While Plaintiff did allege
that the current employee turnover rate has a tax impact on the public, this effect is not the kind of dangerous
condition illustrated in Beckwith. Moreover, Plaintiff uses this concern to propel his real inquiry: whether
the candidates would support a longevity system of pay increases.
When read in its totality, the questionnaire had far more to do with Plaintiff's grievances as an
employee than with concerns of a public nature. See Connick, 103 S. Ct. at 1690-91 (questionnaire did not
seek to inform public about actual or potential wrongdoing or breach of public trust and therefore did not
receive First Amendment protection).
Furthermore, Plaintiff limited the questionnaire's audience to candidates who were seeking positions
on the Burke County Board of Commissioners. Because of this limited audience, Plaintiff's argument that
he was addressing a public concern garners less weight in our balancing process. See Morgan v. Ford, 6 F.3d
750, 754 n. 5 (11th Cir.1993) (employee's attempt to make speech public is a relevant factor in public concern
analysis); Johnson v. University of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 588 (6th Cir.2000) (had plaintiff presented
concerns in public venue, instead of letter to president and Board of trustees, balancing would have weighed
in plaintiff's favor) (Kennedy J., concurring and dissenting); Brewster v. Bd. of Educ., 149 F.3d 971, 981 (9th
Cir.1998) (speech directed at limited audience weighs against protected speech).
Whatever Plaintiff's intentions, we conclude, as a matter of law, that his questionnaire did not present
the kind of speech that was of great public concern for the Pickering balancing test.
The government, acting as employer, is afforded broad discretion for its acts. See Johnson v. Clifton,
74 F.3d 1087, 1092 (11th Cir.1996). Defendant argues that it has a legitimate interest in ensuring that
Plaintiff "maintain[s] public confidence in the ability of [the Burke County fire and rescue services] to carry
out its public safety mission." We accept this as a compelling and legitimate government interest. See
Connick, 103 S. Ct. at 1692 (government has a "legitimate purpose in promoting efficiency and integrity in
the discharge of official duties, and to maintain proper discipline in the public service.") (citation omitted).
In addition, a paramilitary organization, such as a fire department—see Leonard v. City of Columbus,
705 F.2d 1299 (11th Cir.1983) (suggesting fire department may be paramilitary organization); see also
Figueroa-Rodriguez v. Lopez-Rivera, 878 F.2d 1488, 1489 (1st Cir.1988) (noting paramilitary nature of fire
departments)—has a "need to secure discipline, mutual respect, trust and particular efficiency among the
ranks due to its status as a quasi-military entity different from other public employers." Hansen v.
Soldenwagner, 19 F.3d 573, 577 (11th Cir.1994) (citations omitted); see also Busby v. City of Orlando, 931
F.2d 764, 774 (11th Cir.1991) (noting special disciplinary concerns of quasi-military organizations); Thorne
v. City of El Segundo, 726 F.2d 459, 470 n. 10 (9th Cir.1983) (state's interest in regulating speech is greatest
when paramilitary organizations are involved).
Because we conclude that Defendants' interest, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the
public services it performs through its employees, outweighs whatever interest Plaintiff—a ranking officer
in the agency—may have in commenting upon these matters as he did, Plaintiff cannot sustain a claim for
retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
We further conclude that, even if we are mistaken on the merits, the applicable law had not already
been clearly established in the context of these circumstances. See Hansen v. Soldenwagner, 19 F.3d 573,
576 (11th Cir.1994) ("Because Pickering requires a balancing of competing interests on a case-by-case
basis...only in the rarest of cases will reasonable government officials truly know that the termination or
discipline of a public employee violated 'clearly established' federal rights."); see also Lassiter v. Alabama
A&M University, 28 F.3d 1146, 1150 (11th Cir.1994). The individual Defendants are therefore entitled to
qualified immunity.
REVERSE.